Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccination and the risk for diagnosed specific delays in development in the United States: A case-control study in the vaccine safety datalink

North American Journal of Medical Sciences

Volumn 6, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 519-531

  Geier, David A ^a   Kern, Janet K ^a,b   Hooker, Brian S ^c   King, Paul G ^a   Sykes, Lisa K ^a   Geier, Mark R ^a  

^a David Shiffman Scientific and Environmental Consulting   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c Simpson University   (United States)

Author keywords

Ethylmercury; Merthiolate; Thimerosal; Thiomersal; Vaccine

Indexed keywords

MERCURY; THIOMERSAL; VIRUS VACCINE;

ALEXIA; ARTICLE; BRAIN DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; COORDINATION DISORDER; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DYSCALCULIA; DYSLEXIA; EXPOSURE; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HEARING IMPAIRMENT; HEPATITIS B; HUMAN; ICD-9; IMMUNIZATION; LANGUAGE DISABILITY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; METAL EXPOSURE; RISK; SPEECH SOUND DISORDER; SPELLING DIFFICULTY; UNITED STATES; WRITING DISORDER;

EID: 84908097780     PISSN: 22501541     EISSN: 19472714     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.143284     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Kalia M. Brain development: Anatomy, connectivity, adaptive plasticity, and toxicity. Metabolism 2008;57 Suppl 2:S2-5
2. Migliarini S, Pacini G, Pelosi B, Lunardi G, Pasqualetti M. Lack of brain serotonin affects postnatal development andserotonergic neuronal circuitry formation. Mol Psychiatry 2013;18:1106-18
3. LeBlanc JJ, Fagiolini M. Autism: A “critical period” disorder? Neural Plast 2011;2011:921680
4. Boyle CA, Boulet S, Schieve LA, Cohen RA, Blumberg SJ, Yeargin-Allsopp M, et al. Trends in the prevalence of developmental disabilities in US children, 1997-2008. Pediatrics 2011;127:1034-42
5. Arroyo HA, Fernandez MC. Environmental toxic and its effect on neurodevelopment. Medicina (B Aires) 2013;73 Suppl 1:93-102
6. Roberts AL, Lyall K, Hart JE, Laden F, Just AC, Bobb JF, et al. Perinatal air pollutant exposures and autism spectrum disorder in the children of nurses’ health study II participants. Environ Health Perspect 2013;121:978-84
7. Kern JK, Geier DA, Ayzac F, Adams JB, Mehta JA, Geier MR. Toxicity biomarkers among US children compared to a similar cohort in France: A blinded study measuring urinary porphyrins. Toxicol Environ Chem 2011;93:396-405
8. Laks DR. Assessment of chronic mercury exposure within the U.S. population, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2006. Biometals 2009;22:1103-14
9. Kern JK, Haley BE, Geier DA, Sykes LK, King PG, Geier MR. Thimerosal exposure and the role of sulfation chemistry and thiol availability in autism. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013;10:3771-800
10. Ball LK, Ball R, Pratt RD. An assessment of thimerosal use in childhood vaccines. Pediatrics 2001;107:1147-54
11. Geier DA, Geier MR. A review of the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System database. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2004;5:691-8
12. Chen RT, DeStefano F, Davis RL, Jackson LA, Thompson RS, Mullooly JP, et al. The Vaccine Safety Datalink: Immunization research in health maintenance organizations in the USA. Bull World Health Organ 2000;78:186-94
13. Chen RT, Glasser JW, Rhodes PH, Davis RL, Barlow WE, Thompson RS, et al. Vaccine Safety Datalink project: A new tool for improving vaccine safety monitoring in the United States. The Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Pediatrics 1997;99:765-73
14. Wassilak SG, Glasser JW, Chen RT, Hadler SC. Utility of large-linked databases in vaccine safety, particularly in distinguishing independent and synergistic effects. The Vaccine Safety Datalink Investigators. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995;754:377-82
15. Ellenberg SS, Braun MM. Monitoring the safety of vaccines: Assessing the risks. Drug Saf 2002;25:145-52
16. Varricchio F, Iskander J, Destefano F, Ball R, Pless R, Braun MM, et al. Understanding vaccine safety information from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004;23:287-94
17. Iskander J, Pool V, Zhou W, English-Bullard R. VAERS Team. Data mining in the US using the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Drug Saf 2006;29:375-84
18. Hepatitis B virus: A comprehensive strategy for eliminating transmission in the United States through universal childhood vaccination. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 1991;40:1-25
19. Clarkson T., Nordberg GF, Sager PR. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of metals. Scand J Work Environ Health 1985;11:145-54
20. Dorea JG. Low-dose mercury exposure in early life: Relevance of thimerosal to fetuses, newborns, and infants. Curr Med Chem 2013;20:4060-9
21. Burbacher TM, Shen DD, Liberato N, Grant KS, Cernichiari E, Clarkson T. Comparison of blood and brain mercury levels in infant monkeys exposured to methylmercury or vaccines containing Thimerosal. Environ Health Perspect 2005;113:1015-21
22. Rodrigues JL, Sepeloni JM, Batista BL, Souza SS, Barbosa F Jr. Identifi cation and distribution of mercury species in rat tissues following administration of Thimerosal or methylmercury. Arch Toxicol 2010;84:891-6
23. Pichichero ME, Gentile A, Giglio N, Umido V, Clarkson T, Cernichiari E, et al. Mercury levels in newborns and infants after receipt of Thimerosal-containing vaccines. Pediatrics 2008;121:e208-14
24. Pichichero ME, Gentile A, Giglio N, Alonso MM, Fernandez Mentaberri MV, Zareba G, et al. Mercury levels in premature and low birth weight newborn infants after receipt of Thimerosal-containing vaccines. J Pediatr 2009;155:495-9
25. Stajich GV, Lopez GP, Harry SW, Sexson WR. Iatrogenic exposure to mercury after hepatitis B vaccination in preterm infants. J Pediatr 2000;136:679-81
26. Marques RC, Dorea JG, Fonseca MF, Bastos WR, Malm O. Hair mercury in breast-fed infants exposed to Thimerosalpreserved vaccines. Eur J Pediatr 2007;166:935-41
27. Zimmermann LT, Santos DB, Naime AA, Leal RB, Dorea JG, Barbosa F Jr, et al. Comparative study on methyl-and ethylmercury-induced toxicity in C6 glioma cells and the potential role of LAT-1 in mediating mercurial-thiol complexes uptake. Neurotoxicology 2013;38:1-8
28. Kern JK, Geier DA, Audhya T, King PG, Sykes LK, Geier MR. Evidence of parallels between mercury intoxication and the brain pathology of autism. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2012;72:113-53
29. Hagmann P, Cammoun L, Gigandet X, Meuli R, Honey CJ, Wedeen VJ, et al. Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex. PLoS Biol 2008;6:e159
30. Fujioka T, Mourad N, Trainor LJ. Development of auditoryspecifi c brain rhythm in infants. Eur J Neurosci 2011;33:521-9
31. Smith JB, Alloway KD. Functional specifi city of claustrum connections in the rat: Interhemispheric communication between specific parts of motor cortex. J Neurosci 2010;30:16832-44
32. Wandell BA, Yeatman JD. Biological developing of reading circuits. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013;23:261-8
33. Yeatman JD, Dougherty RF, Ben-Shachar M, Wandell BA. Developing of white matter and reading skills. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012;109:E3045-53
34. Jeong JW, Sundaram SK, Kumar A, Chugani DC, Chugani HT. Aberrant diffusion and geometric properties in the left arcuate fasciculus of developmentally delayed children: A diffusion tensor imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32:323-30
35. Pallocca G, Fabbri M, Sacco MG, Gribaldo L, Pamies D, Laurenza I, et al. miRNA expression profi ling in a human stem cell-based model as a tool for developmental neurotoxicity testing. Cell Biol Toxicol 2013;29:239-57
36. Hornig M, Chian D, Lipkin WI. Neurotoxic effects of postnatal thimerosal are mouse strain dependent. Mol Psychiatry 2004;9:833-45
37. Olczak M, Duszczyk M, Mierzejewski P, Meyza K, Majewska MD. Persistent behavioral impairments and alterations of brain dopamine system after early postnatal administration of thimerosal in rats. Behav Brain Res 2011;223:107-18
38. Chen YN, Wang J, Zhang J, Li SJ, Hel L, Shao DD, et al. Effect of thimerosal on the neurodevelopment of premature rats. World J Pediatr 2013;9:356-60
39. Sulkowski ZL, Chen T, Midha S, Zavacki AM, Sajdel-Sulkowska EM. Maternal thimerosal exposure results in aberrant cerebellar oxidative stress, thyroid hormone metabolism, and motor behavior in rat pups; sex-and straindependent effects. Cerebellum 2012;11:575-86
40. Laurente J, Remuzgo F, Avalos B, Chiquinta J, Ponce B, Avendano R, et al. Neurotoxic effects of thimerosal at vaccines doses on the encephalon and development in 7 days-old hamsters. An Fac Med Lima 2007;68:222-37
41. Hewitson L, Houser LA, Stott C, Sackett G, Tomko JL, Atwood D, et al. Delayed acquisition of neonatal refl exes in newborn premates receiving a Thimerosal-containing hepatitis B vaccine: Infl uence of gestational age and birth weight. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2010;73:1298-313
42. Young HA, Geier DA, Geier MR. Thimerosal exposure in infants and neurodevelopmental disorders: An assessment of computerized medical records in the Vaccine Safety Datalink. J Neurol Sci 2008;271:110-8
43. Geier DA, Geier MR. A Two-phased population epidemiological study of the safety of Thimerosal-containing vaccines: A follow-up analysis. Med Sci Monit 2005;11:CR160-70
44. Gallagher C, Goodman M. Hepatitis B triple series vaccine and developmental disability in US children aged 1-9 years. Toxicol Environ Chem 2008;90:997-1008
45. Geier DA, Geier MR. A meta-analysis epidemiological assessment of neurodevelopmental disorders following vaccines administered from 1994 through 2000 in the United States. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2006;27:401-13
46. Mrozek-Budzyn D, Majewska R, Kieltyka A, Augustyniak M. Neonatal exposure to thimerosal from vaccines and child development in the fi rst 3 years of life. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2012;34:592-7
47. Dorea JG, Marques RC, Isejima C. Neurodevelopment of amazonian infants: Antenatal and postnatal exposure to methyl-and ethylmercury. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012;2012:132876
48. Verstraeten T, Davis RL, DeStefano F, Lieu TA, Rhodes PH, Black SB, et al; Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Safety of Thimerosal-containing vaccines: A two-phased study of computerized health maintenance organization databases. Pediatrics 2003;112:1039-48
49. Andrews N, Miller E, Grant A, Stowe J, Osborne V, Taylor B. Thimerosal exposure in infants and developmental disorders: A retrospective cohort study in the United Kingdom does not support a causal association. Pediatrics 2004;114: 584-91
50. Tozzi AE, Bisiacchi P, Tarantino V, De Mei B, D’Elia L, Chiarotti F, et al. Neuropsychological performance 10 years after immunization in infancy with thimerosal-containing vaccines. Pediatrics 2009;123:475-82.