Raiding pastoral livelihoods: motives and effects of violent conflict in north-western Kenya

Pastoralism

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2012, Pages

  Schilling, Janpeter ^a,b   Opiyo, Francis EO ^c,d   Scheffran, Jürgen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG   (Germany)

^b Center for Language and Brain   (United States)

^c INTERNATIONAL RESCUE COMMITTEE   (Kenya)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI   (Kenya)

Author keywords

Kenya; Livestock; Pastoralism; Pokot; Raiding; Turkana; Violent conflict

Indexed keywords

EID: 84975217360     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20417136     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/2041-7136-2-25     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Adano WR, Dietz T, Witsenburg K, Zaal F: Climate change, violent conflict and local institutions in Kenya's drylands. Journal of Peace Research 2012,49(1):65–80. 10.1177/0022343311427344
2. Baregu M (Ed): Understanding obstacles to peace - actors, interests, and strategies in Africa’s Great Lakes region. Fountain, Kampala; 2011.
3. Barrett CB, Chabari F, Bailey D, Little PD, Coppock DL: Livestock pricing in the Northern Kenyan Rangelands. Journal of African Economies. 2003,12(2):127–155. 10.1093/jae/12.2.127
4. Behnke RH: The economic contribution of pastoralism: case studies from the horn of Africa and Southern Africa. Nomadic Peoples 2008,12(1):45–79. 10.3167/np.2008.120104
5. Bett B, Jost C, Allport R, Mariner J: Using participatory epidemiological techniques to estimate the relative incidence and impact on livelihoods of livestock diseases amongst nomadic pastoralists in Turkana South District, Kenya. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2009,90(34):194–203.
6. Bevan J: Between a rock and a hard place: armed violence in African pastoral communities. UNDP, Nairobi; 2007.
7. Bollig M: Ethnic conflicts in North West Kenya: Pokot-Turkana raiding 1969–1984. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 1990, 115: 73–90.
8. Bollig M: Intra-and interethnic conflict in Northwest Kenya: a multicausal analysis of conflict behaviour. Anthropos 1993,88(1):176–184.
9. Buchanan-Smith M, Lind J: Armed violence and poverty in Northern Kenya - a case study for the Armed Violence and Poverty Initiative. Centre for International Cooperation and Security/Bradford University, Bradford; 2005.
10. Campbell I, Dalrymple S, Rob C, Crawford A: Climate change and conflict - lessons from community conservancies in northern Kenya. International Institute for Sustainable Development, Winnipeg; 2009.
11. CEWARN: CEWARN country updates: September-December 2009. Addis Ababa, CEWARN (Conflict Early Warning and Response Mechanism); 2010.
12. de Vries D, Leslie P, McCabe J: Livestock acquisitions dynamics in nomadic pastoralist herd demography: a case study among Ngisonyoka herders of South Turkana, Kenya. Human Ecology 2006,34(1):1–25. 10.1007/s10745-005-9000-2
13. Eaton D: Violence, revenge and the history of cattle raiding along the Kenya-Uganda border. Dalhousie University, Halifax; 2008.
14. Eaton D: The rise of the ‘traider’: the commercialization of raiding in Karamoja. Nomadic Peoples 2010,14(2):106–122. 10.3167/np.2010.140207
15. Eriksen S, Lind J: Adaptation as a political process: adjusting to drought and conflict in Kenya's Drylands. Environmental Management 2009,43(5):817–835. 10.1007/s00267-008-9189-0
16. FAO: Livestock sector brief. Kenya; 2005. http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/en/publications/sector_briefs/lsb_KEN.pdf. Accessed 22 February 2012
17. GoK: National policy for the sustainable development of arid and semi arid lands. Government of Kenya, Nairobi; 2007.
18. GoK: Arid lands resource management project Turkana: annual progress report. 2008. http://www.aridland.go.ke/arid_annual_reports/arid_annual_07-08/turkana_07-08.pdf. Accessed 27 June 2011
19. GoK: National climate change response strategy. Government Press, Nairobi; 2010.
20. Gray S, Sundal M, Wiebusch B, Little MA, Leslie PW, Pike IL: Cattle raiding, cultural survival, and adaptability of East African pastoralists. Current Anthropology 2003,44(S5):S3-S30. 10.1086/377669
21. Hendrickson D, Armon J, Mearns R: The changing nature of conflict and famine vulnerability: the case of livestock raiding in Turkana District, Kenya. Disasters 1998,22(3):185–199. 10.1111/1467-7717.00086
22. Huho JM, Ngaira JKW, Ogindo HO: Climate change and pastoral economy in Kenya: a blinking future. Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 2009,83(5):1017–1023. 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00126.x
23. Huho JM, Ngaira JKW, Ogindo HO: Living with drought: the case of the Maasai pastoralists of northern Kenya. Educational Research 2011,2(1):779–789.
24. Juma M: Security and regional cooperation in Africa: how can we make Africa’s security architecture fit for the new challenges? In Heinrich Böll Foundation (ed) Climate change, resources, migration - securing Africa in an uncertain climate. Cape Town; 2010:16–25.
25. Kaimba G, Njehia B, Guliye A: Effects of cattle rustling and household characteristics on migration decisions and herd size amongst pastoralists in Baringo District, Kenya. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 2011,1(1):1–18. 10.1186/2041-7136-1-1
26. KNBS: 2009 Kenya population and housing census. KNBS, Nairobi; 2010.
27. Krätli S, Swift J: Understanding and managing pastoral conflict in Kenya. University of Sussex, Sussex; 2003.
28. Kumssa A, Jones JF, Williams JH: Conflict and human security in the North Rift and North Eastern Kenya. International Journal of Social Economics 2009,36(10):1008–1020. 10.1108/03068290910984786
29. Leff J: Pastoralists at war: violence and security in the Kenya-Sudan-Uganda border region. International Journal of Conflict and Violence 2009,3(9):188–203.
30. Little PD, Aboud AA, Lenachuru C: Can formal education reduce risks for drought-prone pastoralists?: a case study from Baringo District, Kenya. Human Organization 2009,68(2):154–165.
31. Mahmoud HA: Conflict and constraints to peace among pastoralists in Northern Kenya. In Understanding obstacles to peace - actors, interests, and strategies in Africa's Great Lakes region. Edited by: Baregu M. Fountain, Kampala; 2011:146–168.
32. Mbaria JM, Munenge RW, Njuguna AN, Orre JL, Dabasso D: Occurrence of a severe acute livestock poisoning by borehole water in Marsabit District, Kenya: a case study. Kenya Veterinarian 2005, 28: 16–19.
33. McCabe JT: Cattle bring us to our enemies: Turkana ecology, politics, and raiding in a disequilibrium system. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor; 2004.
34. McSherry B, Brass JN: The political economy of pro-poor livestock policy reform in Kenya. IGAD, Nairobi; 2008.
35. Meier P, Bond D, Bond J: Environmental influences on pastoral conflict in the Horn of Africa. Political Geography 2007,26(6):716–735. 10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.06.001
36. Mirzeler M, Young C: Pastoral politics in the northeast periphery in Uganda: AK-47 as change agent. Journal of Modern African Studies 2000,38(3):407–429. 10.1017/S0022278X00003402
37. Mkutu KA: Small arms and light weapons among pastoral groups in the Kenya-Uganda border area. African Affairs 2006,106(422):47–70. 10.1093/afraf/adl002
38. Mkutu KA: Guns and governance in the Rift Valley - pastoralist conflict and small arms. Indiana University Press, Bloomington; 2008.
39. Mkutu KA: Complexities of livestock raiding in Karamoja. Nomadic Peoples 2010,14(2):87–105. 10.3167/np.2010.140206
40. Morton J (Ed): Pastoralism, drought and planning: lessons from Northern Kenya and elsewhere. Greenwich, Natural Resources Institute, DFID; 2001.
41. Morton J: Policy options paper: community based drought management for the pastoral livestock sector in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2006. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/lead/pdf/e-conf_06-10_drought.pdf. Accessed 23 February 2012
42. Moru ERJ: Adaptation to climate variability among the dry land population in Kenya: a case study of the Turkana pastoralists. Wageningen University, Wageningen; 2010.
43. Mureithi SM, Opiyo FEO: Resource use planning under climate change: Experience from Turkana and Pokot pastoralists of Northwestern Kenya. In Proceedings at 2nd International Conference on Climate, Sustainability and Development in Semi Arid Regions 2010. 16 – 20 August 2010, Fortaleaza, Ceara, Brazil 16 – 20 August 2010, Fortaleaza, Ceara, Brazil
44. Mwangi OG: Kenya: conflict in the ‘Badlands’: the Turbi Massacre in Marsabit District. Review of African Political Economy 2006,33(107):81–91. 10.1080/03056240600671324
45. Njiru BN: Climate change, resource competition, and conflict amongst pastoral communities in Kenya. In Climate change, human security and violent conflict: challenges for societal stability. Edited by: Scheffran J, Brzoska M, Brauch HG, Link PM, Schilling J. Springer, Berlin; 2012:513–527.
46. Oloya J, Opuda-Asibo J, Djønne B, Muma J, Matope G, Kazwala R, Skjerve E: Responses to tuberculin among zebu cattle in the transhumance regions of Karamoja and Nakasongola district of Uganda. Tropical Animal Health and Production 2006,38(4):275–283. 10.1007/s11250-006-4322-7
47. Omolo NA: Gender and climate change-induced conflict in pastoral communities: case study of Turkana in northwestern Kenya. African Journal on Conflict Resolution 2010,10(2):81–102.
48. Opiyo FEO, Mureithi SM, Ngugi RK: The influence of water availability on pastoralist’s resource use in Kitui and Mwingi districts of Kenya. Journal of Human Ecology 2011,35(1):43–52.
49. Pike IL, Williams SR: Incorporating psychosocial health into biocultural models: preliminary findings from Turkana women of Kenya. American Journal of Human Biology 2006,18(6):729–740. 10.1002/ajhb.20548
50. Pike IL, Straight B, Oesterle M, Hilton C, Lanyasunya A: Documenting the health consequences of endemic warfare in three pastoralist communities of northern Kenya: a conceptual framework. Social Science & Medicine 2010,70(1):45–52. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.007
51. Scheffran J, Link PM, Schilling J: Theories and models of climate-security interaction: framework and application to a climate hot spot in North Africa. In Climate change, human security and violent conflict: challenges for societal stability. Edited by: Scheffran J, Brzoska M, Brauch HG, Link PM, Schilling J. Springer, Berlin; 2012:91–131.
52. Schilling J, Remling E: Local adaptation and national climate change policy in Kenya: discrepancies, options, and the way forward. Paper presented at the Summer Academy on Social Vulnerability: Climate Change and Fragile States: Rethinking Adaptation, Munich; 2011.
53. Schilling J, Akuno M, Scheffran J, Weinzierl T: On raids and relations: climate change, pastoral conflict and adaptation in Northwestern Kenya (under review). In Climate change and conflict: where to for conflict sensitive climate adaptation in Africa?. Edited by: Bronkhorst S, Bob U. Human Sciences Research Council, Durban; 2012.
54. Speranza CI: Drought coping and adaptation strategies: understanding adaptations to climate change in agro-pastoral livestock production in Makueni District, Kenya. European Journal of Development Research 2010,22(5):623–642. 10.1057/ejdr.2010.39
55. TUPADO: Turkana Pastoralist Organisation incident register 2000–2010. TUPADO. Unpublished, Lodwar; 2011.
56. UNDP: Drought and potential conflict scenarios in northern Kenya and other arid lands: a situational report. UNDP, Nairobi; 2011.
57. Wepundi M, Ndung’u J, Rynn S: Lessons from the frontiers - civilian disarmament in Kenya and Uganda. Saferworld, Nairobi; 2011.
58. Witsenburg KM, Adano WR: Of rain and raids: violent livestock raiding in Northern Kenya. Civil Wars 2009,11(4):514–538. 10.1080/13698240903403915