New insights on the antidepressant discontinuation syndrome

Human Psychopharmacology

Volumn 29, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 503-516

  Harvey, Brian H ^a   Slabbert, Francois N ^a  

^a NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

anhedonia; anxiety; half life; neuroplasticity; phasic receptor occupancy; serotonin transporter

Indexed keywords

AGOMELATINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; SEROTONIN; ACETAMIDE DERIVATIVE;

ANTIDEPRESSANT DISCONTINUATION SYNDROME; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG SCREENING; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HUMAN; MEDICATION COMPLIANCE; MONOAMINERGIC SYSTEM; NEUROBIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PHARMACOKINETIC PARAMETERS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; ANIMAL; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SYNDROME; TREATMENT RESISTANT DEPRESSION;

ACETAMIDES; ANIMALS; ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, TREATMENT-RESISTANT; HUMANS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; SEROTONIN; SYNDROME;

EID: 84908065496     PISSN: 08856222     EISSN: 10991077     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hup.2429     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Abrahamson EE, Moore RY,. 2001. The posterior hypothalamic area: chemoarchitecture and afferent connections. Brain Res 889: 1-22.
2. Agelink MW, Zitzelsberger A, Klisser E,. 1997. Withdrawal syndrome after discontinuation of venlafaxine. Am J Psychiatry 154: 1473-1474.
3. Åkerblad A, Bengtsson F, Holgersson M, et al,. 2008. Identification of primary care patients at risk of non-adherence to antidepressant treatment. Patient Prefer Adherence 2: 379-386.
4. Alén F, Orio L, Gorriti MA, et al,. 2013. Increased alcohol consumption in rats after subchronic antidepressant treatment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 16: 1809-1818.
5. Aloyo VJ, Berg, KA, Spampinato U, Harvey JA,. 2009. Current status of inverse agonism at serotonin2A (5-HT2A) and 5-HT2C receptors. Pharmacol Ther 121: 160-173.
6. American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn, Text Revision. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.
7. Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Ghiani C, Lepri B,. 2010. Illness risk following rapid versus gradual discontinuation of antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 167: 934-941.
8. Baldwin DS, Montgomery SA, Nil R, Lader M,. 2007. Discontinuation symptoms in depression and anxiety disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 10: 73-84.
9. Barnhart WJ, Makela EH, Latocha MJ,. 2004. SSRI-induced apathy syndrome: a clinical review. J Psychiatric Pract 10: 196-199.
10. Benmansour S, Cecchi M, Morilak DA, et al,. 1999. Effects of chronic antidepressant treatments on serotonin transporter function, density and mRNA level. J Neurosci 19: 10494-10501.
11. Berigan TR,. 2001. Mirtazapine-associated withdrawal symptoms: A case report. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 3 (3): 143.
12. Bjork JM, Gaytan O, Patt N, et al,. 1998. Behavioral tolerance to and withdrawal from multiple fluoxetine administration. Int J Neurosci 93: 163-179.
13. Blier P,. 2003. The pharmacology of putative early-onset antidepressant strategies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 13: 57-66.
14. 1A agonist gepirone: an electrophysiological study in the rat brain. Synapse 1: 470-480.
15. Blier P, Tremblay P,. 2006. Physiologic mechanisms underlying the antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 67 (Suppl 4): 8-13.
16. de Boer TH, Nefkens F, van Helvoirt A, van Delft AM,. 1996. Differences in modulation of noradrenergic and serotonergic transmission by the alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonists, mirtazapine, mianserin and idazoxan. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 277: 852-60.
17. Bosker FJ, Tanke MA, Jongsma ME, et al,. 2010. Biochemical and behavioral effects of long-term citalopram administration and discontinuation in rats: role of serotonin synthesis. Neurochem Int 57: 948-957.
18. Boyer P, Tassin JP, Falissart B, Troy S,. 2000. Sequential improvement of anxiety, depression and anhedonia with sertraline treatment in patients with major depression. J Clin Pharm Ther 25: 363-371.
19. British Medical Association & Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (2007). British National Formulary (March Issue). BMJ Publishing Group & RPS Publishing: London.
20. Bymaster FP, Dreshfield-Ahmad LJ, Threlkeld PG, et al,. 2001. Comparative affinity of duloxetine and venlafaxine for serotonin and norepinephrine transporters in vitro and in vivo, human serotonin receptor subtypes, and other neuronal receptors. Neuropsychopharmacol 25: 871-880.
21. Carrazana EJ, Rivas-Vazquez RA, Rey JA, Gustavo JR,. 2001. SSRI discontinuation and buspirone. Am J Psychiatry 158: 966-976.
22. Chanrion B, Mannoury la Cour C, Gavarini S, et al,. 2008. Inverse agonist and neutral antagonist actions of antidepressants at recombinant and native 5-hydroxytryptamine2C receptors: differential modulation of cell surface expression and signal transduction. Mol Pharmacol 73: 748-757.
23. Chaudhury D, Wang LM, Colwell CS,. 2005. Circadian regulation of hippocampal long-term potentiation. J Biol Rhythms 20: 225-236.
24. Chenu F, El Mansari M, Blier P,. 2013. Electrophysiological effects of repeated administration of agomelatine on the dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin systems in the rat brain. Neuropharmacology 38 (2): 275-284.
25. Clewes J,. 2012. A case report of onset of tinnitus following discontinuation of antidepressant and a review of the literature. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 14: PCC.11br01218.
26. Collu M, Poggiu AS, Devoto P, Serra G,. 1997. Behavioural sensitization of mesolimbic dopamine D2 receptors in chronic fluoxetine-treated rats. Eur J Pharmacol 322: 123-127.
27. Coupland NJ, Bell CJ, Potokar JP,. 1996. Serotonin reuptake inhibitor withdrawal. J Clin Psychopharmacol 16: 356-362.
28. De Berardis D, Di Iorio G, Acciabatti T, et al,. 2011. The emerging role of melatonin agonists in the treatment of major depression: focus on agomelatine. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 10: 119-132.
29. De Bodinat C, Guardiola-Lemaitre B, Mocaër E, et al,. 2010. Agomelatine, the first melatonergic antidepressant: discovery, characterization and development. Nat Rev Drug Discovery 9: 628-642.
30. Dekeyne A, Mannoury lC, Gobert A,. 2008. A novel 5-HT2C receptor antagonist displaying broad-based antidepressant and anxiolytic properties in rodent models. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 199: 549-568.
31. Demyttenaere K,. 2011. Agomelatine: a narrative review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 21: S703-S709.
32. Dhir A, Kulkarni SK,. 2011. Nitric oxide and major depression. Nitric Oxide 24: 125-31.
33. Di Giannantonio M, Diorio G, Guglielmo R, et al,. 2011. Major depressive disorder, anhedonia and agomelatine: an open label study. J Biol Reg Homeostatic Agents 25: 109-114.
34. Dolder CR, Nelson M, Snider M,. 2008. Agomelatine treatment of major depressive disorder. Annl Pharmacother 42: 1822-1831.
35. El Mansari M, Blier P,. 1997. In vivo electrophysiological characterisation of 5HT receptors in the guinea pig head of caudate nucleus and orbitofrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacol 36: 577-588.
36. Emsley R, Chiliza B, Asmal L, Harvey BH,. 2013. The nature of relapse in schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 8 (13): 50.
37. Esplugues JV,. 2002. NO as a signalling molecule in the nervous system. Br J Pharmacol 135: 1079-1095.
38. Fornaro M, Prestia D, Colicchio S, Perugi G,. 2010. A systematic, updated review on the antidepressant agomelatine focusing on its melatonergic modulation. Curr Neuropharmacol 8: 287-304.
39. Gahr M, Schönfeldt-Lecuona C, Kölle MA, Freudenmann RW,. 2013. Withdrawal and discontinuation phenomena associated with tranylcypromine: a systematic review. Pharmacopsychiatry 46: 123-9.
40. Gao SF, Bao AM,. 2011. Corticotropin-releasing hormone, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid in depression. Neuroscientist 17: 124-144.
41. Gardier AM, Lepoul E, Trouvin JH, et al,. 1994. Changes in dopamine metabolism in rat forebrain regions after cessation of long-term fluoxetine treatment: relationship with brain concentrations of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine. Life Sci 54: 51-56.
42. Goodman WK,. 2004. Selecting pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 65: 8-13.
43. Guardiola-Lemaitre B, Bodinat C, Delagrange P, Millan MJ, Munoz C, Mocaër E,. 2014. Agomelatine: mechanism of action and pharmacological profile in relation to antidepressant properties. Br J Pharmacology (Apr 13). doi: 10.1111/bph.12720
44. Haddad P,. 2001. Antidepressant discontinuation syndromes: clinical relevance, prevention and management. Drug Saf 24: 183-197.
45. Haddad PM, Anderson IM,. 2007. Recognising and managing antidepressant discontinuation symptoms. Adv Psychiatr Treat 13: 447-457.
46. Haddad PM, Qureshi M,. 2000. Misdiagnosis of antidepressant discontinuation symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand 102: 466-7.
47. Hanoun N, Mocaër E, Boyer PA, et al,. 2004. Differential effects of the novel antidepressant agomelatine (S 20098) versus fluoxetine on 5-HT1A receptors in the rat brain. Neuropharmacology 47: 515-526.
48. Hardeland R, Cardinali DP, Srinivasan V, et al,. 2011. Melatonin a pleiotropic, orchestrating regulator molecule. Prog Neurobiol 93: 350-384.
49. Harvey BH,. 1997. The neurobiology and pharmacology of depression: a comparative overview of the serotonin-selective antidepressants. S Afr Med J 87: 540-552.
50. Harvey BH,. 2008. Is major depressive disorder a metabolic encephalopathy? Hum Psychopharmacol 23: 371-384.
51. Harvey BH, Bouwer CD,. 2000. Neuropharmacology of paradoxic weight gain with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Clin Neuropharmacol 23: 90-97.
52. Harvey BH, Shahid M,. 2012. Metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors as neurobiological targets in anxiety and stress-related disorders: focus on pharmacology and preclinical translational models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 100: 775-800.
53. Harvey BH, Jonker LP, Brand L, et al,. 2002. NMDA receptor involvement in imipramine withdrawal-associated effects on swim stress, GABA levels and NMDA receptor binding in rat hippocampus. Life Sci 71: 45-57.
54. Harvey BH, McEwen BS, Stein DJ,. 2003. Neurobiology of antidepressant withdrawal: implications for the longitudinal outcome of depression. Biol Psychiatry 54: 1105-1117.
55. Harvey BH, Retief R, Korff A, Wegener G,. 2006. Increased hippocampal nitric oxide synthase activity and stress responsiveness after imipramine discontinuation: role of 5-HT 2A/C-receptors. Metab Brain Dis 21: 211-220.
56. 2C receptors regulate anxiety-like behavior. Genes Brain Behav 6: 491-496.
57. Heitzman J, Solak M,. 2009. Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome in clinical and laboratory studies-implications for clinicians and patients. Psychiatr Pol 43: 545-55.
58. Henry ME, Kaufman MJ, Hennen J, et al,. 2003. Cerebral blood volume and clinical changes on the third day of placebo substitution for SSRI treatment. Biol Psychiatry 53: 100-105.
59. Hosenbocus S, Chahal R,. 2011. SSRIs and SNRIs: a review of the discontinuation syndrome in children and adolescents. Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 20: 60-67.
60. Hotopf M, Hardy R, Lewis G,. 1997. Discontinuation rates of SSRIs and tricyclic antidepressants: a meta-analysis and investigation of heterogeneity. Br J Psychiatry 170: 120-127.
61. Jaffe RJ, Novakovic V, Peselow ED,. 2013. Scopolamine as an antidepressant: a systematic review. Clin Neuropharmacol 36: 24-26.
62. Jensen NH, Cremers TI, Sotty F,. 2010. Therapeutic potential of 5-HT2C receptor ligands. Sci World J 10: 1870-1885.
63. Jilg A, Lesny S, Peruzki N, et al,. 2010. Temporal dynamics of mouse hippocampal clock gene expression support memory processing. Hippocampus 20: 377-388.
64. Karreman M, Moghaddam B,. 1996. Effect of a pharmacological stressor on glutamate efflux in the prefrontal cortex. Brain Res 716: 180-182.
65. Kasper S, Hajak G, Wulff K, et al,. 2010. Efficacy of the novel antidepressant agomelatine on the circadian rest-activity cycle and depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind comparison with sertraline. J Clin Psychiatry 71: 109-120.
66. Kaufman MJ, Henry ME, Frederick BD, et al,. 2003. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome is associated with a rostral anterior cingulate choline metabolite decrease: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 54: 534-359.
67. Keller MB, Boland RJ,. 1998. Implications of failing to achieve successful long-term maintenance treatment of recurrent unipolar major depression. Biol Psychiatry 44: 348-360.
68. Kendler KS, Thornton LM, Gardner CO,. 2001a. Genetic risk, number of previous depressive episodes, and stressful life events in predicting onset of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 158: 582-586.
69. Kendler KS, Thornton LM, Gardner CO,. 2001b. Stressful life events and previous episodes in the etiology of major depression in women: an evaluation of the "kindling" hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry 157: 1243-1251.
70. Kennedy SH, Rizvi SJ,. 2010. Agomelatine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: potential for clinical effectiveness. CNS Drugs 24 (6): 479-499.
71. Krishnan V, Nestler EJ,. 2008. The molecular neurobiology of depression. Nature 455: 894-902.
72. Lam RW,. 2006. Sleep disturbances and depression: a challenge for antidepressants. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 21 (Suppl 1): S25-29.
73. Lane RM,. 2014. Restoration of positive mood states in major depression as a potential drug development target. J Psychopharmacology 28: 527-535.
74. Lang UE, Borgwardt S,. 2013. Molecular mechanisms of depression: per spectives on new treatment strategies. Cell Physiol Biochem 31: 761-777.
75. Liu ZH, Shin R, Ikemoto S,. 2008. Dual role of medial A10 dopamine neurons in affective encoding. Neuropsychopharmacol 33: 3010-3020.
76. MacQueen GM, Campbell S, McEwen BS, et al,. 2003. Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100: 1387-1392.
77. Manji HK, Drevets WC, Charney DS,. 2001. The cellular neurobiology of depression. Nat Med 7: 541-547.
78. Martin CBP, Hamon M, Lanfumey L, Mongeau R,. 2014. Controversies on the role of 5-HT2C receptors in the mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 42: 208-223.
79. Martinotti G, Sepede G, Gambi F, et al,. 2012. Agomelatine versus venlafaxine XR in the treatment of anhedonia in major depressive disorder: a pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 32: 487-91.
80. McCabe C, Mishor Z, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ,. 2010. Diminished neural processing of aversive and rewarding stimuli during selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment. Biol Psychiatry 67 (5): 439-45.
81. McClung CA,. 2013. How might circadian rhythms control mood? Let me count the ways. Biol Psychiatry 74: 242-249.
82. Meyer JH, Ginovart N, Boovariwala A, et al,. 2006. Elevated monoamine oxidase a levels in the brain: an explanation for the monoamine imbalance of major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 (11): 1209-1216.
83. Meyer JH, Wilson AA, Sagrati S, et al,. 2009. Brain monoamine oxidase A binding in major depressive disorder: relationship to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment, recovery, and recurrence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66 (12): 1304-1312.
84. Michelson D, Amsterdam J, Apter J, et al,. 2000. Hormonal markers of stress response following interruption of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment. Psychoneuroendocrinol 25: 169-177.
85. Millan MJ, 2003. The neurobiology and control of anxious states. Prog Neurobiol 70: 83-244.
86. Millan MJ,. 2006. Multi-target strategies for the improved treatment of depressive states: conceptual foundations and neuronal substrates, drug discovery and therapeutic application. Pharmacol Ther 110: 135-370.
87. Millan MJ, Gobert A, Lejeune F, et al,. 2003. The novel melatonin agonist agomelatine (S20098) is an antagonist at 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptors, blockade of which enhances the activity of frontocortical dopaminergic and adrenergic pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 306: 954-964.
88. Mohr DC, Duffecy J, Ho J, et al,. 2013. A randomized controlled trial evaluating a manualized TeleCoaching protocol for improving adherence to a web-based intervention for the treatment of depression. PLoS One 21 (8): e70086.
89. Murata Y, Kobayashi D, Imuta N, et al,. 2010. Effects of the serotonin 1A, 2A, 2C, 3A, and 3B and serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms on the occurrence of paroxetine discontinuation syndrome. J ClinPsychopharmacol 30: 11-17.
90. Musazzi L, Milanese M, Farisello P, et al,. 2010. Acute stress increases depolarization-evoked glutamate release in the rat prefrontal/frontal cortex: the dampening action of antidepressants. PLoS One 5: e8566.
91. Narayan V, Haddad PM,. 2010. Antidepressant discontinuation manic states: a critical review of the literature and suggested diagnostic criteria. J Psychopharmacol 25: 306.
92. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2011. Guidelines 113-2, January. London.
93. Norman TR,. 2012. The effect of agomelatine on 5-HT2C receptors in humans: a clinically relevant mechanism? Psychopharmacol 221: 177-178.
94. Nutt D, Demyttenaere K, Janka Z, et al,. 2007. The other face of depression, reduced positive affect: the role of catecholamines in causation and cure. J Psychopharmacol 21 (5): 461-71.
95. Overstreet DH, Wegener G,. 2013. The flinders sensitive line rat model of depression-25 years and still producing. Pharmacol Rev 65: 143-55.
96. Owens MJ, Knight DL, Nemeroff CB,. 2001. Second-generation SSRIs: human monoamine transporter binding profile of escitalopram and R-fluoxetine. Biol Psychiatry 50: 345-350.
97. Papp M, Litwa E, Gruca P, Mocaër E,. 2006. Anxiolytic-like activity of agomelatine and melatonin in three animal models of anxiety. Behav Pharmacology 17: 9-18.
98. Peabody CA,. 1987. Trazodone withdrawal and formication. J Clin Psychiatry 48 (9): 385.
99. Popoli M, Gennarelli M, Racagni G,. 2002. Modulation of synaptic plasticity by stress and antidepressants. Bipolar Disord 4: 166-182.
100. Price JS, Waller C, Wood SM, MacKay AV,. 1996. A comparison of the post-marketing safety of four selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors including the investigation of symptoms occurring on withdrawal. Br J Clin Pharmacol 42: 757-763.
101. Racagni G, Riva MA, Molteni R, et al,. 2011. Mode of action of agomelatine: synergy between melatonergic and 5-HT(2C) receptors. World J Biol Psychiatry 12: 574-587.
102. Renoir T,. 2013. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant discontinuation syndrome: a review of the clinical evidence and the possible mechanisms involved. Front Pharmacol 4 (45): 1-10.
103. Renoir T, Pang TY, Lanfumey L,. 2012. Drug withdrawal-induced depression: serotonergic and plasticity changes in animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36: 696-726.
104. Sánchez C, Hyttel J,. 1999. Comparison of the effects of antidepressants and their metabolites on reuptake of biogenic amines and on receptor binding. Cell Mol Neurobiol 19: 467-89.
105. Sansone RA, Sansone LA,. 2010. SSRI-induced indifference. Psychiatry (Edgemont) 7 (10): 14-18.
106. Savitz J, Drevets WC,. 2009. Bipolar and major depressive disorder: neuroimaging the developmental-degenerative divide. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33: 699-771.
107. Sommer BR, Fenn H, Pompei P, et al,. 2003. Safety of antidepressants in the elderly. Expert Opin Drug Safety 2: 367-383.
108. Srinivasan BV, Zakaria R, Othman Z, et al,. 2012. Agomelatine in depressive disorders: its novel mechanisms of action. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 24: 290-308.
109. Stahl SM,. 2013. Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
110. Stahl SM, Lee-Zimmerman C, Cartwright S, Morrissette DA,. 2013. Serotonergic drugs for depression and beyond. Curr Drug Targets 14: 578-85
111. Stein DJ,. 2008. Efficacy of agomelatine in generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 28: 561-566.
112. Stein DJ, Picarel-Blanchot F, Kennedy SH,. 2013. Efficacy of the novel antidepressant agomelatine for anxiety symptoms in major depression. Hum Psychopharmacol 28: 151-159.
113. Tagliaferro P, Ramos AJ, Lopez-Costa JJ, et al,. 2001. Increased nitric oxide synthase activity in a model of serotonin depletion. Brain Res Bull 54: 199-205.
114. Tardito D, Milanese M, Bonifacino T, et al,. 2010. Blockade of stress-induced increase of glutamate release in the rat prefrontal/frontal cortex by agomelatine involves synergy between melatonergic and 5-HT2C receptor-dependent pathways. BMC Neurosci 11: 68-71.
115. Tardito D, Molteni R, Popoli M, Racagni G,. 2012. Synergistic mechanisms involved in the antidepressant effects of agomelatine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacology 22: S482-S486.
116. Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E,. 1997. Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters. Eur. J. Pharmacol 340: 249-258.
117. Taylor MJ,. 2007. Rapid onset of true antidepressant action. Curr. Psychiatry Rep 9: 475-479.
118. Thompson C, 1998. Discontinuation of antidepressant therapy: emerging complications and their relevance. J Clin Psychiatry 59: 541-548.
119. Timmerman W, Cisci G, Nap A,. 1999. Effects of handling on extracellular levels of glutamate and other amino acids in various areas of the brain measured by microdialysis. Brain Res 833: 150-160.
120. Tint A, Haddad PM, Anderson IM,. 2007. The effect of rate of antidepressant tapering on the incidence of discontinuation symptoms: a randomised study. J Psychopharmacol 22: 330-332.
121. Tint A, Haddad PM, Anderson M,. 2008. The effect of rate of antidepressant tapering on the incidence of discontinuation symptoms: a randomised study. J Psychopharmacol 22 (3): 330-332.
122. Vaidya VA, Rewilliger RMZ, Duman RS,. 1999. Role of 5-HT2A receptors in the stress-induced down-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 262: 1-4.
123. Viguera AC, Baldessari RJ, Friedberg J,. 1998. Discontinuing antidepressant treatment in major depression. Harv Rev Psychiatry 5: 293-306
124. Von Gall C, Stehle JH, Weaver DR,. 2002. Mammalian melatonin receptors: molecular biology and signal transduction. Cell Tissue Res 309: 151-162.
125. Wakamatsu H, Yoshinobu Y, Aida R, et al,. 2001. Restricted-feeding-induced anticipatory activity rhythm is associated with a phase-shift of the expression of mPer1 and mPer2 mRNA in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus but not in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of mice. Eur J Neurosci 13: 1190-1196.
126. Warner CH, Bobo W, Warner C, et al,. 2006. Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. Am Fam Physician 74: 449-457.
127. Wegener G, Volke V, Harvey BH, Rosenberg R,. 2003. Local, but not systemic, administration of serotonergic antidepressants decreases hippocampal nitric oxide synthase activity. Brain Res 959: 128-134.
128. Wegener G, Harvey BH, Bonefeld B, et al,. 2010. Stress associated changes in the nitric oxide signaling cascade in a genetic animal model of depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 13: 461-473.
129. Wilson K, Mottram P,. 2004. A comparison of side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants in older depressed patients: a meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 19: 754-762.
130. Wongpakaran N, Van Reekum R, Wongpakaran T, Clarke D,. 2007. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use associates with apathy among depressed elderly: a case-controlled study. Ann Gen Psychiatry 6: 7.
131. Zajecka J, Tracy KA, Mitchell S,. 1997. Discontinuation symptoms after treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a literature review. J Clin Psychiatry 58 (7): 291-297.
132. Zajecka J, Dunner DL, Gelenberg AJ, et al,. 2002. Sexual function and satisfaction in the treatment of chronic major depression with nefazodone, psychotherapy, and their combination. J Clin Psychiatry 63: 709-716.