Edge and confinement effects allow in situ measurement of size and thickness of liquid-exfoliated nanosheets

Nature Communications

Volumn 5, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Backes, Claudia ^a   Smith, Ronan J ^a   McEvoy, Niall ^a   Berner, Nina C ^a   McCloskey, David ^a   Nerl, Hannah C ^a   O'Neill, Arlene ^a   King, Paul J ^a   Higgins, Tom ^a   Hanlon, Damien ^a   Scheuschner, Nils ^b   Maultzsch, Janina ^b   Houben, Lothar ^c   Duesberg, Georg S ^a   Donegan, John F ^a   Nicolosi, Valeria ^a   Coleman, Jonathan N ^a  

^a TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^b TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^c FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LIQUID EXFOLIATED NANOSHEET; NANOMATERIAL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); EDGE EFFECT; IN SITU MEASUREMENT; MOLYBDENUM; SIZE; SPECTRUM; TUNGSTEN;

ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISPERSION; LIQUID; LUMINESCENCE; MEASUREMENT; NANOFABRICATION; OPTICS; PARTICLE SIZE; SUSPENSION; THICKNESS;

EID: 84907332731     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20411723     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5576     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Chhowalla, M. et al. The chemistry of two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. Nat. Chem. 5, 263-275 (2013).
2. Nicolosi, V., Chhowalla, M., Kanatzidis, M. G., Strano, M. S. & Coleman, J. N. Liquid exfoliation of layered materials. Science 340, 6139 (2013).
3. Novoselov, K. S. et al. A roadmap for graphene. Nature 490, 192-200 (2012).
4. Wang, Q. H., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Kis, A., Coleman, J. N. & Strano, M. S. Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 699-712 (2012).
5. Geim, A. K. Graphene: status and prospects. Science 324, 1530-1534 (2009).
6. Huang, X., Zeng, Z. Y. & Zhang, H. Metal dichalcogenide nanosheets: preparation, properties and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 1934-1946 (2013).
7. Wilson, J. A. & Yoffe, A. D. Transition metal dichalcogenides discussion and interpretation of observed optical, electrical and structural properties. Adv. Phys. 18, 193-335 (1969).
8. Zhan, Y. J., Liu, Z., Najmaei, S., Ajayan, P. M. & Lou, J. Large-area vapor-phase growth and characterization of MoS2 atomic layers on a SiO2 substrate. Small 8, 966-971 (2012).
9. Frindt, R. F. single crystals of MoS2 several molecular layers thick. J. Appl. Phys. 37, 1928-1929 (1966).
10. Novoselov, K. S. et al. Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 10451-10453 (2005). (Pubitemid 41061574)
11. Radisavljevic, B., Radenovic, A., Brivio, J., Giacometti, V. & Kis, A. Single-layer MoS2 transistors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6, 147-150 (2011).
12. Murphy, D. W. & Hull, G. W. Monodispersed tantalum disulfide and adsorption complexes with cations. J. Chem. Phys. 62, 973-978 (1975).
13. Joensen, P., Frindt, R. F. & Morrison, S. R. Single-Layer MoS2. Mater. Res. Bull. 21, 457-461 (1986).
14. Eda, G. et al. Photoluminescence from chemically exfoliated MoS2. Nano Lett. 11, 5111-5116 (2011).
15. Zeng, Z. Y. et al. Single-Layer semiconducting nanosheets: high-yield preparation and device fabrication. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 11093-11097 (2011).
16. Blake, P. et al. Graphene-based liquid crystal device. Nano Lett. 8, 1704-1708 (2008).
17. Bourlinos, A. B., Georgakilas, V., Zboril, R., Steriotis, T. A. & Stubos, A. K. Liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite towards solubilized graphenes. Small 5, 1841-1845 (2009).
18. Coleman, J. N. et al. Two-dimensional nanosheets produced by liquid exfoliation of layered materials. Science 331, 568-571 (2011).
19. Cunningham, G. et al. Solvent exfoliation of transition metal dichalcogenides: dispersability of exfoliated nanosheets varies only weakly between compounds. ACS Nano 6, 3468-3480 (2012).
20. Hernandez, Y. et al. High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite. Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 563-568 (2008).
21. Khan, U. et al. Polymer reinforcement using liquid-exfoliated boron nitride nanosheets. Nanoscale 5, 581-587 (2013).
22. Khan, U., O'Neill, A., Lotya, M., De, S. & Coleman, J. N. High-concentration solvent exfoliation of graphene. Small 6, 864-871 (2010).
23. Lin, Y., Williams, T. V. & Connell, J. W. Soluble, exfoliated hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1, 277-283 (2010).
24. O'Neill, A., Khan, U. & Coleman, J. N. Preparation of high concentration dispersions of exfoliated MoS2 with increased flake size. Chem. Mater. 24, 2414-2421 (2012).
25. Zhi, C. Y., Bando, Y., Tang, C. C., Kuwahara, H. & Golberg, D. Large-scale fabrication of boron nitride nanosheets and their utilization in polymeric composites with improved thermal and mechanical properties. Adv. Mater. 21, 2889-2893 (2009).
26. Zhou, K. G., Mao, N. N., Wang, H. X., Peng, Y. & Zhang, H. L. A mixed-solvent strategy for efficient exfoliation of inorganic graphene analogues. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 10839-10842 (2011).
27. Paton, K. R. et al. Scalable production of large quantities of defect-free few-layer graphene by shear exfoliation in liquids. Nat. Mater. 13, 624-630 (2014).
28. Wang, J. Z. et al. Development of MoS2-CNT composite thin film from layered MoS2 for lithium batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 3, 798-805 (2013).
29. Smith, R. J. et al. Large-scale exfoliation of inorganic layered compounds in aqueous surfactant solutions. Adv. Mater. 23, 3944-3948 (2011).
30. Cunningham, G. et al. Photoconductivity of solution-processed MoS2 films. J. Mater. Chem. C 1, 6899-6904 (2013).
31. May, P., Khan, U. & Coleman, J. N. Reinforcement of metal with liquidexfoliated inorganic nano-platelets. Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 163106 (2013).
32. May, P., Khan, U., Hughes, J. M. & Coleman, J. N. Role of solubility parameters in understanding the steric stabilization of exfoliated two-dimensional nanosheets by adsorbed polymers. J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 11393-11400 (2012).
33. Hanlon, D. et al. Liquid exfoliation of molybdenum trioxide. Chem. Mater. 26, 1751-1763 (2013).
34. Naguib, M. et al. Two-dimensional transition metal carbides. ACS Nano 6, 1322-1331 (2012).
35. Xu, Y., Kominami, K., Ishikawa, Y. & Feng, Q. Layered hydroxide nickel benzoates: hydrothermal synthesis, structure characterization, and exfoliation reaction. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 386, 107-113 (2012).
36. Khan, U. et al. Size selection of dispersed, exfoliated graphene flakes by controlled centrifugation. Carbon 50, 470-475 (2012).
37. Lotya, M., Rakovich, A., Donegan, J. F. & Coleman, J. N. Measuring the lateral size of liquid-exfoliated nanosheets with dynamic light scattering. Nanotechnology 24, 265703 (2013).
38. Lee, C. et al. Anomalous lattice vibrations of single-and few-layer MoS2. ACS Nano 4, 2695-2700 (2010).
39. Svedberg, T., Pederson, K. O. & Bauer, J. H. The Ultracentrifuge (Oxford University Press, 1940).
40. Fagan, J. A., Becker, M. L., Chun, J. & Hobbie, E. K. Length fractionation of carbon nanotubes using centrifugation. Adv. Mater. 20, 1609-1613 (2008).
41. Fagan, J. A. et al. Centrifugal length separation of carbon nanotubes. Langmuir 24, 13880-13889 (2008).
42. Sun, X., Luo, D., Liu, J. & Evans, D. G. Monodisperse chemically modified graphene obtained by density gradient ultracentrifugal rate separation. ACS Nano 4, 3381-3389 (2010).
43. Bonaccorso, F., Zerbetto, M., Ferrari, A. C. & Amendola, V. Sorting nanoparticles by centrifugal fields in clean media. J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 13217-13229 (2013).
44. Mak, K. F., Lee, C., Hone, J., Shan, J. & Heinz, T. F. Atomically thin MoS2: a new direct-gap semiconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 136805 (2010).
45. Zhao, W. J. et al. Evolution of electronic structure in atomically thin sheets of WS2 and WSe2. ACS Nano 7, 791-797 (2013).
46. He, G. S., Qin, H. Y. & Zheng, Q. Rayleigh, Mie, and Tyndall scatterings of polystyrene microspheres in water: wavelength, size, and angle dependences. J. Appl. Phys. 105, 023110 (2009).
47. Dolui, K., Das Pemmaraju, C. & Sanvito, S. Electric field effects on armchair MoS2 nanoribbons. ACS Nano 6, 4823-4834 (2012).
48. Zhang, C., Johnson, A., Hsu, C.-L., Li, L.-J. & Shih, C.-K. Direct imaging of band profile in single layer MoS2 on graphite: quasiparticle energy gap, metallic edge states, and edge band bending. Nano Lett. 14, 2443-2447 (2014).
49. Yin, X. et al. Edge nonlinear optics on a MoS2 atomic monolayer. Science 344, 488-490 (2014).
50. van der Zande, A. M. et al. Grains and grain boundaries in highly crystalline monolayer molybdenum disulphide. Nat. Mater. 12, 554-561 (2013).
51. Mak, K. F., Lee, C., Hone, J., Shan, J. & Heinz, T. F. Atomically thin MoS2. a new direct-gap semiconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 136805 (2010).
52. Splendiani, A. et al. Emerging photoluminescence in monolayer MoS2. Nano Lett. 10, 1271-1275 (2010).
53. Li, H. et al. From bulk to monolayer MoS2: evolution of raman scattering. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 1385-1390 (2012).
54. Mao, N., Chen, Y., Liu, D., Zhang, J. & Xie, L. Solvatochromic effect on the photoluminescence of MoS2 monolayers. Small 9, 1312-1315 (2013).
55. Jaramillo, T. F. et al. Identification of active edge sites for electrochemical H-2 evolution from MoS2 nanocatalysts. Science 317, 100-102 (2007). (Pubitemid 47056462)
56. Gutiérrez, H. R. et al. Extraordinary room-temperature photoluminescence in triangular WS2 monolayers. Nano Lett. 13, 3447-3454 (2012).