Magnetoreception in plants

Journal of Plant Research

Volumn 118, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 371-389

  Galland, Paul ^a   Pazur, Alexander ^b  

^a PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Geomagnetic field; Ion cyclotron resonance mechanism; Magnetite; Magnetoreception; Magnetosomes; Magnetotaxis; Radical pair mechanism

Indexed keywords

PLANT DNA; VEGETABLE PROTEIN;

GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; MAGNETISM; METABOLISM; PLANT; REVIEW;

DNA, PLANT; MAGNETICS; PLANT PROTEINS; PLANTS;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 29244476549     PISSN: 09189440     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10265-005-0246-y     Document Type: Review

References (272)

1. Adair RK (1991) Constraints on biological effects of weak extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Phys Rev A 43:1039-1048
2. Adair RK (1992) Criticism of Lednev's mechanism for the influence of weak magnetic fields on biological systems. Bioelectromagnetics 13:231-235
3. Adair RK (1997) Hypothetical biophysical mechanisms for the action of weak low frequency electromagnetic fields at the cellular level. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 72:271-278
4. Adair RK (1999) Effects of very weak magnetic fields on radical pair reformation. Bioelectromagnetics 20:255-263
5. Afraimovich EL, Ashkaliev YF, Aushev VM, Beletsky AB, Vodyannikov VV, Leonovich LA, Lesyuta OS, Lipko YV, Mikhalev AV, Yakovets F (2002) Simultaneous radio and optical observations of the mid-latitude atmospheric response to a major geomagnetic storm of 6-8 April 2000. J Atmos Solar Terr Phys 64:1943-1955
6. Akhmedova MM, Hossain T (1986) Effect of a constant magnetic field on some metabolic processes in cotton seedlings. Elektron Obrab Mater 5:68-69
7. Akoyunoglou G (1964) Effect of a magnetic field on carboxydismutase. Nature 202:452-454
8. Aksenov SI, Bulychev AA, TI, Turovetskii VB (2000) Effect of a low-frequency magnetic field on esterase activity and change in pH in wheat germ during swelling of wheat seeds. Biofizika 45:737-745
9. Aksenov SI, Grunina TI, Goriachev SN (2001) Characteristics of low frequency magnetic field effect on swelling of wheat seeds at various stages. Biofizika 46:1127-1132
10. Aladjadjiyan A (2002) Study of the influence of magnetic field on some biological characteristics of Zea mays. J Cent Eur Agric 3:89-94
11. Alexander MP, Doijode SD (1995) Electromagnetic field: a novel tool to increase germination and seedling vigor of conserved onion (Allium cepa L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds with low viability. Plant Genet Resource Newslett 104:1-5
12. Alexander MP, Rajasekharan PE (1992) Effect of electromagnetically pulsed nutrient medium on germination and tube growth of Impatiens balsamina L. pollen. Ind J Plant Genet Res 5:83-88
13. Alipov YD, Belyaev IY (1996) Difference in frequency spectrum of extremely-low-frequency effects on the genome conformational state of AB1157 and EMG2 E. coli cells. Bioelectromagnetics 17:384-387
14. Andre M, Norqvist P, Andersson L, Eliasson L, Eriksson AI, Blomberg L, Erlandson RE, Waldemark J (1998) Ion energization mechanisms at 1700 km in the auroral region. J Geophys Res 103:4199-4222
15. Antonow G, Armjanov N, Todorov T (1982) Untersuchungen zum Einfluß des Magnetfeldes auf die Keimenergie von Samen und den Ertrag (bulg.). Selskostopanska Techn (Sofija) 19:5-11
16. Asashima M, Shimada K, Pfeiffer CJ (1991) Magnetic shielding induces early developmental abnormalities in the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster. Bioelectromagnetics 12:215-224
17. Audus LJ (1960) Magnetotropism: a new plant growth response. Nature 185:132-134
18. Audus LJ, Wish JC (1964) Magnetotropism. In: Barnothy MF (ed) Biological effects of magnetic fields, vol 1. Plenum. New York, pp 170-182
19. Balcavage WX, Alvager T, Swez J, Goff CW, Fox MT, Abdullyava S, King MW (1996) A mechanism for action of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on biological systems. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 222:374-378
20. Baran BA, Degtyarev LS (2001) Magnetic field effect in ion exchange. Russ J Gen Chem 71:1691-1693
21. Baum JW, Naumann CH (1984) Influence of strong magnetic fields on genetic endpoints in Tradescantia tetrads and stamen hairs. Environ Mutagen 6:49-58
22. Bauréus Koch CLM, Sommarin M, Persson BRR, Salford LG, Eberhardt JL (2003) Interaction between weak low frequency magnetic fields and cell membranes. Bioelectromagnetics 24:395-402
23. Bazylinski AD, Schlezinger DR, Howes BH, Frankel RB, Epstein SS (2000) Occurrence and distribution of diverse populations of magnetic protists in a chemically stratified coastal salt pond. Chem Geol 169:319-328
24. Beaugnon E, Tournier R (1991) Levitation of organic materials. Nature 349:470
25. Belova NA, Lednev VV (2000a) Activation and inhibition of gravitropic reaction of plants using weak combined magnetic fields. Biofizika 45:1102-1107
26. Belova NA, Lednev VV (2000b) Dependence of gravitotropic reaction in segments of flax stems on frequency and amplitude of variable components of a weak combined magnetic field. Biofizika 45:1108-1111
27. Belova NA, Lednev VV (2001a) Activation and inhibition of the gravitropic response in the flax stem segments exposed to the permanent magnetic field with magnetic density ranging from 0 to 350 μT. Biofizika 46:118-121
28. Belova NA, Lednev VV (2001b) Effects of extremely weak alternatine magnetic fields on the plant gravitropism. Biofizika 46:122-125
29. Belyaev IY, Matronchik AY, Alipov YD (1994) The effect of weak static magnetic and alternating magnetic fields on the genome conformational state of E. coli cells: the evidence for model of phase modulation of high frequency oscillations. In: Allen MJ (ed) Charge and field effects in biosystems, vol 4. World Scientific, Singapore, pp 174-184
30. Belyaev IY, Alipov YD, Harms-Ringdahl M (1997) Effects of zero magnetic field on the conformation of chromatin in human cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1336:465-473
31. Belyavskaya NA (2001) Ultrastructure and calcium balance in meristem cells of pea roots exposed to extremely low magnetic fields. Adv Space Res 28:645-650
32. Berden M, Zrimec A, Jerman I (2001) New biological detection system for weak ELF magnetic fields and testing of the paramagnetic resonance model (Lednev 1991). Electro Magnetobiol 20:27
33. Berry MV, Geim AK (1997) Of flying frogs and levitrons. Eur J Phys 18:307-313
34. Bieberich E (2000) Probing quantum coherence in a biological system by means of DNA amplification. BioSystems 57:109-124
35. Binhi VN, Alipov YD, Belyaev IY (2001) Effect of static magnetic field on E. coli cells and individual rotations of ion-protein complexes. Bioelectromagnetics 22:79-86
36. Blackman CF, Benane SG, Rabinowitz JR, House DE, Jones WT, (1985) A role for the magnetic field in the radiation-induced efflux of calcium ions from brain tissue in vitro. Bioelectromagnetics 6:327-333
37. Blackman CF, Blanchard JP, Benane SG, House DE (1994) Empirical test of an ion parametric resonance model for magnetic field interactions with PC-12 cells. Bioelectromagnetics 15:239-260
38. Blakemore RP (1982) Magnetotactic bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 36:217-238
39. Blanchard JP, Blackman CP (1994) Clarification and amplification of an ion parametric resonance model for magnetic field interactions with biological systems. Bioelectromagnetics 15:217-238
40. Blank M, Goodman R (1997) Do electromagnetic fields interact directly with DNA? Bioelectromagnetics 18:111-115
41. Blank M, Goodman R (1999) Electromagnetic fields may act directly on DNA. J Cell Biochem 75:369-374
42. Blank M, Soo L (1996) The threshold for Na, K-ATPase stimulation by electromagnetic fields. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 40:63-65
43. Blank M, Khorkova O, Goodman R (1994) Changes in polypeptide distribution stimulated by different levels of electromagnetic and thermal stress. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 33:109-114
44. Boe AA, Salunkhe DK (1963) Effects of magnetic fields on tomato ripening. Nature 199:91-92
45. Boe AA, Do JY, Salunkhe DK (1968) Tomato ripening: effects of high frequency, magnetic field, and chemical treatments. Econ Bot 22:124-134
46. Bogatina NI, Litvin VM, Travkin MP (1986) Wheat roots orientation under the effect of geomagnetic field. Biofizika 31:886-890
47. Brocklehurst B (1996) Free radical mechanism for the effects of environmental electromagnetic fields on biological system. Int J Radiat Biol 69:3-24
48. Brown FA Jr (1962) Responses of the planarium, Dugesia, and the protozoan, Paramecium, to very weak horizontal magnetic fields. Biol Bull 123:264-281
49. Brown FA Jr, Chow CS (1973) Lunar-correlated variations in water uptake by bean seeds. Biol Bull 145:265-278
50. Brown FA Jr, Chow CS (1975) Non-equivalence for bean seeds of clockwise and counterclockwise magnetic motion: a novel terrestrial adaptation? Biol Bull 148:370-379
51. Busby DE (1968) Space biomagnetics. Space Life 1:23-63
52. Cantoni O, Sestili P, Fiorani M, Dachà M (1996) Effect of 50 Hz sinusoidal electric and/or magnetic fields on the rate of repair of DNA single strand breaks in cultured mammalian cells exposed to three different carcinogens: methylmethane sulfonate, chromate, and 254 nm UV radiation. Biochem Mol Biol Int 38:527-533
53. Carbonell MV, Martinez E, Amaya JM (2000) Stimulation of germination in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by a static magnetic field. Electro Magnetobiol 19:121-128
54. Celestino C, Picazo ML, Toribio M, Alvare-Ude JA, Bardasano JL (1998) Influence of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on recurrent embryogenesis and germination of cork oak somatic embryos. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 54:65-69
55. Chao L, Walker DR (1967) Effects of a magnetic field on the germination of apple, apricot and peach seeds. Hortic Sci 2:152-153
56. Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann CA, Braendas EJ (1991) Proton delocalization and thermally activated quantum correlations in water: complex scaling and new experimental results. Ber Bunsen Ges 95:263-72
57. Clarkson N, Davies MS, Dixey R (1999) Diatom motility and low frequency electromagnetic fields - a new technique in the search for independent replication of results. Bioelectromagnetics 20:94-100
58. Comorosan S, Vieru S, Murgoci P (1972) The effect of electromagnetic field on enzymic substrates. Biochim Biophys Acta 268:620-621
59. Cook ES, Smith MJ (1964) Increase of trypsin activity. In: Barnothy MF (ed) Biological effects of magnetic fields. Plenum, New York, pp 246-254
60. Cope FW (1981) Equivalent effects of increased magnetic field and increased temperature on wheat seedling growth: evidence for a super-conductive mechanism in plant growth. Physiol Chem Phys 13:567-568
61. Coulton LA, Barker AT, Van Lierup JE, Walsh MP (2000) The effect of static magnetic fields on the rate of calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of myosin light chain. Bioelectromagnetics 21:189-196
62. Cremer-Bartels G, Krause K, Mitoskas G, Brodersen D (1984) Magnetic fields of the earth as additional Zeitgeber for endogenous rhythms? Naturwissenschaften 71:567-574
63. Dattilo AM, Bracchini L, Loiselle SA, Ovidi E, Tiezzi A, Rossi C (2005) Morphological anomalies in pollen tubes of Actinidia deliciosa (Kiwi) exposed to 50 Hz magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 26:153-156
64. Davis MS (1996) Effects of 60 Hz electromagnetic fields on early growth in three plant species and a replication of previous results. Bioelectromagnetics 17:154-161
65. Dayal S, Singh RP (1986) Effect of seed exposure to magnetic field on the height of tomato plants. Indian J Agric Sci 56:483-486
66. Del Giudice E, Fleischmann M, Preparata G, Talpo G (2002) On the "unreasonable" effects of ELF magnetic fileds upon a system of ions. Bioelectromagnetics 23:522-530
67. Dicarlo AL, Hargis MT, Penafiel LM, Litovitz TA (1999) Short-term magnetic field exposure (60 Hz) induce protection against ultraviolet radiation damage. Int J Rad Biol 75:1541-1549
68. Drobig J (1988) Saatgut im elektrmagnetischen Feld - zu einigen internationalen Untersuchungen. Arch Acker-Pflanzenbau Bodenkd 9:619-626
69. Durney CH, Rushforth CK, Anderson AA (1988) Resonant AC-DC magnetic fields: calculated response. Bioelectromagnetics 9:315-336
70. Edmiston J (1972) The effect of the field of a permanent magnet on the germination and growth of white mustard seeds. Int J Biometeor 16:13-24
71. Eichwald C, Walleczek J (1996) Model for magnetic field effects on radical pair recombination in enzyme kinetics. Biophys J 71:623-631
72. Esquivel DMS, Lins de Barros HGP (1986) Motion of magnetotactic microorganisms. J Exp Biol 121:153-163
73. Pardon JC, Poydock SME, Basulto G (1966) Effect of magnetic fields on the respiration of malignant, embryonic and adult tissue. Nature 23:433
74. Feychting M, Ahlbom A (1993) Magnetic fields and cancer in children residing near Swedish high-voltage power lines. Am J Epidemiol 138:467-481
75. Fischer G, Tausz M, Kock M, Grill D (2004) Effects of weak 16 2/3 Hz magnetic fields on growth parameters of young sunflower and wheat seedlings. Bioelectromagnetics 25:638-641
76. Fomichjova VM, Govorun RD, Danilov VI (1992a) Proliferation activity and cell reproduction in meristems of root seedlings of pea, flax and lentil under conditions of shielding the geomagnetic field. Biofizika 37:745-749
77. Fomichjova VM, Zaslavsky VA, Govorun RD, Danilov VI (1992b) Dynamics of RNA and protein synthesis in cells of root meristem of pea, flax and lentil under conditions of shielding the geomagnetic field. Biofizika 37:750-758
78. Frankel RB (1990) Iron biominerals: an overview. In: Frankel RB, Blakemore RP (eds) Iron biominerals. Plenum, New York, pp 1-6
79. Freyman S (1980) Quantitative analysis of growth in Southern Alberta of two barley cultivars growth from magnetically treated and untreated seed. Can J Plant Sci 60:463-471
80. Gajdardziska-Josifovska M, McClean RG, Schofield MA, Sommer CV, Kean WF (2001) Discovery of nanocrystalline botanical magnetite. Eur J Mineral 13:863-870
81. Gajdardziska-Josifovska M, Schofield MA, Robertson D, McClean R, Kean WF, Sommer C (2002) Botanical iron biominerals: electron diffraction and microscopy identification. Microsc Microanal 8:752-753
82. García-Reina F, Arza-Pascual L (2001) Influence of a stationary magnetic field on water relations in lettuce seeds. I: theoretical considerations. Bioelectromagnetics 22:589-595
83. García-Reina F, Pascual L, Fundora IA (2001) Influence of a stationary magnetic field on water relations in lettuce seeds. Part II: experimental results. Bioelectromagnetics 22:596-602
84. Geacintov NE, Van Nostrand F, Becker JF, Tinkel JB (1972) Magnetic field induced orientation of photosynthetic systems. Biochim Biophys Acta 267:65-79
85. Germanà MA, Chiancone B, Melati MR, Firetto A (2003) Preliminary results on the effect of magnetic fields on anther culture and pollen germination of Citrus Clementina Hort. Ex Tan. In: Hammerschlag FA, Saxena P, Hort A (eds) Proceedings of the XXVI international horticultural congress: biotechnology in horticultural crop improvement: achievements, opportunities and limitations. ISHS Acta Hortic 625:411-418
86. Giovani B, Byrdin M, Ahmad M, Brettel K (2003) Light-induced electron transfer in a cryptochrome blue-light photoreceptor. Nat Struct Biol 6:489-490
87. Goodman EM, Greenebaum B, Marron MT (1994) Magnetic fields alter translation in Escherichia coli. Bioelectromagnetics 15:77-83
88. Goodman R, Blank M (1998) Magnetic field stress induces expression of hsp70. Cell Stress Chaperon 3:79-88
89. Govorun RD, Danilov, Fomichjova VM, Beljavskaja NA, Zinchenko S (1992) Influence of geomagnetic field fluctuations and its shielding on early periods of higher plant germination. Biofizika 37:738-744
90. Gretz MR, Folsom DB, Brown RM Jr (1989) Cellulose biogenesis in bacteria and higher plants is disrupted by magnetic fields. Naturwissenschaften 76:380-383
91. Grissom CB (1995) Magnetic field effects in biology: a survey of possible mechanisms with emphasis on radical-pair recombination. Chem Rev 95:3-24
92. Gubbels GH (1982) Seedling growth and yield response of flax, buck-wheat, sunflower, and field pea after preseeding magnetic treatment. Can J Plant Sci 62:61-64
93. Gusta LV, Kirkland KJ, Austenson HM (1978) Effects of a brief magnetic exposure on cereal germination and seedling growth. Can J Plant Sci 58:79-86
94. Gutzeit HO (2001) Biological effects of ELF-EMF enhanced stress response: new insights and new questions. Electro Magnetobiol 20:15-26
95. Haberditzl W (1967) Enzyme activity in high magnetic fields. Nature 213:72-73
96. Hahn CR, Orkwiszewski JAJ, Maksymowych (1988) D.C. generated electromagnetic field depress L-phenylalanine-ammonia lyase activity in germinating Triticum aestivum seeds. Ann Meeting Am Soc Plant Physiol Plant Physiol 86:105
97. Halpern MH (1966) Effects of reproducible magnetic fields on the growth of cells in culture. NASDA CR-75121. Natl Astronaut Space Administration, Washington DC
98. Halpern MH, van Dyke JH (1996) Very low magnetic fields: biological effects and their implications for space exploration. Aerospace Med 37:281
99. Harkins TT, Grissom CB (1994) Magnetic field effects on B12 ethanolamine ammonia lyase: evidence for a radical mechanism. Science 263:958-960
100. Hasenstein KH, Kuznetsov OA (1999) Graviresponse of lazy-2 tomato seedlings to curvature-inducing magnetic gradients is modulated by light. Planta 208:59-65
101. Hirota N, Nakagawa K, Kitazawa K (1999) Effects of a magnetic field on the germination of plants. J Appl Phys 85:5717-5719
102. Hoff AJ, Rademaker H, van Grondelle R, Duysens LNM (1977) On the magnetic field dependence of the yield of the triplet state in reaction centers of photosynthetic bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 460:547-554
103. Ikehata M, Koana T, Suzuki Y, Shimizu H, Nakagawa M (1999) Mutagenicity and co-mutagenicity fields of static magetic fields detected by bacterial mutation assay. Mutat Res 427:147-156
104. 2 exchange rate of potato plantlets in vitro. In: Kozai T (ed) Proceeding of the international symposium on plant production in closed ecosystem. Narita, Japan
105. Jajte J, Zmyslony M, Rajkowska E (2003) Protective effect of melatonin and vitamin E against pro-oxidative action of iron ions and a static magnetic field. Medycyna Pracy 54:23-28
106. Jerman I, Jeglič A, Fefer D (1989) Magnetic stimulation of normal and cut spruce seedlings. Biol Vestn 37:45-56
107. Jones RL (1960) Response of growing plants to a uniform daily rotation. Nature 185:775
108. Kalmijn AJ (1981) Biophysics of geomagnetic field detection. IEEE Trans Magn 17:1113-1124
109. Kato R (1988) Effects of a magnetic field on the growth of primary roots of Zea mays. Plant Cell Physiol 29:1215-1219
110. Kato R (1990) Effects of very low magnetic field on the gravitropic curvature of Zea roots. Plant Cell Physiol 31:565-568
111. Kato R, Kamada H, Asashima M (1989) Effects of high and low magnetic fields on the growth of hairy roots of Daucus carota and Atropa belladonna. Plant Cell Physiol 30:605-608
112. Kavi PS (1977) The effect of magnetic treatment of soybean seeds and its moisture absorbing capacity. Sci Cult Calcutta 9:405-406
113. Kazymov PP (1973) Movement of bean leaves under conditions of very weak magnetic fields. Fiziologiya Rastienji 20:915-920
114. Khizenkov PK, Dobritsa NV, Netsvetov MV, Driban VM (2001) Influence of low- and superlow-frequency alternating magnetic fields on ionic permeability of cell membranes. Dopv Nats Akad Nauk Ukr 4:161-164
115. Kirschvink JL, Hagadorn JW (2000) A grand unified theory of biomineralization. In: Bäuerlein E (ed) The bio-mineralization of nano-and micro-structure. Wiley, Weinheim, pp 139-150
116. Kirschvink JL, Kobayashi-Kirschvink A, Woodford BJ (1992) Magnetite biomineralization in the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:7683-7687
117. Klein RM, Klein DT (1971) Post-irradiation modulation of ionizing radiation damage to plants. Bot Rev 37:397-433
118. Kobayashi AK, Kirschvink JL, Nesson MH (1995) Ferromagnetism and EMFs. Nature 374:123
119. Kobayashi M, Soda N, Miyo T, Ueda Y (2004) Effects of combined DC and AC magnetic fields on germination of hornwort seeds. Bioelectromagnetics 25:552-559
120. Kondrachuk AV, Hasenstein KH (2001) The effects of HGMFs on the plant gravisensing system. Adv Space Res 27:1001-1005
121. Krizaj D, Valenčič V (1989) The effect of ELF magnetic fields and temperature on differential plant growth. J Bioelectricity 8:159-165
122. Krylov AV, Tarakanova GA (1960) Magnetotropism of plants and its nature. Plant Physiol 7:156-160
123. Krylov AV, Tarakanova GA (1960) Magnetotropism of plants and its nature. Fiziologlya Rastienji 7:917-919
124. Kuznetsov AA, Kuznetsov OA (1989) Simulation of gravity force for plants by high gradient magnetic field. Biofizika 35:835-840
125. Kuznetsov OA, Hasenstein KH (1996) Magnetophoretic induction of root curvature. Planta 198:87-94
126. Kuznetsov OA, Hasenstein KH (1997) Magnetophoretic induction of curvature in coleoptiles. J Exp Bot 48:1951-1957
127. Kuznetsov OA, Hasenstein KH (2001) Intracellular magnetophoresis of statoliths in Chara rhizoids and analysis of cytoplasm viscoelasticity. Adv Space Res 27:887-892
128. Kuznetsov OA, Hasenstein KH (2002) Magnetograviphoresis of statoliths and assessment of viscoelasticity of Chara cytoplasm. Eur Cells Mater 3:170-171
129. Kuznetsov OA, Schwuchow J, Sack FD, Hasenstein KH 1999 Curvature induced by amyloplast magnetophoresis in protonemata of the moss Ceratodon purpureus. Plant Physiol 119:645-650
130. Lebedjev SJ, Baranskij PI, Litvinenko LG, Shiyan LT (1975a) Physiobiochemical characteristics of plants after pre-sowing treatment with a permanent magnetic field (in Russian). Sov Plant Physiol (Fiziol Rast) 22:84-89
131. Lebedjev SJ, Baranskij PI, Litvinenko LG (1975b) Physiobiochemical characteristics of plants after pre-sowing treatment with a permanent magnetic field, (in Russian). Sov Plant Physiol (Fiziol Rast) 22:103-109
132. Lednev VV (1991) Possible mechanism for the influence of weak magnetic fields on biological systems. Bioelectromagnetics 12:71-75
133. Li Z, Qu A, Zhu W, Yang Y, Shu F (1997) Genetics effect of water treated by magnetic field (4200 GS) on root tip cells of Vicia faba. Chin Environ Sci 17:437-439
134. Liboff AR (1985) Geomagnetic cyclotron resonance in living cells. Biol Phys 9:99-102
135. Liboff AR (1997) Electric field ion cyclotron resonance. Bioelectromagnetics 18:85-87
136. Liboff AR, Cherng S, Jenrow KA, Bull A (2003) Calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity is altered by 20 μT magnetostatic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 24:2-38
137. Lins de Barros DNS, Esquivel J, de Oliveira LPH (1981) Magnetotactic algae. Acad Bas Notas Fis CBPF-NF-48
138. Lins U, Farina M (1999) Organization of cells in magnetotactic multicellular aggregates. Microbiol Res 154:9-13
139. Lowenstam HA (1981) Minerals formed by organisms. Science 211:1126-1131
140. Lowenstam HA, Kirschvink JL (1985) Iron biomineralization a geobiological perspective. In: Kirschvink JL, Jones DS, MacFadden BJ (eds) Magnetite biomineralization and magnetoreception in organisms. Plenum, New York, pp 3-15
141. Lucchesini M, Sabatini AM, Vitagliano C, Dario P, Hayashi M, Kano A, Goto E (1992) The pulsed electro-magnetic field stimulation effect on development of Prunus cerasifera in vitro-derived plantlets. Acta Hortic 319:131-136
142. Lustigman K, Isquith IR (1975) The enhanced lethality of Paramecium in dyes under the influence of magnetic fields. Acta Protozool 13:257-266
143. Magrou J, Manigault P (1946) Physiologie vegetale: action du champ magnetique sur le developpement des tumours experimentales chez Pelargonium zonale. CR Acad Sci (Paris) 223:8-11
144. Mahdi A, Gowland PA, Mansfield P, Coupland RE, Lloyd RG (1994) The effect of static 3.0 and 0.5 T magnetic fields and the echoplanar imaging experiment at 0.5 T on E. coli. Br J Radiol 67:983-987
145. Malagoli D, Lusvardi M, Gobba F, Ottaviani E (2004) 50 Hz magnetic fields activate mussel immunocyte p38 MAP kinase and induce HSP70 and 90. Cop Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 137:75-79
146. Markov MS, Pilla AA (1994) Static magnetic field modulation of myosin phosphorylation: calcium dependence in two enzyme preparations. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 35:57-61
147. Markov MS, Pilla AA (1997) Weak static magnetic field modulation of myosin phosphorylation in a cell-free preparation: calcium dependence. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 43:233-238
148. Markov MS, Wang S, Pilla AA (1993) Effect of weak low-frequency sinusoidal and DC magnetic fields on myosin phosphorylation in a cell-free preparation. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 30:119-125
149. Maronek DM (1975) Electromagnetic seed treatment increases germination of Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. Hortic Sci 10:227-228
150. Mavromatos NE (1999) Quantum-mechanical coherence in cell microtubules: a realistic possibility? Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 48:273-284
151. McClean RG, Kean WF (1993) Contributions of wood ash magnetism to archaeomagnetic properties of fire pits and hearths. Earth Planet Sci Lett 119:387-394
152. McClean RG, Schofield MA, Kean WF, Sommer CV, Robertson DP, Toth D, Gajdardziska-Josifovska M (2001) Botanical iron minerals: correlation between nanocrystal structure and modes of biological self-assembly. Eur J Mineral 13:1235-1242
153. McLeod BR, Smith SD, Liboff AR (1987a) Calcium and potassium cyclotron resonance curves and harmonics in diatoms. J Bioelectron 6:153-168
154. 2+-dependent motility in diatoms. J Bioelectron 6:1-12
155. McLeod BR, Liboff AR, Smith SD (1987c) Biological systems in transition: sensitivity to extremely low-frequence fields. Electro Magnetobiol 11:29-42
156. Mericle RP, Mericle LW, Montgomery DJ (1966) Magnetic fields and ionizing radiation: effects and interaction during germination and early seeding development. Radiat Bot 6:111-127
157. Mohtat N, Cozens FL, Hancock-Chen T, Scaiano JC, McLean J, Kim J (1998) Magnetic field effects on the behaviour of radicals in protein and DNA environments. Photochem Photobiol 67:111-118
158. Möller A, Sagasser S, Wiltschko W, Schierwater B (2004) Retinal cryptochrome in a migratory passerine bird: a possible transducer for the avian magnetic compass. Naturwissenschaften 91:585-588
159. Mouritsen H, Janssen-Bienhold U, Liedvogel M, Feenders G, Stalleicken J, Dirks R Weiler R (2004) Cryptochromes and neuronal-activity markers colocalize in the retina of migratory birds during magnetic orientation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:14294-14299
160. Mullins JM, Penafiel LM, Juutilainen J, Litovitz TA (1999) Dose-response of electromagnetic field-enhanced ornithine decarboxylase activity. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 48:193-199
161. Muraji M, Asai T, Tatebe W (1998) Primary root growth rate of Zea mays seedlings grown in alternating magnetic field of different frequencies. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 44:271-273
162. Murphy B (1942) The influence of magnetic fields on seed germination. Am J Bot 29[Suppl 10]:155
163. Murthy NS (1984) Liquid crystallinity in collagen solutions and magnetic orientation of collagen fibrils. Biopolymers 23:1261-1267
164. Nakagawa J, Hirota N, Kitazawa K, Shoda M (1999) Magnetic field enhancement of water vaporization. J Appl Phys 86:2923-2925
165. Nanush'yan ER, Murashev VV (2003) Induction of multinuclear cells in the apical meristems of Allium cepa by geomagnetic field outrages. R J Plant Physiol 50:522-526
166. Negishi Y, Hashimoto A, Tsushima M, Dobrota C, Yamshita M, Nakamura T (1999) Growth of pea epicotyl in low magnetic field: implication for space research. Adv Space Res 23:2029-2032
167. Neves M, Glielmo M, Martins JL, Lins U (2003) Interaction of magnetotactic bacteria with flagellated protozoa: induced magnetotaxis. Acta Microsc 12[Suppl B]:11-12
168. Nodwell LM, Price NM (2001) Direct use of inorganic colloidal iron by marine mixotrophic phytoplankton. Limnol Oceanogr 46:765-777
169. Nossol B, Buse G, Silny J (1993) Influence of weak static and 50 Hz magnetic fields on the redox activity of cytochrome-C oxidase. Bioelectromagnetics 14:361-372
170. Novitskaya GV, Kocheshkova TK, Feofilaktova TV, Novitskii YN (2004) Effect of choline chloride on the lipid content and composition in the leaves of principal magnetically-oriented radish types. Russ J Plant Physiol 51:361-371
171. Novitskii Yu I, Tikhomirova EV (1977) Effect of a permanent magnetic field on dry seed of Vyatka winter rye. Fiziol Rast 24:332-334
172. Novitskii YI, Strekova VY, Tarakanova GA (1966) Effect of a weak magnetic field on the movement of chloroplasts in Elodea. In: Proc Conf Effect of magnetic fields on living organisms. Nauch. Sov po kompleksnoi probleme "Kibernetika". Moscow, p 53
173. Novitskii YI, Novitskaya GV, Sokolova IA (1990) Lipid content in the leaves of magnetically-oriented radish types grown under varying light intensity. Fisiol Rast 37:54-63
174. Novitsky YI, Novitskaya GV, Kocheshova TK, Nechiporenko GA, Dobrovol'skii MV (2001) Growth of green onions in a weak permanent magnetic field. Russ J Plant Physiol 48:709-715
175. Pacini P, Vanelli GB, Barni T, Ruggiero M, Sardi I, Pacini R Gulisano M (1999) Effect of 0.2 T static magnetic field on human neurons: remodeling and inhibition of signal transduction without genome instability. Neurosci Lett 267:185-188
176. Palmer LD (1963) Organismic spatial response in very weak spatial magnetic fields. Nature 198:1061-1062
177. Parkinson WC, Sulik GL (1992) Diatom response to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields. Radiat Res 130:319-330
178. Pavlov P, Gyourov S, Parmakov D (1983) Effect of magnetized water on the yield of greenhouse tomatoes. Fiziol Rast (Sofia) 9:65-70
179. Pazur A (1995) The effect of weak permanent magnetic fields on the electric properties of lipid-bilayers. Z Naturforsch 50c:833-839
180. Pazur A (2001) Electric relaxation processes in lipid-bilayers after exposure to weak magnetic pulses. Z Naturforsch 56c:831-837
181. Pazur A (2003) Effects of a switched weak magnetic field on lecithin liposomes, investigated by nonlinear dielectric spectroscopy. Z Naturforsch 58c:386-394
182. Pazur A (2004) Characterization of weak magnetic field effects in an aqueous glutamic acid solution by nonlinear dielectric spectroscopy and voltametry. Biomagn Res Technol 2:8-19
183. Pazur A, Scheer H (1992) The growth of freshwater green algae in weak alternating magnetic fields of 7.8 Hz frequency. Z Naturforsch 47c:690-694
184. Peñuelas J, Llusià J, Martínez B, Fontcuberta J (2004) Diamagnetic susceptibility and root growth responses to magnetic fields in Lens culinaris, Glycine soja, and Triticum aestivum. Electromagnet Biol Med 23:97-112
185. Peteiro-Cartelle FJ, Cabejas-Cerrato J (1989) Influence of a static magnetic field on mitosis in meristematic cells of Allium cepa. J Bioelectricity 8:167-178
186. Phirke PS, Kubde AB, Umbarkar SP (1996) The influence of magnetic field on plant growth. Seed Sci Technol 24:375-392
187. Piatti E, Albertini MC, Baffone W, Fraternale D, Citterio B, Piacentini MP, Dacha M, Vetrano F, Accorsi A (2002) Antibacterial effect of a magnetic field on Serratia marcescens and related virulence to Hordeum vulgare and Rubus fruticosus callus cells. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 132:359-365
188. Piruzyan LA, Kuznetsov AA, Chikov VM (1980) About the magnetic heterogeneity of biological systems. Izvestiya Acad Sci USSR Ser Biol 5:645-653
189. Pittman UJ (1962) Growth reaction and magnetotropism in roots of winter wheat (Kharkov 22 M. C.). Can J Plant Sci 42:430-436
190. Pittman UJ (1963a) Effects of magnetism on seedling growth of cereal plants. Biomedical Sci Inst 1:117-122
191. Pittman UJ (1963b) Magnetism and plant growth. I. Effects on germination and early growth of cereal seeds. Can J Plant Sci 43:513-518
192. Pittman UJ (1964) Magnetism and plant growth. II. Effects on root growth of cereals. Can J Plant Sci 44:283-287
193. Pittman UJ (1965) Magnetism and plant growth. III. Effects on germination and early growth of corn and beans. Can J Plant Sci 45:549-555
194. Pittman UJ (1967) Biomagnetic responses in Kharkov 22 M.C. winter wheat. Can J Plant Sci 50:27-733
195. Pittman UJ (1970) Magnetotropic responses in roots of wild oats. Can J Plant Sci 50:350-351
196. Pittman UJ (1972) Biomagnetic responses in potatoes. Can J Plant Sci 52:727-733
197. Pittman UJ (1977) Effects of magnetic seed treatments on yields of barley, wheat, and oats in southern Alberta. Can J Plant Sci 57:37-45
198. Pittman UJ, Anstey TH (1967) Magnetic treatment and seed orientation of single-harvest snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Proc Am Soc Hortic Sci 91:310-314
199. Pittman UJ, Ormrod DP (1970) Physiological and chemical features of magnetically treated winter wheat seeds and resultant seedlings. Can J Plant Sci 50:211-217
200. Pittman UJ, Ormrod DP (1971) Biomagnetic responses in germinating malting barley. Can J Plant Sci 51:64-65
201. Pittman UJ, Carefoot JM, Ormrod DP (1979) Effect of magnetic seed treatment on amylotic activity of quiescent and germinating barley and wheat seeds. Can J Plant Sci 59:1007-1011
202. Ponomarev OA, Fesenko EE (2000) The properties of liquid water in electric and magnetic fields. Biofizika 45:389-398
203. Portaccio M, De Luca P, Durante D, Grano V, Rossi S, Bencivenga U, Lepore M, Mita DG (2005) Modulation of the catalytic activity of free and immobilized peroxydase by extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields: dependence on frequency. Bioelectromagnetics 26:145-152
204. Potenza L, Cucchiarini L, Piatti E, Angelini U, Dachà M (2004a) Effects of high static magnetic field exposure on different DNAs. Bioelectromagnetics 25:352-355
205. Potenza L, Ubaldi L, De Sanctis R, De Bellis R, Cucchiarini L, Dacha M (2004b) Effects of a static magnetic field on cell growth and gene expression in Escherichia coli. Mutat Res 561:53-62
206. Prasad AV, Miller MW, Cox C, Carstensen EL, Hoops H, Brayman AA (1994) A test of the influence of cyclotron resonance exposure on diatom motility. Health Phys 66:305-312
207. Preparata G (1995) Coherence in matter. World Scientific, Singapore
208. Rapley BI, Rowland RE, Page WH, Podd JV (1998) Influence of extremely low frequency magnetic fields on chromosomes and the mitotic cycle in Vicia faba L., the broad bean. Bioelectromagnetics 19:152-161
209. Ravera S, Repaci E, Morelli A, Pepe IM, Botter R, Beruto D (2004) Electromagnetic field of extremely low frequency decreased adenylate kinase activity in retinal rod outer segment membranes. Bioelectrochemistry 63:317-320
210. Reese JA, Frazier ME, Morris JE, Buschbom RL, Miller DL (1991) Evaluation of changes in diatom mobility after exposure to 16 Hz electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 12:21-25
211. Ritz T, Adem S, Schulten K (2000) A model for photoreceptor-based magnetoreception in birds. Biophys J 78:707-718
212. Rosen AD (1996) Inhibition of calcium channel activation in GH3 cells by static magnetic field. Biochim Biophys Acta 1282:149-155
213. Rosen AD (2003) Mechanism of action of moderate-intensity static magnetic fields on biological systems. Cell Biochem Biophys 39:163-174
214. Ružič R, Jerman I, Gogala N (1998a) Water stress reveals effects of ELF magnetic fields on the growth of seedlings. Electro Magnetobiol 17:17-30
215. Ružič R, Jerman I, Gogala N (1998b) Effects of weak low-frequency magnetic fields on spruce seed germination under acid conditions. Can J For Res 28:609-616
216. Ružič R, Jerman I, Jeglic A, Fefer D (1992) Electromagnetic stimulation of buds of Castanea sativa Mill. In tissue culture. Electro Magnetobiol 11:145-155
217. Ružic R, Jerman I, Jeglic A, Fefer D (1993) Various effects of pulsed and static magnetic fields on the development of Castanea sativa Mill. in tissue culture. Electro Magnetobiol 12:165-177
218. Ružic R, Vodnik D, Jerman I (2000) Influence of aluminum in biologic effects of ELF magnetic field stimulation. Electro Magnetobiol 19:57-68
219. Saalman E, Galt S, Hamnerius Y, Norden B (1992) Diatom motility: replication study in search of cyclotron resonance effects. In: Norden B, Ramel C (eds) Interaction mechanisms of low-level electromagnetic fields in living systems. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 280-292
220. Sabehat A, Weiss D, Lurie S (1998) Heat-shock proteins and cross-tolerance in plants. Physiol Plant 103:437-441
221. Sakurai I, Kawamura Y, Ikegami A, Iwayanagi S (1980) Magnetoorientation of lecithin crystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:7232-7236
222. Sandweiss J (1990) On the cyclotroc resonance model of ion transport. Bioelectromagnetics 11:203-205
223. Scaiano JC, Cozens FL, McLean J (1994) Model for the rationalization of magnetic field effects in vivo. Application of the radical-pair mechanism to biological systems. Photochem Photobiol 59:585-589
224. Scaiano JC, Monahan S, Renaud J (1997) Dramatic effect of magnetite particles on the dynamics of photogenerated free radicals. Photochem Photobiol 65:759-762
225. Schlegel K, Fullekrug M (1999) Schumann resonance parameter changes during high-energy particle precipitation. J Geophys Res 104:10111-10118
226. Schreiber K (1958) An unusual tropism of feeder roots in sugar beets and its possible effect on fertilizer response. Can J Plant Sci 38:124
227. Schrödinger E (1935) Probability relations between seperated systems. Cambridge Phil Soc Proc 31:555-563
228. Schulten K, Staerk H, Weller A, Werner HJ, Nickel B (1976) Magnetic field dependence of the geminate recombination of radical ion pairs in polar solvents. Z Phys Chem NF 101:371-390
229. Schwarzacher JC, Audus LJ (1973) Further studies in magnetotropism. J Exp Bot 24:459-474
230. Semm P, Schneider T, Volirath L (1960) Effects of an Earth-strength magnetic field on electrical activity of pineal cells. Nature 288:607-615
231. Shang G-M, Wu J-C, Yuan Y-J (2004) Improved cell growth and Taxol production of suspension-cultured Taxus chinensis var. mairei in alternating and direct current magnetic fields. Biotechnol Lett 26:875-878
232. Shuvalova LA, Ostrovskaia MV, Sosumov EA, Lednev VV (1991) The effect of a weak magnetic field in the paramagnetic resonance mode on the rate of the calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of myosin in solution. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 317:227-230
233. Smith S (1987) Calcium cyclotron resonance and diatom mobility. Bioelectromagnetics 8:215-227
234. Smith S, McLeod BR, Liboff AR, Cooksey K (1987a) Calcium cyclotron resonance and diatom motility. Bioelectromagnetics 8:215-227
235. Smith S, McLeod BR, Liboff AR, Cooksey K (1987b) Calcium cyclotron resonance and diatom motility. Stud Biophys 119:131-136
236. Smith SD, McLeod BR, Liboff AR (1995) Testing the ion cyclotron resonance theory of electromagnetic field interaction with odd and even harmonic tuning for cations. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 38:161-167
237. Sonneveld A, Duysens LNM, Moerdijk A (1981) Sub-microsecond chlorophyll a delayed fluorescence from photosystem I. Magnetic field-induced increase of the emission field. Biochim Biophys Acta 636:39-49
238. Sperber D, Darnsfeld K, Maret G, Weisenseel HM (1981) Oriented growth of pollen tubes in strong magnetic fields. Naturwissenschaften 68:40-41
239. Spruyt E, Verbelen J-P, de Greef JA (1987) Expression of circaseptan and circannual rhythmicity in the imbibition of dry stored bean seeds. Plant Physiol 84:707-710
240. Ssawostin PW (1930a) Magnetophysiologische Untersuchungen. I. Die Rotationsbewegung des Plasmas in einem konstanten magnetischen Kraftfelde. Planta 11:683-726
241. Ssawostin PW (1930b) Magnetwachstumreaktionen bei Pflanzen. Planta 12:327-330
242. Stange BC, Rowland RE, Rapley BI, Podd JV (2002) ELF magnetic fields increase amino acid uptake into Vicia faba L. roots and alter ion movement across the plasma membrane. Bioelectromagnetics 23:47-354
243. Strazisar J, Knez S, Kobe S (2001) The influence of the magnetic field on the Zeta potential of precipitated calcium carbonate. Part Syst Charact 18:278-285
244. Strekova VY, Tarakanova GA, Prudnikova VR Novitskii YI (1965a) Some physiological and cytological changes in germinating seeds in a constant magnetic field. I. The effect of a non-uniform magnetic field of low intensity. Fiziol Rast 12:920-929
245. Strekova VY, Tarakanova GA, Prudnikova VP, Novitskii YI (1965b) Some physiological and cytological changes in germinating seeds in a constant magnetic field. II. The effect of a uniform magnetic field of low intensity. Fiziol Rast 12:1029-1038
246. Takahashi F, Kamezaki T (1985) Effect of magnetism on growth of Chlorella. Hakkokogaku 63:71-74
247. Takimoto K, Yaguchi H, Miyakoshi J (2001) Extremely low frequency magnetic fields suppress the reduction of germination rate of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds kept in saturated humidity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 65:2552-2554
248. Teichmann EM, Hengstler JG, Schreiber WG, Akbari W, Georgi H, Hehn M, Schiffer I, Oesch F, Spiess HW, Thelen M (2000) Possible mutagenic effects of magnetic fields (in German). Rofo 172:934-939
249. Timmel CR, Till U, Brocklehurst B, McLauchlan KA, Hore PJ (1998) Effects of weak magnetic field on free radical recombination reactions. Mol Phys 95:71-89
250. Tomita-Yokotani K, Hashimoto H, Yanasigawa M, Nakamura T, Hasegawa K, Yamashita M (2001) Growth of Avena seedlings under a low magnetic field (in Japanese). Biol Sci Space 15:258-259
251. Torbet J (1987) Using magnetic orientation to study structure and assembly. Trends Biochem Sci 12:327-330
252. Torbet J, Dickens MJ (1984) Orientation of skeletal muscle actin in strong magnetic fields. FEBS Lett 173:403-406
253. Torbet J, Ronzier MC (1984) Aggregation of blood platelets in static magnetic fields. Biochem J 219:1057-1059
254. Torres de Araujo FF, Pires MA, Frankel RB, Bicudo CEM (1986) Magnetite and magnetotaxis in algae. Biophys J 50:375-378
255. Tran A, Polk C (1979) Schumann resonances and electrical conductivity of the atmosphere and lower ionosphere. I. Effects of conductivity at various altitudes on resonance frequencies and attenuation. J Atmos Terrestr Phys 41:1241-1248
256. Vakharia DN, Davariya RL, Parameswaran M (1991) Influence of magnetic treatment on groundnut yield and yield attributes. Ind J Plant Physiol 34:131-136
257. Vassilev PM, Dronzine RT, Vassileva MP, Georgiev GA (1982) Parallel arrays of microtubules formed in electric and magnetic fields. Biosci Rep 2:1025-1029
258. Volpe P (2003) Interactions of zero-frequency and oscillating magnetic fields with biostructures and biosystems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2:637-648
259. Waliszewski P, Skwarek R, Jeromin L, Manikowski H (1999) On the mitochondriasl aspect of reactive oxygen species action in external magnetic fields. J Photochem Photobiol 52:137-140
260. Walleczek J (1995) Magnetokinetic effects on radical pairs: a paradigm for magnetic field interactions with biological systems at lower than thermal energy. Adv Chem 250:395-420
261. Weaver JC, Astumian RD (1992) Estimates for ELF effects: noise-based thresholds and the number of experimental conditions required for empirical searches. Bioelectromagnetics [Suppl] 1:119-138
262. Weaver JC, Vaughan TE, Martin G (1999) Biological effects due to weak electric and magnetic fields: the temperature variation threshold. Biophys J 76:3026-3030
263. Weise SE, Kuznetsov OA, Hasenstein KH, Kiss JZ (2000) Displacement of amyloplasts in Arabidopsis inflorescence stems causes localized curvature. Plant Cell Physiol 41:702-709
264. Wever R (1968) Einfluß schwacher elektro-magnetischer Felder auf die Periodik des Menschen. Naturwissenschaften 55:29-32
265. Wiltschko R, Wiltschko W (1995) Magnetic orientation in animals. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
266. Yano A, Hidaka E, Fujiwara K, Iimoto M (2001) Induction of primary root curvature in radish seedlings in a static magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 22:194-199
267. 2 uptake and early growth of radish seedlings. Bioelectromagnetics 25:572-581
268. Yost MG, Liburdy RP (1992) Time-varying and static magnetic fields act in combination to alter calcium signal transduction in the lymphocyte. FEBS Lett 296:117
269. Zhadin MN (1998) Combined action of static and alternating magnetic fields on ion motion in a macromolecule: theoretical aspects. Bioelectromagnetics 19:279-292
270. Zhadin MN (2001) Review of Russian literature on biological action of DC and low-frequency AC magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 22:27-45
271. Zhadin MN, Fesenko EE (1990) Ionic cyclotron resonance in bio molecules. Biomedical Science 1:245-250
272. Zhadin MN, Novikov VV, Barnes FS, Pergola NF (1998) Combined action of static and alternating magnetic fields on ionic current in aqueous glutamic acid solution. Bioelectromagnetics 19:41-45