Recent advances in understanding the biology, epidemiology and control of chlamydial infections in koalas

Veterinary Microbiology

Volumn 165, Issue 3-4, 2013, Pages 214-223

  Polkinghorne, Adam ^a   Hanger, Jon ^b   Timms, Peter ^a  

^a QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

^b Endeavour Veterinary Ecology Pty Ltd   (Australia)

Author keywords

Antibiotics; Chlamydia; Diagnostics; Evolution; Koala; Vaccine

Indexed keywords

CHLORAMPHENICOL; ENROFLOXACIN; TOLTRAZURIL;

AUSTRALIA; BIODIVERSITY; CHLAMYDIA; CHLAMYDIASIS; EVOLUTION; INFECTION CONTROL; KOALA; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; TAXONOMY; WILDLIFE;

CHLAMYDIA; CHLAMYDIAE; CHLAMYDOPHILA PECORUM; CHLAMYDOPHILA PNEUMONIAE; PHASCOLARCTIDAE; PHASCOLARCTOS CINEREUS;

ANIMALS; AUSTRALIA; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; CHLAMYDIA; CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS; CLASSIFICATION; HUMANS; PHASCOLARCTIDAE;

EID: 84892971575     PISSN: 03781135     EISSN: 18732542     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.026     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Bininda-Emonds O.R., Cardillo M., Jones K.E., MacPhee R.D., Beck R.M., Grenyer R., Price S.A., Vos R.A., Gittleman J.L., Purvis A. The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 2007, 446:507-512.
2. Blanshard W., Bodley K. Koalas. Medicine of Australian Mammals 2008, 227-327. CSIRO Publishing, Victoria, Australia. L. Vogelnest, R. Woods (Eds.).
3. Bodetti T.J., Viggers K., Warren K., Swan R., Conaghty S., Sims C., Timms P. Wide range of Chlamydiales types detected in native Australian mammals. Vet. Microbiol. 2003, 96:177-187.
4. Bodetti T.J., Johnston S., Pospischil A., Knox C., Timms P. Screening semen from koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) for Chlamydia species by PCR. Vet. Rec. 2002, 151:147-149.
5. Bodetti, T.J., Timms, P., 2000. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA and antigen in the circulating mononuclear cell fractions of humans and koalas. 68, 2744-2747.
6. Brown, A.S., Girjes, A.A., Lavin, M.F., Timms, P., Woolcock, J.B., 1987. Chlamydial disease in koalas. 64, 346-350.
7. Brown A.S., Grice R.G. Isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). Aust. Vet. J. 1984, 61:413.
8. Brunelle B., Sensabaugh G. The ompA gene in Chlamydia trachomatis differs in phylogeny and rate of evolution from other regions of the genome. Infect. Immun. 2006, 74:578.
9. Canfield P.J. A survey of urinary tract disease in New South Wales koalas. Aust. Vet. J. 1989, 66:103-106.
10. Cappello F., Conway de Macario E., Di Felice V., Zummo G., Macario A.J. Chlamydia trachomatis infection and anti-Hsp60 immunity: the two sides of the same coin. PLoS Pathog. 2009, 5:1000552.
11. Carey A., Timms P., Rawlinson G., Brumm J., Nilsson K., Harris J.M., Beagley K.W. A multi-subunit chlamydial vaccine induces antibody and cell-mediated immunity in immunized koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus): comparison of three different adjuvants. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 2010, 63:161-172.
12. Cochrane M., Walker P., Gibbs H., Timms P. Multiple genotypes of Chlamydia pneumoniae identified in human carotid plaque. Microbiology 2005, 151:2285-2290.
13. Cockram F.A., Jackson A.R.B. Isolation of a Chlamydia from cases of keratoconjunctivitis in koalas. Aust. Vet. J. 1974, 50:82-83.
14. Department of Environment and Resource Management Decline of the Koala Coast Koala Population: Population Status in 2008 2009, Queensland Government, Brisbane, Australia.
15. Devereaux L.N., Polkinghorne A., Meijer A., Timms P. Molecular evidence for novel chlamydial infections in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 2003, 26:245-253.
16. Dique D., Thompson J., Preece H.J., Penfold G.C., de Villiers D.L., Leslie R.S. Koala mortality on roads in south-east Queensland: the koala speed-zone trial. Wildl. Res. 2003, 30:419-426.
17. Everett K.D., Bush R.M., Andersen A. Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1999, 2:415-440.
18. Hirst L.W., Brown A.S., Kempster R., Hall J., Woolcock J.B., et al. Keratitis in free-ranging koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) on Magnetic Island, Townsville. J. Wildl. Dis. 1992, 28:424-427.
19. Girjes A.A., Carrick F.N., Lavin M.F. Remarkable sequence relatedness in the DNA encoding the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia psittaci (koala type I) and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Gene 1994, 138:139-142.
20. Girjes A.A., Hugall A.F., Timms P., Lavin M.F. Two distinct forms of Chlamydia psittaci associated with disease and infertility in Phascolarctos cinereus (koala). Infect. Immun. 1988, 56:1897-1900.
21. Glassick T.V., Giffard P., Timms P. Outer membrane protein 2 gene sequences indicate that two chlamydial species, Chlamydia pecorum and Chlamydia pneumoniae cause infections in koalas. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 1996, 19:457-464.
22. Gordon G., McGreevy D.G. The status of the koala in Queensland. The Koala: Proceedings of the Taronga Symposium 1978, 125-131. Zoological Parks Board of N.S.W., Sydney. T.J. Bergin (Ed.).
23. Griffith J.E., Higgins D.P., Li K.M., Krockenberger M.B., Govendir M. Absorption of enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin after oral and subcutaneous administration in diseased koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 2010, 33:595-604.
24. Hafner L.M., Beagley K.W., Timms P. Chlamydia trachomatis infection: host immune responses and potential vaccines. Mucosal Immunol. 2008, 1:116-130.
25. Hanger J., Loader J., Wan C., Beagley K.W., Timms P., Polkinghorne A. Comparison of antigen detection and quantitative PCR in the detection of chlamydial infection in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). Vet. J. 2012, [epub ahead of print]. 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.07.024.
26. Jackson M., White N., Giffard P., Timms P. Epizootiology of Chlamydia infections in two free-range koala populations. Vet. Microbiol. 1999, 65:255-264.
27. Jackson M., Giffard P., Timms P. Outer membrane protein A gene sequencing demonstrates the polphyletic nature of koala Chlamydia pecorum isolates. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 1997, 20:187-200.
28. Kollipara A., George C., Hanger J., Loader J., Polkinghorne A., Beagley K., Timms P. Vaccination of healthy and diseased koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) with a Chlamydia pecorum multi-subunit vaccine: Evaluation of immunity and pathology. Vaccine 2012, 30:1875-1885.
29. Loader, J., 2010. An investigation of the health of Wild Koala populations in South-East Queensland. Honours Thesis. The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.
30. Lunney D., Gresser S., O'Neil L.E., Matthews A., Rohdes J.R. The impact of fire and dogs on koalas at Port Stephens, New South Wales, using population viability analysis. Pacific Conserv. Biol. 2007, 13:189-201.
31. Mackenzie C. The Comparative Anatomy of Australian Mammals 1919, Jenkin Buxton, Melbourne.
32. Markey B., Wan C., Hanger J., Phillips C., Timms P. Use of quantitative real-time PCR to monitor the shedding and treatment of chlamydiae in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Vet. Microbiol. 2007, 120:334-342.
33. Marsh J., Kollipara A., Timms P., Polkinghorne A. Novel molecular markers of Chlamydia pecorum genetic diversity in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). BMC Microbiol. 2011, 11:77.
34. McInnes L.M., Gillett A., Hanger J., Reid S.A., Ryan U.M. The potential impact of native Australian trypanosome infections on the health of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). Parasitology 2011, 27:1-11.
35. Melzer A., Carrick F., Menkhorst P., Lunney D., John B.S. Overview, critical assessment, and conservation implications of koala distribution and abundance. Conserv. Biol. 2000, 14:619-628.
36. Mitchell C.M., Hutton S., Myers G.S., Brunham R., Timms P. Chlamydia pneumoniae is genetically diverse in animals and appears to have crossed the host barrier to humans on (at least) two occasions. PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6:e1000903.
37. Myers G.S., Mathew S.A., Eppinger M., Mitchell C., O'Brien K.K., White O.R., Benahmed F., Brunham R.C., Read T.D., Ravel J., Bavoil P.M., Timms P. Evidence that human Chlamydia pneumoniae was zoonotically acquired. J Bacteriol. 2009, 191:7225-7233.
38. Pratt, A., 1934. Koala fiseases. In: The Call of the Koala. Robertson and Mullen, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 96-99.
39. Renfree M.M., Papenfuss A.T., Deakin J.E., Lindsay J., Heider T., Belov K., Rens W., Waters P.D., Pharo E.A., Shaw G., Wong E.S., Lefèvre C.M., Nicholas K.R., Kuroki Y., Wakefield M.J., Zenger K.R., Wang C., Ferguson-Smith M., Nicholas F.W., Hickford D., Yu H., Short K.R., Siddle H.V., Frankenberg S.R., Chew K.Y., Menzies B.R., Stringer J.M., Suzuki S., Hore T.A., Delbridge M.L., Patel H.R., Mohammadi A., Schneider N.Y., Hu Y., O'Hara W., Al Nadaf S., Wu C., Feng Z.P., Cocks B.G., Wang J., Flicek P., Searle S.M., Fairley S., Beal K., Herrero J., Carone D.M., Suzuki Y., Sugano S., Toyoda A., Sakaki Y., Kondo S., Nishida Y., Tatsumoto S., Mandiou I., Hsu A., McColl K.A., Lansdell B., Weinstock G., Kuczek E., McGrath A., Wilson P., Men A., Hazar-Rethinam M., Hall A., Davis J., Wood D., Williams S., Sundaravadanam Y., Muzny D.M., Jhangiani S.N., Lewis L.R., Morgan M.D., Okwuonu G.O., Ruiz S.J., Santibanez J., Nazareth L., Cree A., Fowler G., Kovar C.L., Dinh H.H., Joshi V., Jing C., Lara F., Thornton R., Chen L., Deng J., Liu Y., Shen J.Y., Song X.Z., Edson J., Troon C., Thomas D., Stephens A., Yapa L., Levchenko T., Gibbs R.A., Cooper D.W., Speed T.P., Fujiyama A., Graves J.A., O'Neill R.J., Pask A.J., Forrest S.M., Worley K.C. Genome sequence of an Australian kangaroo, Macropus eugenii, provides insight into the evolution of mammalian reproduction and development. Genome Biol. 2011, 12:R81.
40. Rhodes J.R., Chooi F.N., de Villiers D.L., Preece H.J., McAlpine C.A., Possingham H.P. Using integrated population modelling to quantify the implications of multiple threatening processes for a rapidly declining population. Biol. Conserv. 2011, 144:1081-1088.
41. Sachse K., Vretou E., Livingstone M., Borel N., Pospischil A., Longbottom D. Recent developments in the laboratory diagnosis of chlamydial infections. Vet. Microbiol. 2009, 135:2-21.
42. Simmons G.S., Young P.R., Hanger J.J., Jones K., Clarke D., McKee J.J., Meers J. Prevalence of koala retrovirus in geographically diverse populations in Australia. Aust. Vet. J. 2012, 90:404-409.
43. Stephens R.S., Myers G., Eppinger M., Bavoil P.M. Divergence without difference: phylogenetics and taxonomy of Chlamydia resolved. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 2009, 55:115-119.
44. Tarlinton R., Meers J., Hanger J., Young P. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR for the endogenous koala retrovirus reveals an association between plasma viral load and neoplastic disease in koalas. J. Gen. Virol. 2005, 86:1-5.
45. Timms P., Eaves F.W., Girjes A.A., Lavin M.F. Comparison of Chlamydia psittaci isolates by restriction endonuclease and DNA probe analyses. Infect. Immun. 1988, 56:287-290.
46. Troughton E.L.G. Furred Animals of Australia 1941, Angus & Robertson, Sydney.
47. Wan C., Loader J., Hanger J., Beagley K., Timms P., Polkinghorne A. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction to correlate Chlamydia pecorum infectious load with ocular, urinary and reproductive tract disease in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Aust. Vet. J. 2011, 89:409-412.
48. Warren K., Swan R., Bodetti T., Friend T., Hill S., Timms P. Ocular Chlamydiales infections of western barred bandicoots (Perameles bougainville) in Western Australia. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 2005, 36:100-102.
49. Whittington R. Chlamydiosis of koalas. Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals 2001, 423-434. Blackwell Publishing, United States. E.S. Williams, I.K. Barker (Eds.).
50. Wood M.M., Timms P. Comparison of nine antigen detection kits for diagnosis of urogenital infections due to Chlamydia psittaci in koalas. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1992, 30:3200-3205.