Magnetic field effects on plant growth, development, and evolution

Frontiers in Plant Science

Volumn 5, Issue SEP, 2014, Pages

  Maffei, Massimo E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cryptochrome; Evolution; Geomagnetic field; Magnetoreception; Plant responses

Indexed keywords

EID: 84908179227     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1664462X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00445     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Abe, K., Fujii, N., Mogi, I., Motokawa, M., and Takahashi, H. (1997). Effect of a high magnetic field on plant. Biol. Sci. Space 11, 240-247.
2. Ahmad, M., and Cashmore, A. R. (1993). Hy4 gene of a. thaliana encodes a protein with characteristics of a blue-light photoreceptor. Nature 366, 162-166. doi: 10.1038/366162a0
3. Ahmad, M., Galland, P., Ritz, T., Wiltschko, R., and Wiltschko, W. (2007). Magnetic intensity affects cryptochrome-dependent responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 225, 615-624. doi: 10.1007/s00425-006-0383-0
4. Ahmad, M., Lin, C. T., and Cashmore, A. R. (1995). Mutations throughout an Arabidopsis blue-light photoreceptor impair blue-light-responsive anthocyanin accumulation and inhibition of hypocotyl elongation. Plant J. 8, 653-658. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1995.08050653.x
5. Aksenov, S. I., Bulychev, A. A., Grunina, T. Y., and Turovetskii, V. B. (2000). Effect of low-frequency magnetic field on esterase activity and pH changes near the wheat germ during imbibition of seeds. Biofizika 45, 737-745.
6. Aleman, E. I., Mbogholi, A., Boix, Y. F., Gonzalez-Ohnedo, J., and Chalfun, A. (2014). Effects of EMFs on some biological parameters in coffee plants (Coffea arabica L.) obtained by in vitro propagation. Polish J. Environ. Stud. 23, 95-101.
7. Alexander, M. P., and Ganeshan, S. (1990). Electromagnetic field-induced in vitro pollen germination and tube growth. Curr. Sci. 59, 276-277.
8. Anand, A., Nagarajan, S., Verma, A., Joshi, D., Pathak, P., and Bhardwaj, J. (2012). Pre-treatment of seeds with static magnetic field ameliorates soil water stress in seedlings of maize (Zea mays L.). Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 49, 63-70.
9. Ang, L. H., Chattopadhyay, S., Wei, N., Oyama, T., Okada, K., Batschauer, A., et al. (1998). Molecular interaction between COP1 and HY5 defines a regulatory switch for light control of Arabidopsis development. Mol. Cell 1, 213-222. doi: 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80022-2
10. Baby, S. M., Narayanaswamy, G. K., and Anand, A. (2011). Superoxide radical production and performance index of Photosystem II in leaves from magnetoprimed soybean seeds. Plant Signal. Behav. 6, 1635-1637. doi: 10.4161/psb.6.11.17720
11. Baum, J. W., and Nauman, C. H. (1984). Influence of strong magnetic fields on genetic endpoints in Tradescantia tetrads and stamen hairs. Environ. Mutagen. 6, 49-58. doi: 10.1002/em.2860060107
12. Begall, S., Malkemper, E. P., Cerveny, J., Nemec, P., and Burda, H. (2013). Magnetic alignment in mammals and other animals. Mammal. Biol. 78, 10-20. doi: 10.1016/j.mambio.2012.05.005
13. Belov, K. P., and Bochkarev, N. G. (1983). Magnetism on the Earth and in Space. Moskow: Nauka.
14. Belyavskaya, N. A. (2001). Ultrastructure and calcium balance in meristem cells of pea roots exposed to extremely low magnetic fields. Adv. space Res. 28, 645-650. doi: 10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00373-8
15. Belyavskaya, N. A. (2004). Biological effects due to weak magnetic field on plants. Adv. Space Res. 34, 1566-1574. doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2004.01.021
16. Betti, L., Trebbi, G., Fregola, F., Zurla, M., Mesirca, P., Brizzi, M., et al. (2011). Weak static and extremely low frequency magnetic fields affect in vitro pollen germination. Sci. World J. 11, 875-890. doi: 10.1100/tsw.2011.83
17. Bhardwaj, J., Anand, A., and Nagarajan, S. (2012). Biochemical and biophysical changes associated with magnetopriming in germinating cucumber seeds. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 57, 67-73. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.05.008
18. Bilalis, D. J., Katsenios, N., Efthimiadou, A., and Karkanis, A. (2012). Pulsed electromagnetic field: an organic compatible method to promote plant growth and yield in two corn types. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 31, 333-343. doi: 10.3109/15368378.2012.661699
19. Bittl, R., and Weber, S. (2005). Transient radical pairs studied by time-resolved EPR. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Bioenerg. 1707, 117-126. doi: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.03.012
20. Boe, A. A., and Salunkhe, D. K. (1963). Effects of magnetic fields on tomato ripening. Nature 199, 91-92. doi: 10.1038/199091a0
21. Bogatina, N. I., Verkin, B. I., and Kordyum, V. A. (1978). Effect of permanent magnetic fields with different intensities on the wheat growth rate. Dokl. Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR Ser. B. 4, 352-356.
22. Bouly, J. P., Schleicher, E., Dionisio-Sese, M., Vandenbussche, F., Van Der Straeten, D., Bakrim, N., et al. (2007). Cryptochrome blue light photoreceptors are activated through interconversion of flavin redox states. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 9383-9391. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M609842200
23. Cakmak, T., Cakmak, Z. E., Dumlupinar, R., and Tekinay, T. (2012). Analysis of apoplastic and symplastic antioxidant system in shallot leaves: impacts of weak static electric and magnetic field. J. Plant Physiol. 169, 1066-1073. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.03.011
24. Cakmak, T., Dumlupinar, R., and Erdal, S. (2010). Acceleration of germination and early growth of wheat and bean seedlings grown under various magnetic field and osmotic conditions. Bioelectromagnetics 31, 120-129. doi: 10.1002/bem.20537
25. Carbonell, M. V., Florez, M., Martinez, E., Maqueda, R., and Amaya, J. (2011). Study of stationary magnetic fields on initial growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds. Seed Sci. Technol. 39, 673-679. doi: 10.15258/sst.2011.39.3.15
26. Cashmore, A. R., Jarillo, J. A., Wu, Y. J., and Liu, D. M. (1999). Cryptochromes: blue light receptors for plants and animals. Science 284, 760-765. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5415.760
27. Chattopadhyay, S., Ang, L. H., Puente, P., Deng, X. W., and Wei, N. (1998). Arabidopsis bZIP protein HY5 directly interacts with light-responsive promoters in mediating light control of gene expression. Plant Cell 10, 673-683. doi: 10.1105/tpc.10.5.673
28. Chen, Y.P., Li, R., and He, J. M. (2011). Magnetic field can alleviate toxicological effect induced by cadmium in mungbean seedlings. Ecotoxicology 20, 760-769. doi: 10.1007/s10646-011-0620-6
29. De Santis, A., Tozzi, R., and Gaya-Pique, L. R. (2004). Information content and K-entropy of the present geomagnetic field. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 218, 269-275. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00681-2
30. De Souza, A., Garcia, D., Sueiro, L., Gilart, F., Porras, E., and Licea, L. (2006). Pre-sowing magnetic treatments of tomato seeds increase the growth and yield of plants. Bioelectromagnetics 27, 247-257. doi: 10.1002/bem.20206
31. De Souza, A., Sueiro, L., Garcia, D., and Porras, E. (2010). Extremely low frequency non-uniform magnetic fields improve tomato seed germination and early seedling growth. Seed Sci. Technol. 38, 61-72. doi: 10.15258/sst.2010.38.1.06
32. El-Assal, S. E. D., Onso-Blanco, C., Peeters, A. J. M., Wagemaker, C., Weller, J. L., and Koornneef, M. (2003). The role of cryptochrome 2 in flowering in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 133, 1504-1516. doi: 10.1104/pp.103.029819
33. Esitken, A., and Turan, M. (2004). Alternating magnetic field effects on yield and plant nutrient element composition of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa cv. Camarosa). Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. B Soil Plant Sci. 54, 135-139. doi: 10.1080/09064710310019748
34. Firn, R. D., and Digby, J. (1997). Solving the puzzle of gravitropism-Has a lost piece been found? Planta 203, S159-S163. doi: 10.1007/PL00008104
35. Fischer, G., Tausz, M., Kock, M., and Grill, D. (2004). Effects of weak 162/3 Hz magnetic fields on growth parameters of young sunflower and wheat seedlings. Bioelectromagnetics 25, 638-641. doi: 10.1002/bem.20058
36. Florez, M., Carbonell, M. V., and Martinez, E. (2004). Early sprouting and first stages of growth of rice seeds exposed to a magnetic field. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 23, 157-166. doi: 10.1081/LEBM-200042316
37. Florez, M., Carbonell, M. V., and Martinez, E. (2007). Exposure of maize seeds to stationary magnetic fields: effects on germination and early growth. Environ. Exp. Bot. 59, 68-75. doi: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.10.006
38. Galland, P., and Pazur, A. (2005). Magnetoreception in plants. J. Plant Res. 118, 371-389. doi: 10.1007/s10265-005-0246-y
39. Giovani, B., Byrdin, M., Ahmad, M., and Brettel, K. (2003). Light-induced electron transfer in a cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptor. Nat. Struct. Biol. 10, 489-490. doi: 10.1038/nsb933
40. Haghighat, N., Abdolmaleki, P., Ghanati, F., Behmanesh, M., and Payez, A. (2014). Modification of catalase and MAPK in Vicia faba cultivated in soil with high natural radioactivity and treated with a static magnetic field. J. Plant Physiol. 171, 99-103. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.10.019
41. Haneda, T., Fujimura, Y., and Iino, M. (2006). Magnetic field exposure stiffens regenerating plant protoplast cell walls. Bioelectromagnetics 27, 98-104. doi: 10.1002/bem.20169
42. Harris, S. R., Henbest, K. B., Maeda, K., Pannell, J. R., Timmel, C. R., Hore, P. J., et al. (2009). Effect of magnetic fields on cryptochrome-dependent responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. R. Soc. Interface 6, 1193-1205. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0519
43. Hasenstein, K. H., John, S., Scherp, P., Povinelli, D., and Mopper, S. (2013). Analysis of magnetic gradients to study gravitropism. Am. J. Bot. 100, 249-255. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1200304
44. Hasenstein, K. H., and Kuznetsov, O. A. (1999). The response of lazy-2 tomato seedlings to curvature-inducing magnetic gradients is modulated by light. Planta 208, 59-65. doi: 10.1007/s004250050534
45. Herranz, R., Manzano, A. I., van Loon, J. J. W. A., Christianen, P. C. M., and Medina, F. J. (2013). Proteomic signature of Arabidopsis cell cultures exposed to magnetically induced hyper- and microgravity environments. Astrobiology 13, 217-224. doi: 10.1089/ast.2012.0883
46. Iimoto, M., Watanabe, K., and Fujiwara, K. (1998). Effects of magnetic flux density and direction of the magnetic field on growth and CO2 exchange rate of potato plantlets in vitro. Acta Hortic. 440, 606-610.
47. Iqbal, M., Muhammad, D., Hag, Z. U., Jamil, Y., and Ahmad, M. (2012). Effect of pre-sowing magnetic field treatment to garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) seed on germination and seedling growth. Pak. J. Bot. 44, 1851-1856.
48. Izmaylov, A. F., Tully, J. C., and Frisch, M. J. (2009). Relativistic interactions in the radical pair model of magnetic field sense in CRY-1 protein of Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 12276-12284. doi: 10.1021/jp900357f
49. Javed, N., Ashraf, M., Akram, N. A., and Al-Qurainy, F. (2011). Alleviation of adverse effects of drought stress on growth and some potential physiological attributes in maize (Zea mays L.) by seed electromagnetic treatment. Photochem. Photobiol. 87, 1354-1362. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00990.x
50. Jiao, Y., Yang, H., Ma, L., Sun, N., Yu, H., Liu, T., et al. (2003). A genome-wide analysis of blue-light regulation of Arabidopsis transcription factor gene expression during seedling development. Plant Physiol. 133, 1480-1493. doi: 10.1104/pp.103.029439
51. Jouni, F. J., Abdolmaleki, P., and Ghanati, F. (2012). Oxidative stress in broad bean (Vicia faba L.) induced by static magnetic field under natural radioactivity. Mutat. Res. 741, 116-121. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.11.003
52. Jovanic, B. R., and Sarvan, M. Z. (2004). Permanent magnetic field and plant leaf temperature. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 23, 1-5. doi: 10.1081/JBC-120037861
53. Kleine, T., Kindgren, P., Benedict, C., Hendrickson, L., and Strand, A. (2007). Genome-wide gene expression analysis reveals a critical role for CRYPTOCHROME1 in the response of arabidopsis to high irradiance. Plant Physiol. 144, 1391-1406. doi: 10.1104/pp.107.098293
54. Kobayashi, A., and Kirschvink, J. L. (1995). Magnetoreception and electromagnetic field effects: sensory perception of the geomagnetic field in animals and humans. Am. Chem. Soc. 250, 367-394. doi: 10.1021/ba-1995-0250.ch021
55. Kobayashi, M., Soda, N., Miyo, T., and Ueda, Y. (2004). Effects of combined DC and AC magnetic fields on germination of hornwort seeds. Bioelectromagnetics 25, 552-559. doi: 10.1002/bem.20032
56. Kondrachuk, A., and Belyavskaya, N. (2001). The influence of the HGMF on mass-charge transfer in gravisensing cells. J. Gravit Physiol. 8, 37-38.
57. Kordyum, E. L., Bogatina, N. I., Kalinina, Y. M., and Sheykina, N. V. (2005). A weak combined magnetic field changes root gravitropism. Adv. Space Res. 36, 1229-1236. doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.103
58. Krylov, A., and Tarakonova, G. A. (1960). Plant physiology. Fiziol. Rost. 7, 156.
59. Kuznetsov, O. A., and Hasenstein, K. H. (1996). Intracellular magnetophoresis of amyloplasts and induction of root curvature. Planta 198, 87-94. doi: 10.1007/BF00197590
60. Kuznetsov, O. A., and Hasenstein, K. H. (1997). Magnetophoretic induction of curvature in coleoptiles and hypocotyls. J. Exp. Bot. 48, 1951-1957. doi: 10.1093/jxb/48.11.1951
61. Kuznetsov, O. A., Schwuchow, J., Sack, F. D., and Hasenstein, K. H. (1999). Curvature induced by amyloplast magnetophoresis in protonemata of the moss Ceratodon purpureus. Plant Physiol. 119, 645-650. doi: 10.1104/pp.119.2.645
62. Lebedev, S. I., Baranskiy, P. I., Litvinenko, L. G., and Shiyan, L. T. (1977). Barley growth in superweak magnetic field. Electron. Treat. Mater. 3, 71-73.
63. Li, A. (2000). Effect of gradient magnetic field on growth of stem pearls of Dioscorea opposita during seedling stage. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 25, 341-343.
64. Liedvogel, M., and Mouritsen, H. (2010). Cryptochromes-a potential magnetoreceptor: what do we know and what do we want to know? J. R. Soc. Interface 7, S147-S162. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2009.0411.focus
65. Lin, C. T. (2002). Blue light receptors and signal transduction. Plant Cell 14, S207-S225. doi: 10.1105/tpc.000646
66. Maeda, K., Robinson, A. J., Henbest, K. B., Hogben, H. J., Biskup, T., Ahmad, M., et al. (2012). Magnetically sensitive light-induced reactions in cryptochrome are consistent with its proposed role as a magnetoreceptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 4774-4779. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1118959109
67. Mahajan, T. S., and Pandey, O. P. (2014). Magnetic-time model at off-season germination. Int. Agrophys. 28, 57-62. doi: 10.2478/intag-2013-0027
68. Manzano, A. I., Larkin, O. J., Dijkstra, C. E., Anthony, P., Davey, M. R., Eaves, L., et al. (2013). Meristematic cell proliferation and ribosome biogenesis are decoupled in diamagnetically levitated Arabidopsis seedlings. BMC Plant Biol. 13:124. doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-124
69. Martinez, E., Carbonell, M. V., and Amaya, J. M. (2000). A static magnetic field of 125 mT stimulates the initial growth stages of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Electromagn. Magnetobiol. 19, 271-277.
70. Minorsky, P. V. (2007). Do geomagnetic variations affect plant function? J. Atmos. Solar-Terrest. Phys. 69, 1770-1774. doi: 10.1016/j.jastp.2006.12.004
71. Mockler, T. C., Guo, H. W., Yang, H. Y., Duong, H., and Lin, C. T. (1999). Antagonistic actions of Arabidopsis cryptochromes and phytochrome B in the regulation of floral induction. Development 126, 2073-2082.
72. Nanushyan, E. R., and Murashov, V. V. (2001). "Plant meristem cell response to stress factors of the geomagnetic field (GMF) fluctuations," in Plant Under Environmental Stress (Moscow: Friendship University of Russia), 204-205.
73. Naz, A., Jamil, Y., ul Haq, Z., Iqbal, M., Ahmad, M. R., Ashraf, M. I., et al. (2012). Enhancement in the germination, growth and yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) using pre-sowing magnetic treatment of seeds. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 49, 211-214.
74. Nedukha, O., Kordyum, E., Bogatina, N., Sobol, M., Vorobyeva, T., and Ovcharenko, Y. (2007). The influence of combined magnetic field on the fusion of plant protoplasts. J. Gravit. Physiol. 14, 117-118.
75. Negishi, Y., Hashimoto, A., Tsushima, M., Dobrota, C., Yamashita, M., and Nakamura, T. (1999). Growth of pea epicotyl in low magnetic field implication for space research. Adv. Space Res. 23, 2029-2032. doi: 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00342-7
76. Novitskaya, G. V., Molokanov, D., Kocheshkova, T., and Novitskii, Y. I. (2010). Effect of weak constant magnetic field on the composition and content of lipids in radish seedlings at various temperatures. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 57, 52-61. doi: 10.1134/S1021443710010073
77. Novitskii, Y. I., Novitskaya, G. V., and Serdyukov, Y. A. (2014). Lipid utilization in radish seedlings as affected by weak horizontal extremely low frequency magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 35, 91-99. doi: 10.1002/bem.21818
78. Occhipinti, A., De Santis, A., and Maffei, M. E. (2014). Magnetoreception: an unavoidable step for plant evolution?Trends Plant Sci. 19, 1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.10.007
79. Paul, A. L., Ferl, R. J., and Meisel, M. W. (2006). High magnetic field induced changes of gene expression in arabidopsis. Biomagn. Res. Technol. 4, 7. doi: 10.1186/1477-044X-4-7
80. Payez, A., Ghanati, F., Behmanesh, M., Abdolmaleki, P., Hajnorouzi, A., and Rajabbeigi, E. (2013). Increase of seed germination, growth and membrane integrity of wheat seedlings by exposure to static and a 10-KHz electromagnetic field. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 32, 417-429. doi: 10.3109/15368378.2012.735625
81. Phirke, P. S., Kubde, A. B., and Umbarkar, S. P. (1996). The influence of magnetic field on plant growth. Seed Sci. Technol. 24, 375-392.
82. Pittman, U. J. (1962). Growth reaction and magnetotropism in roots of winter wheat (Kharkov 22 M.C.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 42, 430. doi: 10.4141/cjps62-070
83. Pittman, U. J. (1963). Magnetism and plant growth. I. Effect on germination and early growth of cereal seeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 43, 513-518. doi: 10.4141/cjps63-104
84. Poinapen, D., Brown, D. C. W., and Beeharry, G. K. (2013a). Seed orientation and magnetic field strength have more influence on tomato seed performance than relative humidity and duration of exposure to non-uniform static magnetic fields. J. Plant Physiol. 170, 1251-1258. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.04.016
85. Poinapen, D., Toppozini, L., Dies, H., Brown, D. C. W., and Rheinstadter, M. C. (2013b). Static magnetic fields enhance lipid order in native plant plasma membrane. Soft Matter 9, 6804-6813. doi: 10.1039/c3sm50355k
86. Polovinkina, E., Kal'yasova, E., Sinitsina, Y., V., and Veselov, A. (2011). Effect of weak pulse magnetic fields on lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant complex components in pea chloroplasts. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 58, 1069-1073. doi: 10.1134/S102144371106015X
87. Qamili, E., De Santis, A., Isac, A., Mandea, M., Duka, B., and Simonyan, A. (2013). Geomagnetic jerks as chaotic fluctuations of the Earth's magnetic field. Geochem.Geophys.Geosys. 14, 839-850. doi: 10.1029/2012GC004398
88. Radhakrishnan, R., and Kumari, B. D. R. (2012). Pulsed magnetic field: a contemporary approach offers to enhance plant growth and yield of soybean. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 51, 139-144. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.10.017
89. Radhakrishnan, R., and Kumari, B. D. R. (2013). Influence of pulsed magnetic field on soybean (Glycine max L.) seed germination, seedling growth and soil microbial population. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 50, 312-317.
90. Rajabbeigi, E., Ghanati, F., Abdolmaleki, P., and Payez, A. (2013). Antioxidant capacity of parsley cells (Petroselinum crispum L.) in relation to iron-induced ferritin levels and static magnetic field. Electromagn. Biol. Med. 32, 430-441. doi: 10.3109/15368378.2012.736441
91. Rakosy-Tican, L., Aurori, C. M., and Morariu, V. V. (2005). Influence of near null magnetic field on in vitro growth of potato and wild Solanum species. Bioelectromagnetics 26, 548-557. doi: 10.1002/bem.20134
92. Regoli, F., Gorbi, S., Marchella, N., Tedesco, S., and Principato, G. (2005). Pro-oxidant effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields in the land snail Helix aspesa. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 39, 1620-1628. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.08.004
93. Ritz, T., Wiltschko, R., Hore, P. J., Rodgers, C. T., Stapput, K., Thalau, P., et al. (2009). Magnetic compass of birds is based on a molecule with optimal directional sensitivity. Biophys. J. 96, 3451-3457. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.11.072
94. Ritz, T., Yoshii, T., Helfrich-Foester, C., and Ahmad, M. (2010). Cryptochrome: a photoreceptor with the properties of a magnetoreceptor? Commun. Integr. Biol. 3, 24-27. doi: 10.4161/cib.3.1.9865
95. Rochalska, M. (2005). Influence of frequent magnetic field on chlorophyll content in leaves of sugar beet plants. Nukleonika 50, S25-S28.
96. Rochalska, M. (2008). The influence of low frequency magnetic field upon cultivable plant physiology. Nukleonika53, S17-S20.
97. Rochalska, M., and Orzeszko-Rywka, A. (2005). Magnetic field treatment improves seed performance. Seed Sci. Technol. 33, 669-674. doi: 10.15258/sst.2005.33.3.14
98. 2+ in biological stimulating effects of AC magnetic fields on germination of bean seeds. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 310, E1032-E1034. doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.11.077
99. Serdyukov, Y., and Novitskii, Y. I. (2013). Impact of weak permanent magnetic field on antioxidant enzyme activities in radish seedlings. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 60, 69-76. doi: 10.1134/S1021443713010068
100. Shang, G. M., Wu, J. C., and Yuan, Y. J. (2004). Improved cell growth and Taxol production of suspension-culturedTaxus chinensis var. mairei in alternating and direct current magnetic fields. Biotechnol. Lett. 26, 875-878. doi: 10.1023/B:bile.0000025895.76394.ab
101. Sharma, V. K., Engelmann, W., and Johnsson, A. (2000). Effects of static magnetic field on the ultradian lateral leaflet movement rhythm in Desmodium gyrans. Z. Naturforsc. 55, 638-642.
102. Shcherbakov, V. P., Solodovnikov, G. M., and Sycheva, N. K. (2002). Variations in the geomagnetic dipole during the past 400 million years (volcanic rocks). Izvestiya Phys. Solid Earth 38, 113-119.
103. Shine, M., and Guruprasad, K. (2012). Impact of pre-sowing magnetic field exposure of seeds to stationary magnetic field on growth, reactive oxygen species and photosynthesis of maize under field conditions. Acta Physiol. Plant. 34, 255-265. doi: 10.1007/s11738-011-0824-7
104. Shine, M., Guruprasad, K., and Anand, A. (2011). Enhancement of germination, growth, and photosynthesis in soybean by pre-treatment of seeds with magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 32, 474-484. doi: 10.1002/bem.20656
105. Shine, M., Guruprasad, K., and Anand, A. (2012). Effect of stationary magnetic field strengths of 150 and 200 mT on reactive oxygen species production in soybean. Bioelectromagnetics 33, 428-437. doi: 10.1002/bem.21702
106. Solov'yov, I. A., Chandler, D. E., and Schulten, K. (2008). Exploring the possibilities for radical pair effects in cryptochrome. Plant Signal. Behav. 3, 676-677. doi: 10.4161/psb.3.9.5809
107. Solov'yov, I. A., and Schulten, K. (2012). Reaction kinetics and mechanism of magnetic field effects in cryptochrome. J. Phys. Chem. B 116, 1089-1099. doi: 10.1021/jp209508y
108. Soltis, D. E., Bell, C. D., Kim, S., and Soltis, P. S. (2008). Origin and early evolution of angiosperms. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1133, 3-25. doi: 10.1196/annals.1438.005
109. Stange, B. C., Rowland, R. E., Rapley, B. I., and Podd, J. V. (2002). ELF magnetic fields increase amino acid uptake into Vicia faba L. roots and alter ion movement across the plasma membrane. Bioelectromagnetics 23, 347-354. doi: 10.1002/bem.10026
110. Turker, M., Temirci, C., Battal, P., and Erez, M. E. (2007). The effects of an artificial and static magnetic field on plant growth, chlorophyll and phytohormone levels in maize and sunflower plants. Phyton Ann. Rei Botan. 46, 271-284.
111. Vanderstraeten, J., and Burda, H. (2012). Does magnetoreception mediate biological effects of power-frequency magnetic fields? Sci. Total. Environ. 417, 299-304. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.071
112. Vashisth, A., and Nagarajan, S. (2008). Exposure of seeds to static magnetic field enhances germination and early growth characteristics in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Bioelectromagnetics 29, 571-578. doi: 10.1002/bem.20426
113. Vashisth, A., and Nagarajan, S. (2010). Effect on germination and early growth characteristics in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds exposed to static magnetic field. J. Plant Physiol. 167, 149-156. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.08.011
114. Volpe, P. (2003). Interactions of zero-frequency and oscillating magnetic fields with biostructures and biosystems. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2, 637-648. doi: 10.1039/b212636b
115. Voznyak, V. M., Ganago, I. B., Moskalenko, A. A., and Elfimov, E. I. (1980). Magnetic field-induced fluorescence changes in chlorophyll-proteins enriched with P-700. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 592, 364-368. doi: 10.1016/0005-2728(80)90196-6
116. Weise, S. E., Kuznetsov, O. A., Hasenstein, K. H., and Kiss, J. Z. (2000). Curvature in Arabidopsis inflorescence stems is limited to the region of amyloplast displacement. Plant Cell Physiol. 41, 702-709. doi: 10.1093/pcp/41.6.702
117. Xia, L., and Guo, J. (2000). Effect of magnetic field on peroxidase activation and isozyme in Leymus chinensis. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 11, 699-702.
118. Xu, C., Lv, Y., Chen, C., Zhang, Y., and Wei, S. (2014). Blue light-dependent phosphorylations of cryptochromes are affected by magnetic fields in Arabidopsis. Adv. Space Res. 53, 1118-1124. doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2014.01.033
119. Xu, C. X., Wei, S. F., Lu, Y., Zhang, Y. X., Chen, C. F., and Song, T. (2013). Removal of the local geomagnetic field affects reproductive growth in Arabidopsis. Bioelectromagnetics 34, 437-442. doi: 10.1002/bem.21788
120. Xu, C. X., Yin, X., Lv, Y., Wu, C. Z., Zhang, Y. X., and Song, T. (2012). A near-null magnetic field affects cryptochrome-related hypocotyl growth and flowering in Arabidopsis. Adv. Space Res. 49, 834-840. doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2011.12.004
121. Yamashita, M., Tomita-Yokotani, K., Hashimoto, H., Takai, M., Tsushima, M., and Nakamura, T. (2004). Experimental concept for examination of biological effects of magnetic field concealed by gravity. Adv. Space Res. 34, 1575-1578. doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2004.01.022
122. Yan, L., Zhang, S., Chen, P., Liu, H., Yin, H., and Li, H. (2012). Magnetotactic bacteria, magnetosomes and their application. Microbiol. Res. 167, 507-519. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.04.002
123. Yano, A., Ohashi, Y., Hirasaki, T., and Fuliwara, K. (2004). Effects of a 60 Hz magnetic field on photosynthetic CO2 uptake and early growth of radish seedlings. Bioelectromagnetics 25, 572-581. doi: 10.1002/bem.20036
124. Yaycili, O., and Alikamanoglu, S. (2005). The effect of magnetic field on Paulownia tissue cultures. Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult. 83, 109-114. doi: 10.1007/s11240-005-4852-0
125. Zeugner, A., Byrdin, M., Bouly, J. P., Bakrim, N., Giovani, B., Brettel, K., et al. (2005). Light-induced electron transfer in Arabidopsis cryptochrome-1 correlates with in vivo function. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 19437-19440. doi: 10.1074/jbc.C500077200