On climate, conflict and cumulation: suggestions for integrative cumulation of knowledge in the research on climate change and violent conflict

Global Change, Peace and Security

Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 263-279

  Ide, Tobias ^a   Scheffran, Jürgen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

climate change; cumulation; environment; peace; violent conflict

Indexed keywords

EID: 84908089748     PISSN: 14781158     EISSN: 14781166     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14781158.2014.924917     Document Type: Article

References (154)

1. IPCC, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
2. World Bank, Turn Down the Heat: Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts and the Case for Resilience (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2013).
3. Hans Günter Brauch, ‘Securitizing Global Environmental Change,’ in Facing Global Environmental Change, ed. Hans Günter Brauch et al. (Berlin: Springer, 2009), 65-104.
4. US Department of State, ’Secretary Kerry Holds a Google+ Hangout with NBC‘s Andrea Mitchell’ (2013), http://www. state. gov/secretary/remarks/2013/05/209273. htm (accessed November 15, 2013).
5. Günther Bächler, ‘Why Environmental Transformations Causes Violence: A Synthesis,’ Environmental Change and Security Project Report 4, no. 1 (1998): 24-44.
6. Thomas Homer-Dixon, ‘Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict-Evidence from Cases,’ International Security 19, no. 1 (1994): 5-40.
7. Emily Meierding, ‘Climate Change and Conflict: Avoiding Small Talk about the Weather,’ International Studies Review 15, no. 2 (2013): 185-203.
8. Nils Petter Gleditsch, ‘Whither the Weather? Climate Change and Conflict,’ Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 3-9.
9. Idean Salehyan, ‘From Climate Change to Conflict? No Consensus Yet,’ Journal of Peace Research 45, no. 3 (2008): 315-26.
10. Lotta Themnér and Peter Wallensteen, ‘Armed Conflict, 1946-2010,’ Journal of Peace Research 48, no. 4 (2011): 525-36.
11. WBGU, World in Transition-Climate Change as a Security Risk (London: Earthscan, 2008).
12. Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Satoru Shimokawa, ‘Do Poverty and Poor Health and Nutrition Increase the Risk of Armed Conflict Onset?,’ Food Policy 33, no. 6 (2008): 513-20.
13. Janpeter Schilling, Francis Opiyo, and Jürgen Scheffran, ‘Raiding Pastoral Livelihoods: Motives and Effects of Violent Conflict in North-Eastern Kenya,’ Pastoralism 2, no. 25 (2012): 1-16.
14. Thomas Homer-Dixon and Jessica Blitt, ‘Key Findings,’ in Ecoviolence: Links among Environment, Population, and Security, ed. Thomas Homer-Dixon and Jessica Blitt (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), 223-28.
15. Colin H. Kahl, States, Scarcity, and Civil Strife in the Developing World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006).
16. Rafael Reuveny, ‘Ecomigration and Violent Conflict: Case Studies and Public Policy Implications,’ Human Ecology 36, no. 1 (2008): 1-13.
17. Jon Barnett and W. Neil Adger, ‘Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict,’ Political Geography 26, no. 6 (2007): 639-55.
18. Tom Deligiannis, ‘The Evolution of Environment-Conflict Research: Toward a Livelihood Framework,’ Global Environmental Politics 12, no. 1 (2012): 78-100.
19. Jürgen Scheffran and Antonella Battaglini, ‘Climate and Conflicts: The Security Risks of Global Warming,’ Regional Environmental Change 11, no. 1 (2011): S27-S39.
20. Idean Salehyan, ‘From Climate Change to Conflict? No Consensus Yet,’ Journal of Peace Research 45, no. 3 (2008): 315-26.
21. Hanne Fjelde and Nina von Uexkull, ‘Climate Triggers: Rainfall Anomalies, Vulnerability and Communal Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa,’ Political Geography 31, no. 7 (2012): 444-53.
22. Tobias Hagmann, ‘Fighting in the Desert? Conflict and Resource Management in East African Drylands,’ in Environmental Peacebuilding: Managing Natural Resource Conflicts in a Changing World, ed. Didier Péclard (Bern: Swisspeace, 2009), 22-7.
23. Jeffrey Dixon, ‘What Causes Civil War? Integrating Quantitative Research Findings,’ International Studies Review 11, no. 4 (2009): 707-35.
24. Ole Magnus Theisen, Nils Petter Gleditsch, and Halvard Buhaug, ‘Is Climate Change a Driver of Armed Conflict?,’ Climatic Change 117, no. 3 (2013): 613-25.
25. Jon Barnett, ‘Destabilizing the Environment-Conflict Thesis,’ Review of International Studies 26, no. 2 (2000): 271-88.
26. Carol C. Ember et al., ‘Livestock Raiding and Rainfall Variability in Northern Kenya,’ Civil Wars 14, no. 2 (2012): 159-81.
27. Colin H. Kahl, States, Scarcity, and Civil Strife in the Developing World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006).
28. Anthony Nyong, Charles Fiki, and Robert McLeman, ‘Drought-Related Conflicts, Management and Resolution in the West African Sahel: Considerations for Climate Change Research,’ Die Erde 137, no. 3 (2006): 223-48.
29. Wario Adano et al., ’Climate Change, Violent Conflict and Local Institutions in Kenya‘s Dryland,’ Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 65-80.
30. Tor A. Benjaminsen, ‘Does Supply-Induced Scarcity Drive Violent Conflicts in the African Sahel? The Case of the Tuareg Rebellion in Northern Mali,’ Journal of Peace Research 45, no. 6 (2008): 819-36.
31. Harry Verhoeven, ‘Climate Change, Conflict and Development in Sudan: Global Neo-Malthusian Narratives and Local Power Struggles,’ Development and Change 42, no. 3 (2011): 679-707.
32. James D. Fearon, Governance and Civil War Onset, WDR 2011 Background Paper (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2010).
33. Henrik Urdal, ‘People vs. Malthus: Population Pressure, Environmental Degradation, and Armed Conflict Revisited,’ Journal of Peace Research 42, no. 4 (2005): 417-34.
34. Rafael Reuveny, ‘Ecomigration and Violent Conflict: Case Studies and Public Policy Implications,’ Human Ecology 36, no. 1 (2008): 1-13.
35. Emily Meierding, ‘Climate Change and Conflict: Avoiding Small Talk about the Weather,’ International Studies Review 15, no. 2 (2013): 185-203.
36. Jürgen Scheffran et al., ‘Disentangling the Climate-Conflict-Nexus: Empirical and Theoretical Assessment of Vulnerabilities and Pathways,’ Review of European Studies 4, no. 5 (2012): 1-15.
37. Andrew R. Solow, ‘A Call for Peace on Climate and Conflict,’ Nature 497, no. 7448 (2013): 179-80.
38. Cullen S. Hendrix and Idean Salehyan, ‘Climate Change, Rainfall, and Social Conflict in Africa,’ Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 35-50.
39. John O’Loughlin, Andrew M. Linke, and Frank D. W. Witmer, ‘Modeling and Data Choices Sway Conclusions About Climate-Conflict Links,’ PNAS 111, no. 6 (2014): 2054-5.
40. Thomas Bernauer, Tobias Böhmelt, and Vally Koubi, ‘Environmental Changes and Violent Conflict,’ Environmental Research Letters 7, no. 1 (2012): 1-8.
41. Dina Zinnes, ‘The Problem of Cumulation,’ in In Search of Global Patterns, ed. James N. Rosenau (New York: Free Press, 1976), 161-6.
42. E. g., Solomon Hsiang, Marshall Burke, and Edward Miguel, ‘Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict,’ Science 341, no. 6151 (2013): 1-14.
43. Janpeter Schilling, Akuno Moses, and Jürgen Scheffran, On Arms and Adaptation: Climate Change and Pastoral Conflict in Northern Kenya (Hamburg: CLISEC, 2011).
44. Andreas Osiander, ‘Rereading Early Twentieth-Century IR Theory: Idealism Revisited,’ International Studies Quarterly 42, no. 3 (1998): 409-32.
45. Thomas Bernauer, Tobias Böhmelt, and Vally Koubi, ‘Environmental Changes and Violent Conflict,’ Environmental Research Letters 7, no. 1 (2012): 1-8.
46. Nils Petter Gleditsch, ‘Environmental Conflict: Neomalthusians vs. Cornucopians,’ in Security and Environment in the Mediterranean: Conceptualising Security and Environmental Conflicts, ed. Hans Günter Brauch et al. (Berlin: Springer, 2003), 477-85.
47. Henrik Urdal, ‘Population, Resources, and Political Violence: A Subnational Study of India, 1956-2002,’ Journal of Conflict Resolution 52, no. 4 (2008): 590-617.
48. Thomas Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, or a View of Its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992 [1798]).
49. Bjørn Lomborg, The Sceptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
50. Julian Simon, ‘Paradoxically, Population Growth May Eventually End Wars,’ Journal of Conflict Resolution 33, no. 1 (1989): 164-80.
51. Ole Magnus Theisen, Nils Petter Gleditsch, and Halvard Buhaug, ‘Is Climate Change a Driver of Armed Conflict?,’ Climatic Change 117, no. 3 (2013): 613-25.
52. Janpeter Schilling, Francis Opiyo, and Jürgen Scheffran, ‘Raiding Pastoral Livelihoods: Motives and Effects of Violent Conflict in North-Eastern Kenya,’ Pastoralism 2, no. 25 (2012): 1-16.
53. Hanne Fjelde and Nina von Uexkull, ‘Climate Triggers: Rainfall Anomalies, Vulnerability and Communal Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa,’ Political Geography 31, no. 7 (2012): 444-53.
54. Colin H. Kahl, States, Scarcity, and Civil Strife in the Developing World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006) 45.
55. Bächler, ‘Why Environmental Transformations Causes Violence’: 32.
56. Homer-Dixon and Blitt, ‘Key Findings’: 224.
57. Tom Deligiannis, ‘The Evolution of Environment-Conflict Research: Toward a Livelihood Framework,’ Global Environmental Politics 12, no. 1 (2012): 78-100.
58. Colin H. Kahl, States, Scarcity, and Civil Strife in the Developing World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006) 45.
59. Simon Mason et al., ‘Linkages between Sub-National and International Water Conflicts: The Eastern Nile Basin,’ in Facing Global Environmental Change, 325-34.
60. Sarah Jewitt, ‘Political Ecology of Jharkhand Conflicts,’ Asia Pacific Viewpoint 49, no. 1 (2008): 68-82.
61. Nancy Lee Peluso and Michael Watts, ‘Violent Environments,’ in Violent Environments, ed. Nancy Lee Peluso and Michael Watts (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001), 3-38.
62. Thomas Homer-Dixon, ‘Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict-Evidence from Cases,’ International Security 19, no. 1 (1994): 10.
63. Nancy Lee Peluso and Michael Watts, ‘Violent Environments: Responses,’ Environmental Change and Security Project Report 9, no. 1 (2003): 93-6.
64. Ole Magnus Theisen, Nils Petter Gleditsch, and Halvard Buhaug, ‘Is Climate Change a Driver of Armed Conflict?,’ Climatic Change 117, no. 3 (2013): 613-25.
65. Jürgen Scheffran et al., eds., Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict: Challenges for Societal Stability (Berlin: Springer, 2012).
66. Gerdis Wischnath and Halvard Buhaug, ‘On Climate Variability and Civil War in Asia,’ Climatic Change 122, no. 4 (2014): 709-721.
67. Jürgen Scheffran, Tobias Ide, and Janpeter Schilling, ‘Violent Climate or Climate of Violence? Concepts and Relations with Focus on Kenya and Sudan,’ International Journal of Human Rights 18, no. 3 (2014): 366-387.
68. Nils Petter Gleditsch et al., ‘Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset,’ Journal of Peace Research 39, no. 5 (2002): 618f.
69. Cullen S. Hendrix and Idean Salehyan, ‘Climate Change, Rainfall, and Social Conflict in Africa,’ Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 35-50.
70. Anthony Nyong, Charles Fiki, and Robert McLeman, ‘Drought-Related Conflicts, Management and Resolution in the West African Sahel: Considerations for Climate Change Research,’ Die Erde 137, no. 3 (2006): 223-48.
71. Clionadh Raleigh and Dominic Kniveton, ‘Come Rain or Shine: An Analysis of Conflict and Climate Variability in East Africa,’ Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 51-64.
72. Ian A. Brown, ‘Assessing Eco-Scarcity as a Cause of the Outbreak of Conflict in Darfur: A Remote Sensing Approach,’ International Journal of Remote Sensing 31, no. 10 (2010): 2513-20.
73. Carol C. Ember et al., ‘Livestock Raiding and Rainfall Variability in Northern Kenya,’ Civil Wars 14, no. 2 (2012): 159-81.
74. Sarah Johnstone and Jeffrey Mazo, ‘Global Warming and the Arab Spring,’ Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 53, no. 2 (2011): 11-17.
75. Thomas Homer-Dixon, ‘Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict-Evidence from Cases,’ International Security 19, no. 1 (1994): 5-40.
76. Cullen S. Hendrix and Idean Salehyan, ‘Climate Change, Rainfall, and Social Conflict in Africa,’ Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 35-50.
77. Rafael Reuveny, ‘Climate Change-Induced Migration and Violent Conflict,’ Political Geography 26, no. 6 (2007): 656-73.
78. Nils Petter Gleditsch, ‘Whither the Weather? Climate Change and Conflict,’ Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 3-9.
79. E. g., Solomon Hsiang, Marshall Burke, and Edward Miguel, ‘Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict,’ Science 341, no. 6151 (2013): 1-14.
80. Vally Koubi et al., ‘Do Natural Resources Matter for Interstate or Intrastate Armed Conflict?,’ Journal of Peace Research 51, no. 2 (2014): 227-43.
81. Scheffran et al., ‘Climate Change and Violent Conflict’.
82. Ole Magnus Theisen, Nils Petter Gleditsch, and Halvard Buhaug, ‘Is Climate Change a Driver of Armed Conflict?,’ Climatic Change 117, no. 3 (2013): 613-25.
83. Tom Deligiannis, ‘The Evolution of Environment-Conflict Research: Toward a Livelihood Framework,’ Global Environmental Politics 12, no. 1 (2012): 78-100.
84. Emily Meierding, ‘Climate Change and Conflict: Avoiding Small Talk about the Weather,’ International Studies Review 15, no. 2 (2013): 185-203.
85. Nils Petter Gleditsch, ‘Whither the Weather? Climate Change and Conflict,’ Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 3-9.
86. Ragnhild Nordås and Nils Petter Gleditsch, ‘Climate Change and Conflict,’ Political Geography 26, no. 6 (2007): 627-38.
87. Christiane Fröhlich, ‘Security and Discourse: The Israeli-Palestinian Water Conflict,’ Conflict, Security and Development 12, no. 2 (2012): 123-48.
88. Stuart Kaufman, Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001).
89. Giovanna Gioli, Taliman Khan, and Jürgen Scheffran, ‘Remittances and Community Resilience to Conflict and Environmental Hazards in Northwestern Pakistan,’ in Remittance Flows to Post-Conflict States: Perspectives on Human Security and Development, ed. Daivi Rodima-Taylor (Boston: Pardee House, 2013), 117-26.
90. Ayalneh Bogale and Benedikt Korf, ‘To Share or Not to Share? (Non-)Violence, Scarcity and Resource Access in Somali Region, Ethiopia,’ Journal of Development Studies 43, no. 4 (2007): 743-65.
91. Sven Chojnacki and Bettina Engels, Material Determinism and Beyond: Spatial Categories in the Study of Violent Conflict. SFB Working Paper 55 (Berlin: SFB, 2013).
92. Adrian Martin, ‘Environmental Conflict between Refugee and Host Communities,’ Journal of Peace Research 42, no. 3 (2005): 329-46.
93. Christopher Timura, ‘“Environmental Conflict” and the Social Life of Environmental Security Discourse,’ Anthropological Quarterly 74, no. 3 (2001): 104-13.
94. Clionadh Raleigh and Henrik Urdal, ‘Climate Change, Environmental Degradation and Armed Conflict,’ Political Geography 26, no. 6 (2007): 674-94.
95. Sven Chojnacki and Bettina Engels, Material Determinism and Beyond: Spatial Categories in the Study of Violent Conflict. SFB Working Paper 55 (Berlin: SFB, 2013).
96. Felipe Murtinho et al., ‘Water Scarcity in the Andes: A Comparison of Local Perceptions and Observed Climate, Land Use and Socioeconomic Changes,’ Human Ecology 41, no. 5 (2013): 667-81.
97. Chusak Wittayapak, ‘History and Geography of Identifications Related to Resource Conflicts and Ethnic Violence in Northern Thailand,’ Asian Pacific Viewpoint 49, no. 1 (2008): 111-27.
98. Tor A. Benjaminsen, ‘Does Supply-Induced Scarcity Drive Violent Conflicts in the African Sahel? The Case of the Tuareg Rebellion in Northern Mali,’ Journal of Peace Research 45, no. 6 (2008): 819-36.
99. Cullen S. Hendrix and Idean Salehyan, ‘Climate Change, Rainfall, and Social Conflict in Africa,’ Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 35-50.
100. Clionadh Raleigh and Dominic Kniveton, ‘Come Rain or Shine: An Analysis of Conflict and Climate Variability in East Africa,’ Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 51-64.
101. CEWARN, ‘CEWARN Country Updates,’ http://www. cewarn. org/index. php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view &gid=112&Itemid=98 (accessed November 16, 2013).
102. Helle Munk Ravnborg et al., ‘Challenges of Local Water Governance: The Extent, Nature and Intensity of Local Water-Related Conflict and Cooperation,’ Water Policy 14, no. 2 (2012): 336-57.
103. Claudia Simons and Franzisca Zanker, Finding Cases That Fit: Methodological Challenges in Peace Research, GIGA Working Paper 189 (Hamburg: GIGA, 2012).
104. Carol C. Ember et al., ‘Livestock Raiding and Rainfall Variability in Northern Kenya,’ Civil Wars 14, no. 2 (2012): 159-81.
105. Karen M. Witsenburg and Wario R. Adano, ‘Of Rain and Raids: Violent Livestock Raiding in Northern Kenya,’ Civil Wars 11, no. 4 (2009): 514-38.
106. Bent Flyvbjerg, ‘Five Misunderstanding about Case-Study Research,’ Qualitative Inquiry 12, no. 2 (2006): 219-45.
107. John Gerring, Case Study Research: Principles and Practices (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
108. Philippe Le Billon, ‘The Political Ecology of War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts,’ Political Geography 20, no. 5 (2001): 561-84.
109. Michael Ross, ‘Does Natural Resource Wealth Influence Civil War? Evidence from 13 Cases,’ International Organization 58, no. 1 (2004): 35-67.
110. Cullen S. Hendrix and Sarah M. Glaser, ‘Trends and Triggers: Climate, Climate Change and Civil Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa,’ Political Geography 26, no. 6 (2007): 695-715.
111. Halvard Buhaug, ‘Climate Not to Blame for African Civil Wars,’ PNAS 107, no. 38 (2010): 16477-82.
112. Ole Magnus Theisen, ‘Climate Clashes? Weather Variability, Land Pressure, and Organized Violence in Kenya, 1989-2004,’ Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 81-96.
113. Karen M. Witsenburg and Wario R. Adano, ‘Of Rain and Raids: Violent Livestock Raiding in Northern Kenya,’ Civil Wars 11, no. 4 (2009): 514-38.
114. Rune T. Slettebak, ’Don‘t Blame the Weather! Climate-Related Natural Disasters and Civil Conflict,’ Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 163-76.
115. Pedram Rowhani et al., ‘Malnutrition and Conflict in East Africa: The Impacts of Resource Variability on Human Security,’ Climatic Change 105, no. 1 (2011): 207-22.
116. Ole Magnus Theisen, ‘Climate Clashes? Weather Variability, Land Pressure, and Organized Violence in Kenya, 1989-2004,’ Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 81-96.
117. Henrik Urdal, ‘People vs. Malthus: Population Pressure, Environmental Degradation, and Armed Conflict Revisited,’ Journal of Peace Research 42, no. 4 (2005): 417-34.
118. Wario Adano et al., ’Climate Change, Violent Conflict and Local Institutions in Kenya‘s Dryland,’ Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 65-80.
119. Ayalneh Bogale and Benedikt Korf, ‘To Share or Not to Share? (Non-)Violence, Scarcity and Resource Access in Somali Region, Ethiopia,’ Journal of Development Studies 43, no. 4 (2007): 743-65.
120. Alexander Carius, Environmental Peacemaking-Environmental Cooperation as an Instrument of Crisis Prevention and Peacebuilding: Condition for Success and Constraints (Berlin: Adelphi, 2006).
121. Ken Conca and Geoffrey Dabelko, ‘The Problems and Possibilities of Environmental Peacemaking,’ in Environmental Peacemaking, ed. Ken Conca and Geoffrey Dabelko (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 2002), 220-33.
122. Ilan Kelman, Disaster Diplomacy: How Disasters Affect Peace and Conflict (London: Routledge, 2012).
123. Philip A. Streich and David Bell Mislan, ‘What Follows the Storm? Research on the Effect of Disasters on Conflict and Cooperation,’ Global Change, Peace & Security 26, no. 1 (2014): 55-70. See http://www. disasterdiplomacy. org for recent developments in the field.
124. E. g., Solomon Hsiang, Marshall Burke, and Edward Miguel, ‘Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict,’ Science 341, no. 6151 (2013): 1-14.
125. Travis Nelson, ‘When Disaster Strikes: On the Relationship between Natural Disaster and Interstate Conflict,’ Global Change, Peace & Security 22, no. 2 (2010): 155-74.
126. Emile Durkheim, Suicide: A Study in Sociology (New York: Free Press, 1979).
127. Charles E. Fritz, Disasters and Mental Health: Therapeutic Principles Drawn from Disaster Studies: 28-30. (Newark, NJ: Disaster Research Center, 1996).
128. James Ker-Lindsay, ‘Greek-Turkish Reapproachement: The Impact of “Disaster Diplomacy”,’ Cambridge Review of International Affairs 14, no. 1 (2000): 215-32.
129. Jean-Christophe Gaillard, Elsa Clavé, and Ilan Kelman, ‘Wave of Peace? Tsunami Disaster Policy in Aceh, Indonesia,’ Geoforum 39, no. 1 (2008): 511-26.
130. Rune T. Slettebak, ’Don‘t Blame the Weather! Climate-Related Natural Disasters and Civil Conflict,’ Journal of Peace Research 49, no. 1 (2012): 163-76.
131. Raul Lejano, ‘Theorizing Peace Parks: Two Models of Collective Action,’ Journal of Peace Research 43, no. 5 (2006): 563-81.
132. Ken Conca, ‘The Case for Environmental Peacemaking,’ in Environmental Peacemaking, 1-22.
133. Ernst B. Haas, ‘The Study of Regional Integration: Reflections on the Joy and Anguish of Pretheorizing,’ International Organization 24, no. 4 (1970): 607-46.
134. Saleem Ali, ‘A Natural Connection between Ecology and Peace?,’ in Peace Parks: Conservation and Conflict Resolution, ed. Saleem Ali (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 1-18.
135. Nicole Harari and Jesse Roseman, Environmental Peacebuilding, Theory and Practice: A Case Study of the Good Water Neighbours Project and in Depth Analysis of the Wadi Fukin/Tzur Hadassah Communities (Amman: FoEME, 2008).
136. Ken Conca and Geoffrey Dabelko, ‘The Problems and Possibilities of Environmental Peacemaking,’ in Environmental Peacemaking, ed. Ken Conca and Geoffrey Dabelko (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 2002), 220-33.
137. Seden Akcinaroglu, Jon DiCicco, and Elizabeth Radziszewski, ‘Avalanches and Olive Branches: A Multimethod Analysis of Disasters and Peacemaking in Interstate Rivalries,’ Political Research Quarterly 64, no. 2 (2011): 260-75.
138. Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen, ‘Neo-Functionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete? A Reappraisal in the Light of the New Dynamism of the EC,’ Millennium 20, no. 1 (1991): 1-22.
139. Alexander Carius, Environmental Peacemaking-Environmental Cooperation as an Instrument of Crisis Prevention and Peacebuilding: Condition for Success and Constraints (Berlin: Adelphi, 2006).
140. Ken Conca, Alexander Carius, and Geoffrey Dabelko, ‘Building Peace through Environmental Cooperation,’ in State of the World 2005: Redefining Global Security, ed. Worldwatch Institute (Washington, DC: Worldwatch, 2005), 144-57.
141. Ilan Kelman, Disaster Diplomacy: How Disasters Affect Peace and Conflict (London: Routledge, 2012).
142. Ken Conca and Jennifer Wallance, ’Environment and Peacebuilding in War-Torn Societies: Lessons Form the UN Environment Programme‘s Experience with Post-Conflict Assessment,’ in Assessing and Restoring Natural Resources in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding, ed. David Jensen and Steve Lonergan (London: Earthscan, 2012), 63-84.
143. Arthur Green, ‘Social Identity, Natural Resources, and Peacebuilding’ (paper presented at the CAPRi Workshop on Collective Action, Property Rights, and Conflict in Natural Resources Management, Siem Reap, June 28-July 1, 2010).
144. Alexander Carius, Environmental Peacemaking-Environmental Cooperation as an Instrument of Crisis Prevention and Peacebuilding: Condition for Success and Constraints (Berlin: Adelphi, 2006).
145. Moira Feil, Diana Klein, and Meike Westerkamp, Regional Cooperation on Environment, Economy and Natural Resource Management: How Can It Contribute to Peacebuilding? (Brussels: Initiative for Peacebuilding, 2009).
146. Ilan Kelman, ‘Acting on Disaster Diplomacy,’ Journal of International Affairs 59, no. 2 (2006): 215-40.
147. Ilan Kelman, Disaster Diplomacy: How Disasters Affect Peace and Conflict (London: Routledge, 2012).
148. Philip A. Streich and David Bell Mislan, ‘What Follows the Storm? Research on the Effect of Disasters on Conflict and Cooperation,’ Global Change, Peace & Security 26, no. 1 (2014): 55-70. See http://www. disasterdiplomacy. org for recent developments in the field.
149. Kalev Leetaru and Philip A. Schrodt, ‘GDELT: Global Data on Events, Location and Tone, 1979-2012’ (paper presented at the 54th ISA Annual Convention, San Francisco, April 3-6, 2013).
150. Helle Munk Ravnborg et al., ‘Challenges of Local Water Governance: The Extent, Nature and Intensity of Local Water-Related Conflict and Cooperation,’ Water Policy 14, no. 2 (2012): 336-57.
151. Kristina Dietz and Bettina Engels, ‘Immer (mehr) Ärger wegen der Natur?-Für eine gesellschafts-und konflikttheoretische Analyse von Konflikten um Natur,’ Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft 43, forthcoming (2014).
152. Ragnhild Nordås and Nils Petter Gleditsch, ‘Climate Change and Conflict,’ Political Geography 26, no. 6 (2007): 627-38.
153. Richard Black et al., ‘Migration as Adaptation,’ Nature 478, no. 7370 (2011): 447-9.
154. Jürgen Scheffran, Elina Marmer, and Papa Sow, ‘Migration as a Contribution to Resilience and Innovation in Climate Adaptation: Social Networks and Co-Development in Northwest Africa,’ Applied Geography 33, no. 1 (2012): 119-27.