A transcriptome resource for the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): Insights into koala retrovirus transcription and sequence diversity

BMC Genomics

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Hobbs, Matthew ^a   Pavasovic, Ana ^b   King, Andrew G ^a   Prentis, Peter J ^b   Eldridge, Mark D B ^a   Chen, Zhiliang ^c   Colgan, Donald J ^a   Polkinghorne, Adam ^b,d   Wilkins, Marc R ^c   Flanagan, Cheyne ^e   Gillett, Amber ^f   Hanger, Jon ^g   Johnson, Rebecca N ^a   Timms, Peter ^b,d  

^a AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM   (Australia)

^b QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF THE SUNSHINE COAST   (Australia)

^e Port Macquarie Koala Hospital   (Australia)

^f Australia Zoo Queensland   (Australia)

^g Endeavour Veterinary Ecology Pty Ltd   (Australia)

Author keywords

Aldehyde reductase; Alpha amylase; Koala; Koala retrovirus; Phascolarctos cinereus; Transcriptome

Indexed keywords

ALDEHYDE REDUCTASE; AMYLASE; VIRUS RNA; VIRUS PROTEIN;

ADRENAL GLAND; ALDEHYDE REDUCTASE GENE; ALPHA AMYLASE GENE; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BONE MARROW; BRAIN; ENVELOPE GENE; FEMALE; GENE; GENE DELETION; GENE DOSAGE; GENE DUPLICATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE INSERTION; GENETIC CONSERVATION; GENETIC RESOURCE; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HEART; KIDNEY; KOALA; LIVER; LUNG; LYMPH NODE; MACROPUS EUGENII; MALE; MARSUPIAL; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; OPOSSUM; RETROVIRUS; RNA SEQUENCE; SALIVARY GLAND; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SPLEEN; TASMANIAN DEVIL; TESTIS; TRANSCRIPTOMICS; UTERUS; VIRUS GENE; ANIMAL; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENETICS; GENOMICS; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MOLECULAR GENETICS; PHYSIOLOGY; RETROVIRIDAE; RNA SPLICING; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; VIROLOGY;

PHASCOLARCTIDAE; PHASCOLARCTOS CINEREUS;

ANIMALS; BASE SEQUENCE; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; FEMALE; GENE DUPLICATION; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENETIC VARIATION; GENOMICS; MALE; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE ANNOTATION; PHASCOLARCTIDAE; RETROVIRIDAE; RNA SPLICING; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, RNA; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC; VIRAL PROTEINS;

EID: 84908093127     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712164     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-786     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. van Dyke S, Strahan R. The Mammals of Australia. 2008, Australia: New Holland Publishers, 3.
2. Pahl LI, Hume ID. Preferences for Eucalyptus species of the New England Tablelands and initial development of an artificial diet for koalas. Biology of the Koala 1990, 123-128. Sydney: Surrey Beatty and Sons, Lee AK, Handasyde KA, Sanson GD.
3. Hume ID. Marsupial Nutrition 1999, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
4. Martin RW, Handasyde KA. The Koala. Natural History, Conservation and Management 1999, Sydney: UNSW Press.
5. Haight JR, Nelson JE. A brain that doesn't fit its skull: a comparative study of the brain and endocranium of the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus (Marsupialia: Phascolarctidae). Possums and Opossums: Studies in Evolution 1987, 331-352. Sydney, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of NSW, Archer M.
6. El-Merhibi A, Ngo SN, Crittenden TA, Marchant CL, Stupans I, McKinnon RA. Cytochrome P450 CYP3A in marsupials: cloning and characterisation of the second identified CYP3A subfamily member, isoform 3A78 from koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011, 154(4):367-376. 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.07.007, 21807118.
7. Jones BR, El-Merhibi A, Ngo SN, Stupans I, McKinnon RA. Hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes belonging to the CYP2C subfamily from an Australian marsupial, the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008, 148(3):230-237. 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.05.020, 18619561.
8. Kong S, Ngo SN, McKinnon RA, Stupans I. Cloning and expression of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) liver cytochrome P450 reductase. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009, 150(1):1-9. 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.01.010, 19444989.
9. Ngo SN, McKinnon RA, Stupans I. Cloning and expression of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) liver cytochrome P450 CYP4A15. Gene 2006, 376(1):123-132. 10.1016/j.gene.2006.02.020, 16677781.
10. Charlton BD, Frey R, McKinnon AJ, Fritsch G, Fitch WT, Reby D. Koalas use a novel vocal organ to produce unusually low-pitched mating calls. Curr Biol 2013, 23(23):R1035-R1036. 10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.069, 24309276.
11. Luo ZX, Yuan CX, Meng QJ, Ji Q. A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals. Nature 2011, 476(7361):442-445. 10.1038/nature10291, 21866158.
12. Black KH, Camens AB, Archer M, Hand SJ. Herds overhead: Nimbadon lavarackorum (Diprotodontidae), heavyweight herbivores in the Miocene forests of Australia. PLoS One 2012, 7(11):e48213. 10.1371/journal.pone.0048213, 3504027, 23185250.
13. Mikkelsen TS, Wakefield MJ, Aken B, Amemiya CT, Chang JL, Duke S, Garber M, Gentles AJ, Goodstadt L, Heger A, Jurka J, Kamal M, Mauceli E, Searle SM, Sharpe T, Baker ML, Batzer MA, Benos PV, Belov K, Clamp M, Cook A, Cuff J, Das R, Davidow L, Deakin JE, Fazzari MJ, Glass JL, Grabherr M, Greally JM, Gu W. Genome of the marsupial Monodelphis domestica reveals innovation in non-coding sequences. Nature 2007, 447(7141):167-177. 10.1038/nature05805, 17495919.
14. Murchison EP, Schulz-Trieglaff OB, Ning Z, Alexandrov LB, Bauer MJ, Fu B, Hims M, Ding Z, Ivakhno S, Stewart C, Ng BL, Wong W, Aken B, White S, Alsop A, Becq J, Bignell GR, Cheetham RK, Cheng W, Connor TR, Cox AJ, Feng Z-P, Gu Y, Grocock RJ, Harris SR, Khrebtukova I, Kingsbury Z, Kowarsky M, Kreiss A, Luo S-J. Genome sequencing and analysis of the Tasmanian devil and its transmissible cancer. Cell 2012, 148(4):780-791. 10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.065, 3281993, 22341448.
15. Renfree MB, Papenfuss AT, Deakin JE, Lindsay J, Heider T, Belov K, Rens W, Waters PD, Pharo EA, Shaw G, Wong ESW, Lefevre CM, Nicholas KR, Kuroki Y, Wakefield MJ, Zenger KR, Wang C, Ferguson-Smith M, Nicholas FW, Hickford D, Yu H, Short KR, Siddle HV, Frankenberg SR, Chew KY, Menzies BR, Stringer JM, Suzuki S, Hore TA, Delbridge ML, Wong ESW, Lefevre CM, Nicholas KR, Kuroki Y, Wakefield MJ, Zenger KR, Wang C, Ferguson-Smith M, Nicholas FW, Hickford D, Yu H, Short KR, Siddle HV, Frankenberg SR, Chew KY, Menzies BR, Stringer JM, Suzuki S, Hore TA, Delbridge ML, et al. Genome sequence of an Australian kangaroo, Macropus eugenii, provides insight into the evolution of mammalian reproduction and development. Genome Biol 2011, 12(8):R81. 10.1186/gb-2011-12-8-r81, 3277949, 21854559.
16. Meredith RW, Westerman M, Case JA, Springer MS. A phylogeny and timescale for marsupial evolution based on sequences for five nuclear genes. J Mammal Evol 2008, 15(1):1-36.
17. Meredith RW, Westerman M, Springer MS. A phylogeny of Diprotodontia (Marsupialia) based on sequences for five nuclear genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009, 51:554-571. 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.009, 19249373.
18. Archer M, Hand SJ, Godthelp H. Riversleigh. The Story of Animals in Ancient Rainforests of Inland Australia 1991, Sydney: Reed Books.
19. Cristescu R, Cahill V, Sherwin WB, Handasyde KA, Carlyon K, Whisson D, Herbert CA, Carlsson BLJ, Wilton AN, Cooper DW. Inbreeding and testicular abnormalities in a bottlenecked population of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). Wildl Res 2009, 36:299-308.
20. Houlden BA, England PR, Taylor AC, Greville WD, Sherwin WB. Low genetic variability of the koala Phascolarctos cinereus in south-eastern Australia following a severe population bottleneck. Mol Ecol 1996, 5(2):269-281. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.1996.tb00314.x, 8673272.
21. Seymour AM, Montgomery ME, Costello BH, Ihle S, Johnsson G, St John B, Taggart DA, Houlden BA. High effective inbreeding coefficients correlate with morphological abnormalities in populations of South Australian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). Anim Conserv 2001, 4(3):211-219.
22. Lau Q, Jaratlerdsiri W, Griffith JE, Gongora J, Higgins DP. MHC class II diversity of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations across their range. Heredity 2014, Advance online publication, doi:10.1038/hdy.2014.30.
23. Polkinghorne A, Hanger J, Timms P. Recent advances in understanding the biology, epidemiology and control of chlamydial infections in koalas. Vet Microbiol 2013, 165(3-4):214-223.
24. Denner J, Young PR. Koala retroviruses: characterization and impact on the life of koalas. Retrovirology 2013, 10:108. 10.1186/1742-4690-10-108, 4016316, 24148555.
25. Xu W, Stadler CK, Gorman K, Jensen N, Kim D, Zheng H, Tang S, Switzer WM, Pye GW, Eiden MV. An exogenous retrovirus isolated from koalas with malignant neoplasias in a US zoo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013, 110(28):11547-11552. 10.1073/pnas.1304704110, 3710800, 23798387.
26. Stoye JP. Koala retrovirus: a genome invasion in real time. Genome Biol 2006, 7(11):241. 10.1186/gb-2006-7-11-241, 1794577, 17118218.
27. Tarlinton RE, Meers J, Young PR. Retroviral invasion of the koala genome. Nature 2006, 442(7098):79-81. 10.1038/nature04841, 16823453.
28. Simmons GS, Young PR, Hanger JJ, Jones K, Clarke D, McKee JJ, Meers J. Prevalence of koala retrovirus in geographically diverse populations in Australia. Aust Vet J 2012, 90(10):404-409. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00964.x, 23004234.
29. Hanger JJ, Bromham LD, McKee JJ, O'Brien TM, Robinson WF. The nucleotide sequence of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) retrovirus: a novel type C endogenous virus related to Gibbon ape leukemia virus. J Virol 2000, 74(9):4264-4272. 10.1128/JVI.74.9.4264-4272.2000, 111943, 10756041.
30. Shimode S, Nakagawa S, Yoshikawa R, Shojima T, Miyazawa T. Heterogeneity of koala retrovirus isolates. FEBS Lett 2014, 588(1):41-46. 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.10.046, 24239536.
31. Oliveira NM, Farrell KB, Eiden MV. In vitro characterization of a koala retrovirus. J Virol 2006, 80(6):3104-3107. 10.1128/JVI.80.6.3104-3107.2006, 1395464, 16501122.
32. Shojima T, Yoshikawa R, Hoshino S, Shimode S, Nakagawa S, Ohata T, Nakaoka R, Miyazawa T. Identification of a novel subgroup of Koala retrovirus from Koalas in Japanese zoos. J Virol 2013, 87(17):9943-9948. 10.1128/JVI.01385-13, 3754120, 23824806.
33. Canfield PJ, Sabine JM, Love DN. Virus particles associated with leukaemia in a koala. Aust Vet J 1988, 65(10):327-328. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14518.x, 3196252.
34. Fiebig U, Hartmann MG, Bannert N, Kurth R, Denner J. Transspecies transmission of the endogenous koala retrovirus. J Virol 2006, 80(11):5651-5654. 10.1128/JVI.02597-05, 1472152, 16699047.
35. Miyazawa T, Shojima T, Yoshikawa R, Ohata T. Isolation of koala retroviruses from koalas in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2011, 73(1):65-70. 10.1292/jvms.10-0250, 20805639.
36. Shojima T, Hoshino S, Abe M, Yasuda J, Shogen H, Kobayashi T, Miyazawa T. Construction and characterization of an infectious molecular clone of Koala retrovirus. J Virol 2013, 87(9):5081-5088. 10.1128/JVI.01584-12, 3624308, 23427161.
37. Avila-Arcos MC, Ho SY, Ishida Y, Nikolaidis N, Tsangaras K, Honig K, Medina R, Rasmussen M, Fordyce SL, Calvignac-Spencer S, Willerslev E, Gilbert MT, Helgen KM, Roca AL, Greenwood AD. One hundred twenty years of koala retrovirus evolution determined from museum skins. Mol Biol Evol 2013, 30(2):299-304. 10.1093/molbev/mss223, 3548305, 22983950.
38. Reed PC, Lunney D, Walker PA. A 1986-1987 survey of the koala Phascolarctos cinereus (Goldfuss) in New South Wales and an ecological interpretation of its distribution. Biology of the Koala 1990, 55-74. Sydney: Surrey Beatty and Sons, Lee AS, Handasyde KA, Sanderson LA.
39. Mathew M, Pavasovic A, Prentis PJ, Beagley KW, Timms P, Polkinghorne A. Molecular characterisation and expression analysis of interferon gamma in response to natural Chlamydia infection in the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus. Gene 2013, 527(2):570-577. 10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.019, 23792018.
40. Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 2014, Advance online publication, doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170.
41. Babraham bioinformatics - FastQC a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. [http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/].
42. Grabherr MG, Haas BJ, Yassour M, Levin JZ, Thompson DA, Amit I, Adiconis X, Fan L, Raychowdhury R, Zeng Q, Chen Z, Mauceli E, Hacohen N, Gnirke A, Rhind N, di Palma F, Birren BW, Nusbaum C, Lindblad-Toh K, Friedman N, Regev A. Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome. Nat Biotechnol 2011, 29(7):644-652. 10.1038/nbt.1883, 3571712, 21572440.
43. Haas BJ, Papanicolaou A, Yassour M, Grabherr M, Blood PD, Bowden J, Couger MB, Eccles D, Li B, Lieber M, Macmanes MD, Ott M, Orvis J, Pochet N, Strozzi F, Weeks N, Westerman R, William T, Dewey CN, Henschel R, Leduc RD, Friedman N, Regev A, Macmanes MD, Ott M, Orvis J, Pochet N, Strozzi F, Weeks N, Westerman R, William T, Dewey CN, Henschel R, Leduc RD, Friedman N, Regev A, et al. De novo transcript sequence reconstruction from RNA-seq using the Trinity platform for reference generation and analysis. Nat Protoc 2013, 8(8):1494-1512. 10.1038/nprot.2013.084, 3875132, 23845962.
44. Schulz MH, Zerbino DR, Vingron M, Birney E. Oases: robust de novo RNA-seq assembly across the dynamic range of expression levels. Bioinformatics 2012, 28(8):1086-1092. 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts094, 3324515, 22368243.
45. Zerbino DR, Birney E. Velvet: algorithms for de novo short read assembly using de Bruijn graphs. Genome Res 2008, 18(5):821-829. 10.1101/gr.074492.107, 2336801, 18349386.
46. Li W, Godzik A. Cd-hit: a fast program for clustering and comparing large sets of protein or nucleotide sequences. Bioinformatics 2006, 22(13):1658-1659. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl158, 16731699.
47. Langmead B, Salzberg SL. Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2. Nat Methods 2012, 9(4):357-359. 10.1038/nmeth.1923, 3322381, 22388286.
48. Roberts A, Pachter L. Streaming fragment assignment for real-time analysis of sequencing experiments. Nat Methods 2013, 10(1):71-73. 3880119, 23160280.
49. Robinson MD, McCarthy DJ, Smyth GK. edgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data. Bioinformatics 2010, 26(1):139-140. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp616, 2796818, 19910308.
50. Camacho C, Coulouris G, Avagyan V, Ma N, Papadopoulos J, Bealer K, Madden TL. BLAST+: architecture and applications. BMC Bioinformatics 2009, 10:421. 10.1186/1471-2105-10-421, 2803857, 20003500.
51. Wu TD, Watanabe CK. GMAP: a genomic mapping and alignment program for mRNA and EST sequences. Bioinformatics 2005, 21(9):1859-1875. 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti310, 15728110.
52. Abbott I. Improving the conservation of threatened and rare mammal species through translocation to islands: case study Western Australia. Biol Conserv 2000, 93:195-201.
53. Gotz S, Garcia-Gomez JM, Terol J, Williams TD, Nagaraj SH, Nueda MJ, Robles M, Talon M, Dopazo J, Conesa A. High-throughput functional annotation and data mining with the Blast2GO suite. Nucleic Acids Res 2008, 36(10):3420-3435. 10.1093/nar/gkn176, 2425479, 18445632.
54. Kim D, Pertea G, Trapnell C, Pimentel H, Kelley R, Salzberg SL. TopHat2: accurate alignment of transcriptomes in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions. Genome Biol 2013, 14(4):R36. 10.1186/gb-2013-14-4-r36, 4053844, 23618408.
55. Trapnell C, Williams BA, Pertea G, Mortazavi A, Kwan G, van Baren MJ, Salzberg SL, Wold BJ, Pachter L. Transcript assembly and quantification by RNA-Seq reveals unannotated transcripts and isoform switching during cell differentiation. Nat Biotechnol 2010, 28(5):511-515. 10.1038/nbt.1621, 3146043, 20436464.
56. Li H, Durbin R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 2009, 25(14):1754-1760. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324, 2705234, 19451168.
57. Li H, Handsaker B, Wysoker A, Fennell T, Ruan J, Homer N, Marth G, Abecasis G, Durbin R, Genome Project Data Processing S The sequence alignment/Map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 2009, 25(16):2078-2079. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp352, 2723002, 19505943, Genome Project Data Processing S.
58. Danecek P, Auton A, Abecasis G, Albers CA, Banks E, DePristo MA, Handsaker RE, Lunter G, Marth GT, Sherry ST, McVean G, Durbin R. The variant call format and VCFtools. Bioinformatics 2011, 27(15):2156-2158. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr330, 3137218, 21653522.
59. Cingolani P, Platts A, le Wang L, Coon M, Nguyen T, Wang L, Land SJ, Lu X, Ruden DM. A program for annotating and predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SnpEff: SNPs in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster strain w1118; iso-2; iso-3. Fly 2012, 6(2):80-92. 10.4161/fly.19695, 3679285, 22728672.
60. Rice P, Longden I, Bleasby A. EMBOSS: the European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite. Trends Genet 2000, 16(6):276-277. 10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02024-2, 10827456.
61. Edgar RC. MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res 2004, 32(5):1792-1797. 10.1093/nar/gkh340, 390337, 15034147.
62. Waterhouse AM, Procter JB, Martin DM, Clamp M, Barton GJ. Jalview Version 2-a multiple sequence alignment editor and analysis workbench. Bioinformatics 2009, 25(9):1189-1191. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp033, 2672624, 19151095.
63. Koala genome consortium. [http://koalagenome.org/].
64. Ficklin SP, Sanderson LA, Cheng CH, Staton ME, Lee T, Cho IH, Jung S, Bett KE, Main D. Tripal: a construction toolkit for online genome databases. Database (Oxford) 2011, 2011:bar044. 3263599, 21959868.
65. Stein LD, Mungall C, Shu S, Caudy M, Mangone M, Day A, Nickerson E, Stajich JE, Harris TW, Arva A, Lewis S. The generic genome browser: a building block for a model organism system database. Genome Res 2002, 12(10):1599-1610. 10.1101/gr.403602, 187535, 12368253.
66. Ensembl gain/loss tree for AMY1A (ENSG00000237763) gene encoding alpha amylase A1 (salivary). [http://Feb2014.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/SpeciesTree?db=core;g=ENSG00000237763;r=1:104197912-104207173].
67. Mandel AL, Peyrot des Gachons C, Plank KL, Alarcon S, Breslin PA. Individual differences in AMY1 gene copy number, salivary alpha-amylase levels, and the perception of oral starch. PLoS One 2010, 5(10):e13352. 10.1371/journal.pone.0013352, 2954178, 20967220.
68. ViralZone: Gammaretrovirus. [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/67.html].
69. Lazo PA, Prasad V, Tsichlis PN. Splice acceptor site for the env message of Moloney murine leukemia virus. J Virol 1987, 61(6):2038-2041. 254215, 3573155.
70. Shinnick TM, Lerner RA, Sutcliffe JG. Nucleotide sequence of Moloney murine leukaemia virus. Nature 1981, 293(5833):543-548. 10.1038/293543a0, 6169994.
71. Tsangaras K, Siracusa MC, Nikolaidis N, Ishida Y, Cui P, Vielgrader H, Helgen KM, Roca AL, Greenwood AD. Hybridization capture reveals evolution and conservation across the entire koala retrovirus genome. PLoS One 2014, 9(4):e95633. 10.1371/journal.pone.0095633, 3994108, 24752422.
72. Oliveira NM, Satija H, Kouwenhoven IA, Eiden MV. Changes in viral protein function that accompany retroviral endogenization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104(44):17506-17511. 10.1073/pnas.0704313104, 2077286, 17959780.
73. Maher IE, Griffith JE, Lau Q, Reeves T, Higgins DP. Expression profiles of the immune genes CD4, CD8beta, IFNgamma, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 in mitogen-stimulated koala lymphocytes (Phascolarctos cinereus) by qRT-PCR. Peer J 2014, 2:e280. 3961157, 24688858.
74. Coffin J, Hughes S, Varmus H. Retroviruses 1997, Cold Spring Harbor (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
75. Baillie GJ, Wilkins RJ. Endogenous type D retrovirus in a marsupial, the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). J Virol 2001, 75(5):2499-2507. 10.1128/JVI.75.5.2499-2507.2001, 114837, 11160757.
76. DAS sources available from koalagenome.org. [http://koalagenome.org/cgi-bin/gb2/das/dsn].