Erratum to: Frontal eye field, where art thou? Anatomy, function, and non-invasive manipulation of frontal regions involved in eye movements and associated cognitive operations (Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, (2014), 8, 66, (10.3389/fnint.2014.00066);Frontal eye field, where art thou? Anatomy, function, and non-invasive manipulation of frontal regions involved in eye movements and associated cognitive operations

Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience

Volumn 8, Issue AUG, 2014, Pages

  Vernet, Marine ^a   Quentin, Romain ^a   Chanes, Lorena ^a   Mitsumasu, Andres ^a   Valero Cabré, Antoni ^a,b,c  

^a INSTITUT DU CERVEAU ET DE LA MOELLE ÉPINIÈRE   (France)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITAT OBERTA DE CATALUNYA   (Spain)

Author keywords

3D vision; Brain mapping; FEF; Plasticity rehabilitation; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Visual awareness; Visual performance; Visuo spatial attention

Indexed keywords

ATTENTION; AWARENESS; BINOCULAR CONVERGENCE; BRAIN DAMAGE; BRAIN MAPPING; COGNITION; ELECTROSTIMULATION; EVOKED VISUAL RESPONSE; EYE FIXATION; EYE MOVEMENT; EYE MOVEMENT CONTROL; EYE TRACKING; FRONTAL EYE FIELD; FRONTAL LOBE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GAZE; HEMISPATIAL NEGLECT; HUMAN; LATENT PERIOD; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; PERCEPTION DISORDER; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRECENTRAL SULCUS; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; RECEPTIVE FIELD; REVIEW; SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENT; SPATIAL MEMORY; SUPERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS; TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; VISUAL DISCRIMINATION; VISUAL MEMORY; VISUAL STIMULATION; VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT;

EID: 84908001038     PISSN: 16625145     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00088     Document Type: Erratum

References (199)

1. Aimola, L., Schindler, I., Simone, A. M., and Venneri, A. (2012). Near and far space neglect: task sensitivity and anatomical substrates. Neuropsychologia 50, 1115-1123. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.01.022
2. Amiez, C., Kostopoulos, P., Champod, A. S., and Petrides, M. (2006). Local morphology predicts functional organization of the dorsal premotor region in the human brain. J. Neurosci. 26, 2724-2731. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4739-05.2006
3. Amiez, C., and Petrides, M. (2009). Anatomical organization of the eye fields in the human and non-human primate frontal cortex. Prog. Neurobiol. 89, 220-230. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.07.010
4. Anderson, T. J., Jenkins, I. H., Brooks, D. J., Hawken, M. B., Frackowiak, R. S., and Kennard, C. (1994). Cortical control of saccades and fixation in man. A PET study. Brain 117(Pt 5), 1073-1084. doi: 10.1093/brain/117.5.1073
5. Antal, A., Nitsche, M. A., Kincses, T. Z., Lampe, C., and Paulus, W. (2004). No correlation between moving phosphene and motor thresholds: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Neuroreport 15, 297-302. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200402090-00017
6. Barone, P., Batardiere, A., Knoblauch, K., and Kennedy, H. (2000). Laminar distribution of neurons in extrastriate areas projecting to visual areas V1 and V4 correlates with the hierarchical rank and indicates the operation of a distance rule. J. Neurosci. 20, 3263-3281. Available online at: http: //www. jneurosci. org/content/20/9/3263. long
7. Beauchamp, M. S., Petit, L., Ellmore, T. M., Ingeholm, J., and Haxby, J. V. (2001). A parametric fMRI study of overt and covert shifts of visuospatial attention. Neuroimage 14, 310-321. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0788
8. Berman, R. A., Colby, C. L., Genovese, C. R., Voyvodic, J. T., Luna, B., Thulborn, K. R., et al. (1999). Cortical networks subserving pursuit and saccadic eye movements in humans: an FMRI study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 8, 209-225.
9. Bichot, N. P., Schall, J. D., and Thompson, K. G. (1996). Visual feature selectivity in frontal eye fields induced by experience in mature macaques. Nature 381, 697-699. doi: 10.1038/381697a0
10. Bijsterbosch, J. D., Barker, A. T., Lee, K. H., and Woodruff, P. W. (2012). Where does transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) stimulate? Modelling of induced field maps for some common cortical and cerebellar targets. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 50, 671-681. doi: 10.1007/s11517-012-0922-8
11. Bizzi, E. (1968). Discharge of frontal eye field neurons during saccadic and following eye movements in unanesthetized monkeys. Exp. Brain Res. 6, 69-80. doi: 10.1007/BF00235447
12. Blanke, O., Morand, S., Thut, G., Michel, C. M., Spinelli, L., Landis, T., et al. (1999). Visual activity in the human frontal eye field. Neuroreport 10, 925-930. doi: 10.1097/00001756-199904060-00006
13. Blanke, O., Spinelli, L., Thut, G., Michel, C. M., Perrig, S., Landis, T., et al. (2000). Location of the human frontal eye field as defined by electrical cortical stimulation: anatomical, functional and electrophysiological characteristics. Neuroreport 11, 1907-1913. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200006260-00021
14. Boroojerdi, B., Meister, I. G., Foltys, H., Sparing, R., Cohen, L. G., and Topper, R. (2002). Visual and motor cortex excitability: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Clin. Neurophysiol. 113, 1501-1504. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00198-0
15. Bourgeois, A., Chica, A. B., Valero-Cabre, A., and Bartolomeo, P. (2013a). Cortical control of Inhibition of Return: exploring the causal contributions of the left parietal cortex. Cortex 49, 2927-2934. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.08.004
16. Bourgeois, A., Chica, A. B., Valero-Cabre, A., and Bartolomeo, P. (2013b). Cortical control of inhibition of return: causal evidence for task-dependent modulations by dorsal and ventral parietal regions. Cortex 49, 2229-2238. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.10.017
17. Bruce, C. J., and Goldberg, M. E. (1985). Primate frontal eye fields. I. Single neurons discharging before saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 53, 603-635.
18. Bruce, C. J., Goldberg, M. E., Bushnell, M. C., and Stanton, G. B. (1985). Primate frontal eye fields. II. Physiological and anatomical correlates of electrically evoked eye movements. J. Neurophysiol. 54, 714-734.
19. Bruno, N., and Franz, V. H. (2009). When is grasping affected by the Muller-Lyer illusion? A quantitative review. Neuropsychologia 47, 1421-1433. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.10.031
20. Bruno, N., Knox, P. C., and de Grave, D. D. (2010). A metanalysis of the effect of the Muller-Lyer illusion on saccadic eye movements: no general support for a dissociation of perception and oculomotor action. Vision Res. 50, 2671-2682. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2010.09.016
21. Buschman, T. J., and Miller, E. K. (2007). Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Science 315, 1860-1862. doi: 10.1126/science.1138071
22. Campana, G., Cowey, A., Casco, C., Oudsen, I., and Walsh, V. (2007). Left frontal eye field remembers "where" but not "what". Neuropsychologia 45, 2340-2345. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.02.009
23. Cavada, C., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1989). Posterior parietal cortex in rhesus monkey: II. Evidence for segregated corticocortical networks linking sensory and limbic areas with the frontal lobe. J. Comp. Neurol. 287, 422-445. doi: 10.1002/cne.902870403
24. Cazzoli, D., Muri, R. M., Schumacher, R., von Arx, S., Chaves, S., Gutbrod, K., et al. (2012). Theta burst stimulation reduces disability during the activities of daily living in spatial neglect. Brain 135, 3426-3439. doi: 10.1093/brain/aws182
25. Chanes, L., Chica, A. B., Quentin, R., and Valero-Cabre, A. (2012). Manipulation of pre-target activity on the right frontal eye field enhances conscious visual perception in humans. PLoS ONE 7: e36232. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036232
26. Chanes, L., Quentin, R., Tallon-Baudry, C., and Valero-Cabre, A. (2013). Causal frequency-specific contributions of frontal spatiotemporal patterns induced by non-invasive neurostimulation to human visual performance. J. Neurosci. 33, 5000-5005. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4401-12.2013
27. Chica, A. B., Bartolomeo, P., and Valero-Cabre, A. (2011). Dorsal and ventral parietal contributions to spatial orienting in the human brain. J. Neurosci. 31, 8143-8149. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5463-10.2010
28. Corbetta, M., Akbudak, E., Conturo, T. E., Snyder, A. Z., Ollinger, J. M., Drury, H. A., et al. (1998). A common network of functional areas for attention and eye movements. Neuron 21, 761-773. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80593-0
29. Corbetta, M., Miezin, F. M., Shulman, G. L., and Petersen, S. E. (1993). A PET study of visuospatial attention. J. Neurosci. 13, 1202-1226.
30. Corbetta, M., and Shulman, G. L. (2011). Spatial neglect and attention networks. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 34, 569-599. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113731
31. Courtney, S. M., Petit, L., Maisog, J. M., Ungerleider, L. G., and Haxby, J. V. (1998). An area specialized for spatial working memory in human frontal cortex. Science 279, 1347-1351. doi: 10.1126/science.279.5355.1347
32. Crosby, E. C., Yoss, R. E., and Henderson, J. W. (1952). The mammalian midbrain and isthmus regions. Part II. The fiber connections. D. The pattern for eye movements on the frontal eye field and the discharge of specific portions of this field to and through midbrain levels. J. Comp. Neurol. 97, 357-383. doi: 10.1002/cne.900970205
33. Darby, D. G., Nobre, A. C., Thangaraj, V., Edelman, R., Mesulam, M. M., and Warach, S. (1996). Cortical activation in the human brain during lateral saccades using EPISTAR functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage 3, 53-62. doi: 10.1006/nimg.1996.0006
34. Deblieck, C., Thompson, B., Iacoboni, M., and Wu, A. D. (2008). Correlation between motor and phosphene thresholds: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 29, 662-670. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20427
35. Deubel, H., and Schneider, W. X. (1996). Saccade target selection and object recognition: evidence for a common attentional mechanism. Vision Res. 36, 1827-1837. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(95)00294-4
36. Dias, E. C., and Segraves, M. A. (1999). Muscimol-induced inactivation of monkey frontal eye field: effects on visually and memory-guided saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 81, 2191-2214.
37. Donner, T., Kettermann, A., Diesch, E., Ostendorf, F., Villringer, A., and Brandt, S. A. (2000). Involvement of the human frontal eye field and multiple parietal areas in covert visual selection during conjunction search. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 3407-3414. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00223.x
38. Doricchi, F., Thiebaut de Schotten, M., Tomaiuolo, F., and Bartolomeo, P. (2008). White matter (dis)connections and gray matter (dys)functions in visual neglect: gaining insights into the brain networks of spatial awareness. Cortex 44, 983-995. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2008.03.006
39. Ferraina, S., Pare, M., and Wurtz, R. H. (2000). Disparity sensitivity of frontal eye field neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 83, 625-629. Available online at: http: //jn. physiology. org/content/83/1/625. long
40. Ferrier, D. (1874). On the Localisation of the Functions of the Brain. Br. Med. J. 2, 766-767. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.729.766
41. Fierro, B., Brighina, F., and Bisiach, E. (2006). Improving neglect by TMS. Behav. Neurol. 17, 169-176. doi: 10.1155/2006/465323
42. Foerster, O. (1936). "Motorische Felder und Bahnen, " in Handbuch der Neurologie, eds O. Bumke and O. Foerster (Berlin: Springer), 46-141.
43. Fox, P. T., Fox, J. M., Raichle, M. E., and Burde, R. M. (1985). The role of cerebral cortex in the generation of voluntary saccades: a positron emission tomographic study. J. Neurophysiol. 54, 348-369.
44. Fukushima, K., Yamanobe, T., Shinmei, Y., Fukushima, J., Kurkin, S., and Peterson, B. W. (2002). Coding of smooth eye movements in three-dimensional space by frontal cortex. Nature 419, 157-162. doi: 10.1038/nature00953
45. Gagnon, D., Paus, T., Grosbras, M. H., Pike, G. B., and O'Driscoll, G. A. (2006). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of frontal oculomotor regions during smooth pursuit. J. Neurosci. 26, 458-466. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2789-05.2006
46. Gamlin, P. D., and Yoon, K. (2000). An area for vergence eye movement in primate frontal cortex. Nature 407, 1003-1007. doi: 10.1038/35039506
47. Gaymard, B., Ploner, C. J., Rivaud-Pechoux, S., and Pierrot-Deseilligny, C. (1999). The frontal eye field is involved in spatial short-term memory but not in reflexive saccade inhibition. Exp. Brain Res. 129, 288-301. doi: 10.1007/s002210050899
48. Gaymard, B., Ploner, C. J., Rivaud, S., Vermersch, A. I., and Pierrot-Deseilligny, C. (1998a). Cortical control of saccades. Exp. Brain Res. 123, 159-163. doi: 10.1007/s002210050557
49. Gaymard, B., Rivaud, S., Cassarini, J. F., Dubard, T., Rancurel, G., Agid, Y., et al. (1998b). Effects of anterior cingulate cortex lesions on ocular saccades in humans. Exp. Brain Res. 120, 173-183. doi: 10.1007/s002210050391
50. Gerits, A., Ruff, C. C., Guipponi, O., Wenderoth, N., Driver, J., and Vanduffel, W. (2011). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of macaque frontal eye fields decreases saccadic reaction time. Exp. Brain Res. 212, 143-152. doi: 10.1007/s00221-011-2710-3
51. Gitelman, D. R., Nobre, A. C., Parrish, T. B., LaBar, K. S., Kim, Y. H., Meyer, J. R., et al. (1999). A large-scale distributed network for covert spatial attention: further anatomical delineation based on stringent behavioural and cognitive controls. Brain 122(Pt 6), 1093-1106. doi: 10.1093/brain/122.6.1093
52. Godoy, J., Luders, H., Dinner, D. S., Morris, H. H., and Wyllie, E. (1990). Versive eye movements elicited by cortical stimulation of the human brain. Neurology 40, 296-299. doi: 10.1212/WNL.40.2.296
53. Gottlieb, J. P., Bruce, C. J., and MacAvoy, M. G. (1993). Smooth eye movements elicited by microstimulation in the primate frontal eye field. J. Neurophysiol. 69, 786-799.
54. Gottlieb, J. P., MacAvoy, M. G., and Bruce, C. J. (1994). Neural responses related to smooth-pursuit eye movements and their correspondence with electrically elicited smooth eye movements in the primate frontal eye field. J. Neurophysiol. 72, 1634-1653.
55. Grosbras, M. H., Laird, A. R., and Paus, T. (2005). Cortical regions involved in eye movements, shifts of attention, and gaze perception. Hum. Brain Mapp. 25, 140-154. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20145
56. Grosbras, M. H., and Paus, T. (2002). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human frontal eye field: effects on visual perception and attention. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14, 1109-1120. doi: 10.1162/089892902320474553
57. Grosbras, M. H., and Paus, T. (2003). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human frontal eye field facilitates visual awareness. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18, 3121-3126. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2003.03055.x
58. Guitton, D., Buchtel, H. A., and Douglas, R. M. (1985). Frontal lobe lesions in man cause difficulties in suppressing reflexive glances and in generating goal-directed saccades. Exp. Brain Res. 58, 455-472. doi: 10.1007/BF00235863
59. He, B. J., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L., Epstein, A., Shulman, G. L., and Corbetta, M. (2007). Breakdown of functional connectivity in frontoparietal networks underlies behavioral deficits in spatial neglect. Neuron 53, 905-918. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.02.013
60. Helfrich, R. F., Schneider, T. R., Rach, S., Trautmann-Lengsfeld, S. A., Engel, A. K., and Herrmann, C. S. (2014). Entrainment of brain oscillations by transcranial alternating current stimulation. Curr. Biol. 24, 333-339. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.12.041
61. Henik, A., Rafal, R., and Rhodes, D. (1994). Endogenously generated and visually guided saccades after lesions of the human frontal eye fields. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 6, 400-411. doi: 10.1162/jocn.1994.6.4.400
62. Huerta, M. F., Krubitzer, L. A., and Kaas, J. H. (1987). Frontal eye field as defined by intracortical microstimulation in squirrel monkeys, owl monkeys, and macaque monkeys. II. Cortical connections. J. Comp. Neurol. 265, 332-361. doi: 10.1002/cne.902650304
63. Ioannides, A. A., Corsi-Cabrera, M., Fenwick, P. B., del Rio Portilla, Y., Laskaris, N. A., Khurshudyan, A., et al. (2004). MEG tomography of human cortex and brainstem activity in waking and REM sleep saccades. Cereb. Cortex14, 56-72. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhg091
64. Ioannides, A. A., Fenwick, P. B., and Liu, L. (2005). Widely distributed magnetoencephalography spikes related to the planning and execution of human saccades. J. Neurosci. 25, 7950-7967. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1091-05.2005
65. Ioannides, A. A., Fenwick, P. B., Pitri, E., and Liu, L. (2010). A step towards non-invasive characterization of the human frontal eye fields of individual subjects. Nonlin. Biomed. Phys. 4(Suppl. 10), S11. doi: 10.1186/1753-4631-4-S1-S11
66. Izawa, Y., Suzuki, H., and Shinoda, Y. (2004a). Suppression of visually and memory-guided saccades induced by electrical stimulation of the monkey frontal eye field. II. Suppression of bilateral saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 92, 2261-2273. doi: 10.1152/jn.00085.2004
67. Izawa, Y., Suzuki, H., and Shinoda, Y. (2004b). Suppression of visually and memory-guided saccades induced by electrical stimulation of the monkey frontal eye field. I. Suppression of ipsilateral saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 92, 2248-2260. doi: 10.1152/jn.01021.2003
68. Izawa, Y., Suzuki, H., and Shinoda, Y. (2009). Response properties of fixation neurons and their location in the frontal eye field in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 102, 2410-2422. doi: 10.1152/jn.00234.2009
69. Jainta, S., Bucci, M. P., Wiener-Vacher, S., and Kapoula, Z. (2011). Changes in vergence dynamics due to repetition. Vision Res. 51, 1845-1852. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.06.014
70. Jaun-Frutiger, K., Cazzoli, D., Muri, R. M., Bassetti, C. L., and Nyffeler, T. (2013). The frontal eye field is involved in visual vector inversion in humans-a theta burst stimulation study. PLoS ONE 8: e83297. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083297
71. Juan, C. H., Muggleton, N. G., Tzeng, O. J., Hung, D. L., Cowey, A., and Walsh, V. (2008). Segregation of visual selection and saccades in human frontal eye fields. Cereb. Cortex 18, 2410-2415. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhn001
72. Juan, C. H., Shorter-Jacobi, S. M., and Schall, J. D. (2004). Dissociation of spatial attention and saccade preparation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101, 15541-15544. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0403507101
73. Kahkonen, S., Komssi, S., Wilenius, J., and Ilmoniemi, R. J. (2005). Prefrontal TMS produces smaller EEG responses than motor-cortex TMS: implications for rTMS treatment in depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 181, 16-20. doi: 10.1007/s00213-005-2197-3
74. Kalla, R., Muggleton, N. G., Juan, C. H., Cowey, A., and Walsh, V. (2008). The timing of the involvement of the frontal eye fields and posterior parietal cortex in visual search. Neuroreport 19, 1067-1071. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0b013e328304d9c4
75. Kawashima, R., Tanji, J., Okada, K., Sugiura, M., Sato, K., Kinomura, S., et al. (1998). Oculomotor sequence learning: a positron emission tomography study. Exp. Brain Res. 122, 1-8. doi: 10.1007/s002210050485
76. Kinsbourne, M. (1970). A model for the mechanism of unilateral neglect of space. Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc. 95, 143-146.
77. Koch, G., Bonni, S., Giacobbe, V., Bucchi, G., Basile, B., Lupo, F., et al. (2012). Theta-burst stimulation of the left hemisphere accelerates recovery of hemispatial neglect. Neurology 78, 24-30. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823ed08f
78. Koyama, M., Hasegawa, I., Osada, T., Adachi, Y., Nakahara, K., and Miyashita, Y. (2004). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of macaque monkeys performing visually guided saccade tasks: comparison of cortical eye fields with humans. Neuron 41, 795-807. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(04)00047-9
79. Kristjansson, A., Vuilleumier, P., Schwartz, S., Macaluso, E., and Driver, J. (2007). Neural basis for priming of pop-out during visual search revealed with fMRI. Cereb. Cortex 17, 1612-1624. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhl072
80. Kurkin, S., Takeichi, N., Akao, T., Sato, F., Fukushima, J., Kaneko, C. R., et al. (2003). Neurons in the caudal frontal eye fields of monkeys signal three-dimensional tracking. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1004, 262-270. doi: 10.1196/annals.1303.023
81. Lane, A. R., Ball, K., Smith, D. T., Schenk, T., and Ellison, A. (2013). Near and far space: understanding the neural mechanisms of spatial attention. Hum. Brain Mapp. 34, 356-366. doi: 10.1002/hbm.21433
82. Lane, A. R., Smith, D. T., Schenk, T., and Ellison, A. (2012). The involvement of posterior parietal cortex and frontal eye fields in spatially primed visual search. Brain Stimul. 5, 11-17. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2011.01.005
83. Law, I., Svarer, C., Holm, S., and Paulson, O. B. (1997). The activation pattern in normal humans during suppression, imagination and performance of saccadic eye movements. Acta Physiol. Scand. 161, 419-434. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201X.1997.00207.x
84. Leff, A. P., Scott, S. K., Rothwell, J. C., and Wise, R. J. (2001). The planning and guiding of reading saccades: a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Cereb. Cortex 11, 918-923. doi: 10.1093/cercor/11.10.918
85. Leichnetz, G. R., Smith, D. J., and Spencer, R. F. (1984). Cortical projections to the paramedian tegmental and basilar pons in the monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 228, 388-408. doi: 10.1002/cne.902280307
86. Li, J., Olson, J., Anand, S., and Hotson, J. (1997). Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of human frontal cortex can evoke saccades under facilitating conditions. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 105, 246-254. doi: 10.1016/S0924-980X(97)96127-0
87. Luna, B., Thulborn, K. R., Strojwas, M. H., McCurtain, B. J., Berman, R. A., Genovese, C. R., et al. (1998). Dorsal cortical regions subserving visually guided saccades in humans: an fMRI study. Cereb. Cortex 8, 40-47. doi: 10.1093/cercor/8.1.40
88. Lynch, J. C., Hoover, J. E., and Strick, P. L. (1994). Input to the primate frontal eye field from the substantia nigra, superior colliculus, and dentate nucleus demonstrated by transneuronal transport. Exp. Brain Res. 100, 181-186. doi: 10.1007/BF00227293
89. MacAvoy, M. G., Gottlieb, J. P., and Bruce, C. J. (1991). Smooth-pursuit eye movement representation in the primate frontal eye field. Cereb. Cortex 1, 95-102. doi: 10.1093/cercor/1.1.95
90. Machado, L., and Rafal, R. D. (2004a). Control of fixation and saccades in humans with chronic lesions of oculomotor cortex. Neuropsychology 18, 115-123. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.18.1.115
91. Machado, L., and Rafal, R. D. (2004b). Control of fixation and saccades during an anti-saccade task: an investigation in humans with chronic lesions of oculomotor cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 156, 55-63. doi: 10.1007/s00221-003-1765-1
92. Martinez-Conde, S., Otero-Millan, J., and Macknik, S. L. (2013). The impact of microsaccades on vision: towards a unified theory of saccadic function. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 83-96. doi: 10.1038/nrn3405
93. Milner, A. D., and Goodale, M. A. (2008). Two visual systems re-viewed. Neuropsychologia 46, 774-785. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.10.005
94. Moore, T., and Armstrong, K. M. (2003). Selective gating of visual signals by microstimulation of frontal cortex. Nature 421, 370-373. doi: 10.1038/nature01341
95. Moore, T., and Fallah, M. (2001). Control of eye movements and spatial attention. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98, 1273-1276. doi: 10.1073/pnas.98.3.1273
96. Muggleton, N. G., Juan, C. H., Cowey, A., and Walsh, V. (2003). Human frontal eye fields and visual search. J. Neurophysiol. 89, 3340-3343. doi: 10.1152/jn.01086.2002
97. Muggleton, N. G., Juan, C. H., Cowey, A., Walsh, V., and O'Breathnach, U. (2010). Human frontal eye fields and target switching. Cortex 46, 178-184. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.01.011
98. Muri, R. M., Hess, C. W., and Meienberg, O. (1991). Transcranial stimulation of the human frontal eye field by magnetic pulses. Exp. Brain Res. 86, 219-223. doi: 10.1007/BF00231057
99. Muri, R. M., Iba-Zizen, M. T., Derosier, C., Cabanis, E. A., and Pierrot-Deseilligny, C. (1996). Location of the human posterior eye field with functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. 60, 445-448. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.60.4.445
100. Muri, R. M., and Nyffeler, T. (2008). Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of reflexive and volitional saccades as revealed by lesion studies with neurological patients and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Brain Cogn. 68, 284-292. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.018
101. Nagel, M., Sprenger, A., Lencer, R., Kompf, D., Siebner, H., and Heide, W. (2008). Distributed representations of the "preparatory set" in the frontal oculomotor system: a TMS study. BMC Neurosci. 9: 89. doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-89
102. Neggers, S. F., Huijbers, W., Vrijlandt, C. M., Vlaskamp, B. N., Schutter, D. J., and Kenemans, J. L. (2007). TMS pulses on the frontal eye fields break coupling between visuospatial attention and eye movements. J. Neurophysiol. 98, 2765-2778. doi: 10.1152/jn.00357.2007
103. Nitsche, M. A., Cohen, L. G., Wassermann, E. M., Priori, A., Lang, N., Antal, A., et al. (2008). Transcranial direct current stimulation: state of the art 2008. Brain Stimul. 1, 206-223. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2008.06.004
104. Nyffeler, T., Bucher, O., Pflugshaupt, T., Von Wartburg, R., Wurtz, P., Hess, C. W., et al. (2004). Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the frontal eye field can facilitate and inhibit saccade triggering. Eur. J. Neurosci. 20, 2240-2244. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03667.x
105. Nyffeler, T., Wurtz, P., Luscher, H. R., Hess, C. W., Senn, W., Pflugshaupt, T., et al. (2006b). Repetitive TMS over the human oculomotor cortex: comparison of 1-Hz and theta burst stimulation. Neurosci. Lett. 409, 57-60. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.011
106. Nyffeler, T., Wurtz, P., Pflugshaupt, T., von Wartburg, R., Luthi, M., Hess, C. W., et al. (2006a). One-Hertz transcranial magnetic stimulation over the frontal eye field induces lasting inhibition of saccade triggering. Neuroreport 17, 273-275. doi: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000199468.39659.bf
107. O'Driscoll, G. A., Alpert, N. M., Matthysse, S. W., Levy, D. L., Rauch, S. L., and Holzman, P. S. (1995). Functional neuroanatomy of antisaccade eye movements investigated with positron emission tomography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 92, 925-929. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.3.925
108. O'Driscoll, G. A., Wolff, A. L., Benkelfat, C., Florencio, P. S., Lal, S., and Evans, A. C. (2000). Functional neuroanatomy of smooth pursuit and predictive saccades. Neuroreport 11, 1335-1340. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200004270-00037
109. Oliveri, M., Bisiach, E., Brighina, F., Piazza, A., La Bua, V., Buffa, D., et al. (2001). rTMS of the unaffected hemisphere transiently reduces contralesional visuospatial hemineglect. Neurology 57, 1338-1340. doi: 10.1212/WNL.57.7.1338
110. Olk, B., Chang, E., Kingstone, A., and Ro, T. (2006). Modulation of antisaccades by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human frontal eye field. Cereb. Cortex 16, 76-82. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhi085
111. O'Shea, J., Muggleton, N. G., Cowey, A., and Walsh, V. (2004). Timing of target discrimination in human frontal eye fields. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 16, 1060-1067. doi: 10.1162/0898929041502634
112. O'Shea, J., Muggleton, N. G., Cowey, A., and Walsh, V. (2007). Human frontal eye fields and spatial priming of pop-out. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 19, 1140-1151. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.7.1140
113. O'Shea, J., and Walsh, V. (2004). Visual awareness: the eye fields have it? Curr. Biol. 14: R279-281. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.03.024
114. Paus, T. (1996). Location and function of the human frontal eye-field: a selective review. Neuropsychologia 34, 475-483. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(95)00134-4
115. Petit, L., Clark, V. P., Ingeholm, J., and Haxby, J. V. (1997). Dissociation of saccade-related and pursuit-related activation in human frontal eye fields as revealed by fMRI. J. Neurophysiol. 77, 3386-3390.
116. Petit, L., and Haxby, J. V. (1999). Functional anatomy of pursuit eye movements in humans as revealed by fMRI. J. Neurophysiol. 82, 463-471. Available online at: http: //jn. physiology. org/content/82/1/463. long
117. Petit, L., Orssaud, C., Tzourio, N., Crivello, F., Berthoz, A., and Mazoyer, B. (1996). Functional anatomy of a prelearned sequence of horizontal saccades in humans. J. Neurosci. 16, 3714-3726.
118. Petit, L., Tzourio, N., Orssaud, C., Pietrzyk, U., Berthoz, A., and Mazoyer, B. (1995). Functional neuroanatomy of the human visual fixation system. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 169-174. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01031.x
119. Pierrot-Deseilligny, C., Milea, D., and Muri, R. M. (2004). Eye movement control by the cerebral cortex. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 17, 17-25. doi: 10.1097/00019052-200402000-00005
120. Pierrot-Deseilligny, C., Ploner, C. J., Muri, R. M., Gaymard, B., and Rivaud-Pechoux, S. (2002). Effects of cortical lesions on saccadic: eye movements in humans. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 956, 216-229. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02821.x
121. Pierrot-Deseilligny, C., Rivaud, S., Gaymard, B., and Agid, Y. (1991). Cortical control of reflexive visually-guided saccades. Brain 114(Pt 3), 1473-1485. doi: 10.1093/brain/114.3.1473
122. Pierrot-Deseilligny, C., Rivaud, S., Gaymard, B., Muri, R., and Vermersch, A. I. (1995). Cortical control of saccades. Ann. Neurol. 37, 557-567. doi: 10.1002/ana.410370504
123. Pierrot-Deseilligny, C., Rivaud, S., Penet, C., and Rigolet, M. H. (1987). Latencies of visually guided saccades in unilateral hemispheric cerebral lesions. Ann. Neurol. 21, 138-148. doi: 10.1002/ana.410210206
124. Pigarev, I. N., Rizzolatti, G., and Scandolara, C. (1979). Neurons responding to visual stimuli in the frontal lobe of macaque monkeys. Neurosci. Lett. 12, 207-212. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(79)96063-4
125. Plewnia, C., Rilk, A. J., Soekadar, S. R., Arfeller, C., Huber, H. S., Sauseng, P., et al. (2008). Enhancement of long-range EEG coherence by synchronous bifocal transcranial magnetic stimulation. Eur. J. Neurosci. 27, 1577-1583. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06124.x
126. Pouget, P., Wattiez, N., and Valero-Cabre, A. (2011). Comment on: Exp Brain Res. 2011 May 5th. Transcranial magnetic stimulation of macaque frontal eye fields decreases saccadic reaction time. Gerits A, Ruff CC, Guipponi O, Wenderoth N, Driver J, Vanduffel W. Exp. Brain Res. 214, 481-482. doi: 10.1007/s00221-011-2840-7
127. Preuss, T. M., Stepniewska, I., and Kaas, J. H. (1996). Movement representation in the dorsal and ventral premotor areas of owl monkeys: a microstimulation study. J. Comp. Neurol. 371, 649-676.
128. Prime, S. L., Vesia, M., and Crawford, J. D. (2010). TMS over human frontal eye fields disrupts trans-saccadic memory of multiple objects. Cereb. Cortex 20, 759-772. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp148
129. Priori, A., Bertolasi, L., Rothwell, J. C., Day, B. L., and Marsden, C. D. (1993). Some saccadic eye movements can be delayed by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the cerebral cortex in man. Brain 116(Pt 2), 355-367. doi: 10.1093/brain/116.2.355
130. Priot, A. E., Neveu, P., Sillan, O., Plantier, J., Roumes, C., and Prablanc, C. (2012). How perceived egocentric distance varies with changes in tonic vergence. Exp. Brain Res. 219, 457-465. doi: 10.1007/s00221-012-3097-5
131. Quentin, R., Chanes, L., Migliaccio, R., Valabregue, R., and Valero-Cabre, A. (2013). Fronto-tectal white matter connectivity mediates facilitatory effects of non-invasive neurostimulation on visual detection. Neuroimage 82, 344-354. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.083
132. Quentin, R., Chanes, L., Vernet, M., and Valero-Cabre, A. (2014). Fronto-parietal anatomical connections influence the modulation of conscious visual perception by high-beta frontal oscillatory activity. Cereb. Cortex. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhu014.[Epubaheadofprint].
133. Rasmussen, T., and Penfield, W. (1948). Movement of head and eyes from stimulation of human frontal cortex. Res. Publ. Assoc. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 27(1 vol.), 346-361.
134. Rastelli, F., Tallon-Baudry, C., Migliaccio, R., Toba, M. N., Ducorps, A., Pradat-Diehl, P., et al. (2013). Neural dynamics of neglected targets in patients with right hemisphere damage. Cortex 49, 1989-1996. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.04.001
135. Ringman, J. M., Saver, J. L., Woolson, R. F., Clarke, W. R., and Adams, H. P. (2004). Frequency, risk factors, anatomy, and course of unilateral neglect in an acute stroke cohort. Neurology 63, 468-474. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000133011.10689.CE
136. Rivaud, S., Muri, R. M., Gaymard, B., Vermersch, A. I., and Pierrot-Deseilligny, C. (1994). Eye movement disorders after frontal eye field lesions in humans. Exp. Brain Res. 102, 110-120. doi: 10.1007/BF00232443
137. Rizzolatti, G., Matelli, M., and Pavesi, G. (1983). Deficits in attention and movement following the removal of postarcuate (area 6) and prearcuate (area 8) cortex in macaque monkeys. Brain 106(Pt 3): 655-673. doi: 10.1093/brain/106.3.655
138. Rizzolatti, G., Riggio, L., Dascola, I., and Umilta, C. (1987). Reorienting attention across the horizontal and vertical meridians: evidence in favor of a premotor theory of attention. Neuropsychologia 25, 31-40. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(87)90041-8
139. Ro, T., Cheifet, S., Ingle, H., Shoup, R., and Rafal, R. (1999). Localization of the human frontal eye fields and motor hand area with transcranial magnetic stimulation and magnetic resonance imaging. Neuropsychologia 37, 225-231. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(98)00097-9
140. Ro, T., Farne, A., and Chang, E. (2002). Locating the human frontal eye fields with transcranial magnetic stimulation. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 24, 930-940. doi: 10.1076/jcen.24.7.930.8385
141. Ro, T., Farne, A., and Chang, E. (2003). Inhibition of return and the human frontal eye fields. Exp. Brain Res. 150, 290-296.
142. Ro, T., Henik, A., Machado, L., and Rafal, R. D. (1997). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex delays contralateral endogenous saccades. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 9, 433-440. doi: 10.1162/jocn.1997.9.4.433
143. Robinson, D. A., and Fuchs, A. F. (1969). Eye movements evoked by stimulation of frontal eye fields. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 637-648.
144. Rosano, C., Krisky, C. M., Welling, J. S., Eddy, W. F., Luna, B., Thulborn, K. R., et al. (2002). Pursuit and saccadic eye movement subregions in human frontal eye field: a high-resolution fMRI investigation. Cereb. Cortex 12, 107-115. doi: 10.1093/cercor/12.2.107
145. Rosano, C., Sweeney, J. A., Melchitzky, D. S., and Lewis, D. A. (2003). The human precentral sulcus: chemoarchitecture of a region corresponding to the frontal eye fields. Brain Res. 972, 16-30. doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(03)02431-4
146. Rossi, S., Hallett, M., Rossini, P. M., and Pascual-Leone, A. (2009). Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin. Neurophysiol. 120, 2008-2039. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.016
147. Ruff, C. C., Blankenburg, F., Bjoertomt, O., Bestmann, S., Freeman, E., Haynes, J. D., et al. (2006). Concurrent TMS-fMRI and psychophysics reveal frontal influences on human retinotopic visual cortex. Curr. Biol. 16, 1479-1488. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.06.057
148. Schall, J. D., and Bichot, N. P. (1998). Neural correlates of visual and motor decision processes. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 8, 211-217. doi: 10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80142-6
149. Schall, J. D., Morel, A., and Kaas, J. H. (1993). Topography of supplementary eye field afferents to frontal eye field in macaque: implications for mapping between saccade coordinate systems. Vis. Neurosci. 10, 385-393. doi: 10.1017/S0952523800003771
150. Scheiman, M., Cotter, S., Rouse, M., Mitchell, G. L., Kulp, M., Cooper, J., et al. (2005a). Randomised clinical trial of the effectiveness of base-in prism reading glasses versus placebo reading glasses for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 89, 1318-1323. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2005.068197
151. Scheiman, M., Mitchell, G. L., Cotter, S., Cooper, J., Kulp, M., Rouse, M., et al. (2005b). A randomized clinical trial of treatments for convergence insufficiency in children. Arch. Ophthalmol. 123, 14-24. doi: 10.1001/archopht.123.1.14
152. Scheiman, M., Mitchell, G. L., Cotter, S., Kulp, M. T., Cooper, J., Rouse, M., et al. (2005c). A randomized clinical trial of vision therapy/orthoptics versus pencil pushups for the treatment of convergence insufficiency in young adults. Optom. Vis. Sci. 82, 583-595. doi: 10.1097/01.opx.0000171331.36871.2f
153. Schlag-Rey, M., Schlag, J., and Dassonville, P. (1992). How the frontal eye field can impose a saccade goal on superior colliculus neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 67, 1003-1005.
154. Schmolesky, M. T., Wang, Y., Hanes, D. P., Thompson, K. G., Leutgeb, S., Schall, J. D., et al. (1998). Signal timing across the macaque visual system. J. Neurophysiol. 79, 3272-3278.
155. Segraves, M. A. (1992). Activity of monkey frontal eye field neurons projecting to oculomotor regions of the pons. J. Neurophysiol. 68, 1967-1985.
156. Segraves, M. A., and Goldberg, M. E. (1987). Functional properties of corticotectal neurons in the monkey's frontal eye field. J. Neurophysiol. 58, 1387-1419.
157. Sheliga, B. M., and Miles, F. A. (2003). Perception can influence the vergence responses associated with open-loop gaze shifts in 3D. J. Vis. 3, 654-676. doi: 10.1167/3.11.2
158. Silvanto, J., Lavie, N., and Walsh, V. (2006). Stimulation of the human frontal eye fields modulates sensitivity of extrastriate visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 96, 941-945. doi: 10.1152/jn.00015.2006
159. Smith, D. T., Jackson, S. R., and Rorden, C. (2005). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left human frontal eye fields eliminates the cost of invalid endogenous cues. Neuropsychologia 43, 1288-1296. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.12.003
160. Sommer, M. A., and Tehovnik, E. J. (1997). Reversible inactivation of macaque frontal eye field. Exp. Brain Res. 116, 229-249. doi: 10.1007/PL00005752
161. Sparing, R., Thimm, M., Hesse, M. D., Kust, J., Karbe, H., and Fink, G. R. (2009). Bidirectional alterations of interhemispheric parietal balance by non-invasive cortical stimulation. Brain 132, 3011-3020. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp154
162. Sprague, J. M. (1966). Interaction of cortex and superior colliculus in mediation of visually guided behavior in the cat. Science 153, 1544-1547. doi: 10.1126/science.153.3743.1544
163. Stanton, G. B., Bruce, C. J., and Goldberg, M. E. (1993). Topography of projections to the frontal lobe from the macaque frontal eye fields. J. Comp. Neurol. 330, 286-301. doi: 10.1002/cne.903300209
164. Stanton, G. B., Bruce, C. J., and Goldberg, M. E. (1995). Topography of projections to posterior cortical areas from the macaque frontal eye fields. J. Comp. Neurol. 353, 291-305. doi: 10.1002/cne.903530210
165. Stanton, G. B., Deng, S. Y., Goldberg, M. E., and McMullen, N. T. (1989). Cytoarchitectural characteristic of the frontal eye fields in macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 282, 415-427. doi: 10.1002/cne.902820308
166. Stanton, G. B., Goldberg, M. E., and Bruce, C. J. (1988). Frontal eye field efferents in the macaque monkey: I. Subcortical pathways and topography of striatal and thalamic terminal fields. J. Comp. Neurol. 271, 473-492. doi: 10.1002/cne.902710402
167. Stewart, L. M., Walsh, V., and Rothwell, J. C. (2001). Motor and phosphene thresholds: a transcranial magnetic stimulation correlation study. Neuropsychologia 39, 415-419. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(00)00130-5
168. Sweeney, J. A., Mintun, M. A., Kwee, S., Wiseman, M. B., Brown, D. L., Rosenberg, D. R., et al. (1996). Positron emission tomography study of voluntary saccadic eye movements and spatial working memory. J. Neurophysiol. 75, 454-468.
169. Taylor, P. C., Nobre, A. C., and Rushworth, M. F. (2007). FEF TMS affects visual cortical activity. Cereb. Cortex 17, 391-399. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhj156
170. Tehovnik, E. J., Sommer, M. A., Chou, I. H., Slocum, W. M., and Schiller, P. H. (2000). Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 32, 413-448. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0173(99)00092-2
171. Terao, Y., Fukuda, H., Ugawa, Y., Hikosaka, O., Hanajima, R., Furubayashi, T., et al. (1998). Visualization of the information flow through human oculomotor cortical regions by transcranial magnetic stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 80, 936-946.
172. Thickbroom, G. W., Stell, R., and Mastaglia, F. L. (1996). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human frontal eye field. J. Neurol. Sci. 144, 114-118. doi: 10.1016/S0022-510X(96)00194-3
173. Thompson, K. G., and Bichot, N. P. (2005). A visual salience map in the primate frontal eye field. Prog. Brain Res. 147, 251-262. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(04)47019-8
174. Thompson, K. G., Bichot, N. P., and Schall, J. D. (1997). Dissociation of visual discrimination from saccade programming in macaque frontal eye field. J. Neurophysiol. 77, 1046-1050.
175. Thompson, K. G., Hanes, D. P., Bichot, N. P., and Schall, J. D. (1996). Perceptual and motor processing stages identified in the activity of macaque frontal eye field neurons during visual search. J. Neurophysiol. 76, 4040-4055.
176. Thut, G., and Pascual-Leone, A. (2010). A review of combined TMS-EEG studies to characterize lasting effects of repetitive TMS and assess their usefulness in cognitive and clinical neuroscience. Brain Topogr. 22, 219-232. doi: 10.1007/s10548-009-0115-4
177. Thut, G., Veniero, D., Romei, V., Miniussi, C., Schyns, P., and Gross, J. (2011). Rhythmic TMS causes local entrainment of natural oscillatory signatures. Curr. Biol. 21, 1176-1185. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.049
178. Tian, J. R., and Lynch, J. C. (1996). Corticocortical input to the smooth and saccadic eye movement subregions of the frontal eye field in Cebus monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 76, 2754-2771.
179. Valero-Cabre, A., Pascual-Leone, A., and Coubard, O. A. (2011). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in basic and clinical neuroscience research. Rev. Neurol. (Paris). 167, 291-316. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2010.10.013
180. Valero-Cabre, A., Payne, B. R., and Pascual-Leone, A. (2007). Opposite impact on 14C-2-deoxyglucose brain metabolism following patterns of high and low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the posterior parietal cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 176, 603-615. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0639-8
181. Valero-Cabre, A., Payne, B. R., Rushmore, J., Lomber, S. G., and Pascual-Leone, A. (2005). Impact of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the parietal cortex on metabolic brain activity: a 14C-2DG tracing study in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 163, 1-12. doi: 10.1007/s00221-004-2140-6
182. Valero-Cabre, A., Wattiez, N., Monfort, M., Francois, C., Rivaud-Pechoux, S., Gaymard, B., et al. (2012). Frontal non-invasive neurostimulation modulates antisaccade preparation in non-human primates. PLoS ONE 7: e38674. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038674
183. van Donkelaar, P., Lin, Y., and Hewlett, D. (2009). The human frontal oculomotor cortical areas contribute asymmetrically to motor planning in a gap saccade task. PLoS ONE 4: e7278. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007278
184. Van Ettinger-Veenstra, H. M., Huijbers, W., Gutteling, T. P., Vink, M., Kenemans, J. L., and Neggers, S. F. (2009). fMRI-guided TMS on cortical eye fields: the frontal but not intraparietal eye fields regulate the coupling between visuospatial attention and eye movements. J. Neurophysiol. 102, 3469-3480. doi: 10.1152/jn.00350.2009
185. Vernet, M., Bashir, S., Yoo, W. K., Perez, J. M., Najib, U., and Pascual-Leone, A. (2013). Insights on the neural basis of motor plasticity induced by theta burst stimulation from TMS-EEG. Eur. J. Neurosci. 37, 598-606. doi: 10.1111/ejn.12069
186. Vernet, M., Yang, Q., Gruselle, M., Trams, M., and Kapoula, Z. (2009). Switching between gap and overlap pro-saccades: cost or benefit? Exp. Brain Res. 197, 49-58. doi: 10.1007/s00221-009-1887-1
187. Vuilleumier, P., Hester, D., Assal, G., and Regli, F. (1996). Unilateral spatial neglect recovery after sequential strokes. Neurology 46, 184-189. doi: 10.1212/WNL.46.1.184
188. Wagner, M., Ehrenstein, W. H., and Papathomas, T. V. (2009). Vergence in reverspective: percept-driven versus data-driven eye movement control. Neurosci. Lett. 449, 142-146. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.093
189. Wagner, T., Valero-Cabre, A., and Pascual-Leone, A. (2007). Noninvasive human brain stimulation. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 9, 527-565. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.9.061206.133100
190. Walker, R., Techawachirakul, P., and Haggard, P. (2009). Frontal eye field stimulation modulates the balance of salience between target and distractors. Brain Res. 1270, 54-63. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.081
191. Weiss, P. H., Marshall, J. C., Wunderlich, G., Tellmann, L., Halligan, P. W., Freund, H. J., et al. (2000). Neural consequences of acting in near versus far space: a physiological basis for clinical dissociations. Brain 123(Pt 12), 2531-2541. doi: 10.1093/brain/123.12.2531
192. Wessel, K., and Kompf, D. (1991). Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation: lack of oculomotor response. Exp. Brain Res. 86, 216-218. doi: 10.1007/BF00231056
193. Wipfli, M., Felblinger, J., Mosimann, U. P., Hess, C. W., Schlaepfer, T. E., and Muri, R. M. (2001). Double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the frontal eye field facilitates triggering of memory-guided saccades. Eur. J. Neurosci. 14, 571-575. doi: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01671.x
194. Wismeijer, D. A., van Ee, R., and Erkelens, C. J. (2008). Depth cues, rather than perceived depth, govern vergence. Exp. Brain Res. 184, 61-70. doi: 10.1007/s00221-007-1081-2
195. Wurtz, R. H., and Mohler, C. W. (1976). Enhancement of visual responses in monkey striate cortex and frontal eye fields. J. Neurophysiol. 39, 766-772.
196. Yang, Q., and Kapoula, Z. (2011). Distinct control of initiation and metrics of memory-guided saccades and vergence by the FEF: a TMS study. PLoS ONE 6: e20322. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020322
197. Yang, Q., Vernet, M., Orssaud, C., Bonfils, P., Londero, A., and Kapoula, Z. (2010). Central crosstalk for somatic tinnitus: abnormal vergence eye movements. PLoS ONE 5: e11845. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011845
198. Zangemeister, W. H., Canavan, A. G., and Hoemberg, V. (1995). Frontal and parietal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) disturbs programming of saccadic eye movements. J. Neurol. Sci. 133, 42-52. doi: 10.1016/0022-510X(95)00158-X
199. Ziegler, L. R., and Hess, R. F. (1997). Depth perception during diplopia is direct. Perception 26, 1125-1130. doi: 10.1068/p261225