메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue SEP, 2014, Pages

Feminist activist women are masculinized in terms of digit-ratio and social dominance: A possible explanation for the feminist paradox

Author keywords

Beliefs; Digit ratio; Dominance; Evolutionary psychology; Feminism; Gynephilia; Personality; Testosterone

Indexed keywords


EID: 84907179351     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01011     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (10)

References (71)
  • 1
    • 85055361761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Campus "F" Word: feminist self-identification (and not) among undergraduates
    • Abowitz, D. (2008). The Campus "F" Word: feminist self-identification (and not) among undergraduates. Int. J. Soc. Family 34, 43-63.
    • (2008) Int. J. Soc. Family , vol.34 , pp. 43-63
    • Abowitz, D.1
  • 2
    • 67449168335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Digit ratios (2D:4D) determined by computer-assisted analysis are more reliable than those using physical measurements, photocopies, and printed scans
    • Allaway, H. C., Bloski, T. G., Pierson, R. A., and Lujan, M. E. (2009). Digit ratios (2D:4D) determined by computer-assisted analysis are more reliable than those using physical measurements, photocopies, and printed scans. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 21, 365-370. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.20892
    • (2009) Am. J. Hum. Biol. , vol.21 , pp. 365-370
    • Allaway, H.C.1    Bloski, T.G.2    Pierson, R.A.3    Lujan, M.E.4
  • 3
    • 80052172004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gendered occupational interests: prenatal androgen effects on psychological orientation to things versus people
    • Beltz, A. M., Swanson, J. L., and Berenbaum, S. A. (2011). Gendered occupational interests: prenatal androgen effects on psychological orientation to things versus people. Horm. Behav. 60, 313-317. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.06.002
    • (2011) Horm. Behav. , vol.60 , pp. 313-317
    • Beltz, A.M.1    Swanson, J.L.2    Berenbaum, S.A.3
  • 4
    • 0034478459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Birth order and sexual orientation in a national probability sample
    • Bogaert, A. F. (2000). Birth order and sexual orientation in a national probability sample. J. Sex Res. 37, 361-368. doi: 10.1080/00224490009552059
    • (2000) J. Sex Res. , vol.37 , pp. 361-368
    • Bogaert, A.F.1
  • 5
    • 23044501164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in relations of mental rotation, verbal fluency, and SAT scores to finger length ratios as hormonal indexes
    • Burton, L., Henninger, D., and Hafetz, J. (2005). Gender differences in relations of mental rotation, verbal fluency, and SAT scores to finger length ratios as hormonal indexes. Dev. Neuropsychol. 28, 493-505. doi: 10.1207/s15326942dn2801_3
    • (2005) Dev. Neuropsychol. , vol.28 , pp. 493-505
    • Burton, L.1    Henninger, D.2    Hafetz, J.3
  • 6
    • 0003667355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary psychology: The New Science of the Mind
    • Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
    • Buss, D. M. (2012). Evolutionary psychology: The New Science of the Mind . Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
    • (2012)
    • Buss, D.M.1
  • 7
    • 0033209079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation
    • Bussey, K., and Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychol. Rev. 106, 676-713. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.676
    • (1999) Psychol. Rev. , vol.106 , pp. 676-713
    • Bussey, K.1    Bandura, A.2
  • 8
    • 79951964790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in 2D:4D ratio, aggression and conflict resolution in African children and adolescents: a cross-cultural study
    • Butovskaya, M. L., Burkova, V., and Mabulla, A. (2010). Sex differences in 2D:4D ratio, aggression and conflict resolution in African children and adolescents: a cross-cultural study. J. Aggress. Confl. Peace Res. 2, 17-31. doi: 10.5042/jacpr.2010.0002
    • (2010) J. Aggress. Confl. Peace Res. , vol.2 , pp. 17-31
    • Butovskaya, M.L.1    Burkova, V.2    Mabulla, A.3
  • 9
    • 16244420740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prenatal sex hormone effects on child and adult sex-typed behavior: methods and findings
    • Cohen-Bendahan, C., van de Beek, C., and Berenbaum, S. A. (2005). Prenatal sex hormone effects on child and adult sex-typed behavior: methods and findings. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 29, 353-384. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.11.004
    • (2005) Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. , vol.29 , pp. 353-384
    • Cohen-Bendahan, C.1    van de Beek, C.2    Berenbaum, S.A.3
  • 10
    • 58149438731 scopus 로고
    • Construct validity in psychological tests
    • Cronbach, L. J., and Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychol. Bull. 52, 281-302. doi: 10.1037/h0040957
    • (1955) Psychol. Bull. , vol.52 , pp. 281-302
    • Cronbach, L.J.1    Meehl, P.E.2
  • 11
    • 62649088883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salivary, gonadal and adrenal hormone differences in boys and girls with and without disruptive behavior disorders: contextual variants
    • Dorn, L. D., Kolko, D. J., Susman, E. J., Huang, B., Stein, H., Music, E.,et al. (2009). Salivary, gonadal and adrenal hormone differences in boys and girls with and without disruptive behavior disorders: contextual variants. Biol. Psychol. 81, 31-39. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.01.004
    • (2009) Biol. Psychol. , vol.81 , pp. 31-39
    • Dorn, L.D.1    Kolko, D.J.2    Susman, E.J.3    Huang, B.4    Stein, H.5    Music, E.6
  • 12
    • 78650181495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No association between two candidate markers of prenatal sex hormones: digit ratios (2D:4D and other) and finger-ridge counts
    • Dressler, S. G., and Voracek, M. (2011). No association between two candidate markers of prenatal sex hormones: digit ratios (2D:4D and other) and finger-ridge counts. Dev. Psychobiol. 53, 69-78. doi: 10.1002/dev.20488
    • (2011) Dev. Psychobiol. , vol.53 , pp. 69-78
    • Dressler, S.G.1    Voracek, M.2
  • 13
    • 78149332098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women's relationship to feminism: effects of generation and feminist self-labeleing
    • Duncan, L. E. (2010). Women's relationship to feminism: effects of generation and feminist self-labeleing. Psychol. Women Q. 34, 498-507. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2010.01599.x
    • (2010) Psychol. Women Q. , vol.34 , pp. 498-507
    • Duncan, L.E.1
  • 14
    • 0028542937 scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in personality: a meta-analysis
    • Feingold, A. (1994). Gender differences in personality: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 116, 429-456. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.429
    • (1994) Psychol. Bull. , vol.116 , pp. 429-456
    • Feingold, A.1
  • 16
    • 0034393026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing women's feminist identity development: studies of convergent, discriminant, and structural validity
    • Fischer, A. R., Tokar, D., Mergl, M., Good, G., and Hill, M. S. (2000). Assessing women's feminist identity development: studies of convergent, discriminant, and structural validity. Psychol. Women Q. 24, 15-29. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01018.x
    • (2000) Psychol. Women Q. , vol.24 , pp. 15-29
    • Fischer, A.R.1    Tokar, D.2    Mergl, M.3    Good, G.4    Hill, M.S.5
  • 17
    • 0042066819 scopus 로고
    • Whatever it is, don't call me one: women students' attitudes toward feminism
    • Fox, M., and Auerbach, D. (1983). Whatever it is, don't call me one: women students' attitudes toward feminism. Int. J. Women's Stud. 6, 352-362.
    • (1983) Int. J. Women's Stud. , vol.6 , pp. 352-362
    • Fox, M.1    Auerbach, D.2
  • 18
    • 77951685702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual orientation and the second to fourth finger length ratio: a meta-analysis in men and women
    • Grimbos, T., Dawood, K., Burriss, R. P., Zucker, K. J., and Puts, D. A. (2010). Sexual orientation and the second to fourth finger length ratio: a meta-analysis in men and women. Behav. Neurosci. 124, 278-287. doi: 10.1037/a0018764
    • (2010) Behav. Neurosci. , vol.124 , pp. 278-287
    • Grimbos, T.1    Dawood, K.2    Burriss, R.P.3    Zucker, K.J.4    Puts, D.A.5
  • 20
    • 0038657765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Finger-length ratios in female monozygotic twins discordant for sexual orientation
    • Hall, L. S., and Love, C. T. (2003). Finger-length ratios in female monozygotic twins discordant for sexual orientation. Arch. Sex. Behav. 32, 23-28. doi: 10.1023/A:1021837211630
    • (2003) Arch. Sex. Behav. , vol.32 , pp. 23-28
    • Hall, L.S.1    Love, C.T.2
  • 21
    • 38349150349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the relation between 2D:4D and sex-dimorphic personality traits
    • Hampson, E., Ellis, C. L., and Tenk, C. M. (2008). On the relation between 2D:4D and sex-dimorphic personality traits. Arch. Sex. Behav. 37, 133-144. doi: 10.1007/s10508-007-9263-3
    • (2008) Arch. Sex. Behav. , vol.37 , pp. 133-144
    • Hampson, E.1    Ellis, C.L.2    Tenk, C.M.3
  • 23
    • 0032374618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing a scale to measure the diversity of feminist attitudes
    • Henley, N. M., Meng, K., O'Brien, D., McCarthy, W., and Sockloskie, R. J. (1998). Developing a scale to measure the diversity of feminist attitudes. Psychol. Women Q. 22, 317-348. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00158.x
    • (1998) Psychol. Women Q. , vol.22 , pp. 317-348
    • Henley, N.M.1    Meng, K.2    O'Brien, D.3    McCarthy, W.4    Sockloskie, R.J.5
  • 24
    • 0034551310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a short form of the feminist perspectives scale
    • Henley, N. M., Spalding, L., and Kosta, A. (2000). Development of a short form of the feminist perspectives scale. Psychol. Women Q. 24, 254-256. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb00207.x
    • (2000) Psychol. Women Q. , vol.24 , pp. 254-256
    • Henley, N.M.1    Spalding, L.2    Kosta, A.3
  • 25
    • 79959910475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gendered behavior across the life span
    • eds M. E. Lamb and A. M. Freund (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons)
    • Hines, M. (2010a). "Gendered behavior across the life span," in The Handbook of Life-Span Development , Vol. 2, eds M. E. Lamb and A. M. Freund (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons), 341-378.
    • (2010) The Handbook of Life-Span Development , vol.2 , pp. 341-378
    • Hines, M.1
  • 26
    • 77956874547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-related variation in human behavior and the brain
    • Hines, M. (2010b). Sex-related variation in human behavior and the brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 14, 448-456. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.07.005
    • (2010) Trends Cogn. Sci. , vol.14 , pp. 448-456
    • Hines, M.1
  • 27
    • 0003926322 scopus 로고
    • Who stole feminism? How women have betrayed women
    • New York: Touchstone.
    • Hoff Sommers, C. (1995). Who stole feminism? How women have betrayed women . New York: Touchstone.
    • (1995)
    • Hoff Sommers, C.1
  • 28
    • 34247235063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second to fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) and adult sex hormone levels: new data and a meta-analytic review
    • Ho¨nekopp, J., Bartholdt, L., Beier, L., and Liebert, A. (2007). Second to fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) and adult sex hormone levels: new data and a meta-analytic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32, 313-321. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.01.007
    • (2007) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.32 , pp. 313-321
    • Ho¨nekopp, J.1    Bartholdt, L.2    Beier, L.3    Liebert, A.4
  • 29
    • 33644866508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Digit ratio (2D:4D) and physical fitness in males and females: evidence for effects of prenatal androgens on sexually selected traits
    • Ho¨nekopp, J., Manning, J. T., and Mu¨ller, C. (2006). Digit ratio (2D:4D) and physical fitness in males and females: evidence for effects of prenatal androgens on sexually selected traits. Horm. Behav. 49, 545-549. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.11.006
    • (2006) Horm. Behav. , vol.49 , pp. 545-549
    • Ho¨nekopp, J.1    Manning, J.T.2    Mu¨ller, C.3
  • 30
    • 77957279739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of digit ratio 2D:4D shows greater sex difference in the right hand
    • Ho¨nekopp, J., and Watson, S. (2010). Meta-analysis of digit ratio 2D:4D shows greater sex difference in the right hand. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22, 619-630. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.21054
    • (2010) Am. J. Hum. Biol. , vol.22 , pp. 619-630
    • Ho¨nekopp, J.1    Watson, S.2
  • 31
    • 25844519742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The gender similarities hypothesis
    • Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. Am. Psychol. 60, 581-592. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.581
    • (2005) Am. Psychol. , vol.60 , pp. 581-592
    • Hyde, J.S.1
  • 32
  • 33
    • 79958714942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in personality and interests: when, where, and why?
    • Lippa, R. (2010). Gender differences in personality and interests: when, where, and why? Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass 4, 1098-1110. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00320.x
    • (2010) Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass , vol.4 , pp. 1098-1110
    • Lippa, R.1
  • 34
    • 77950461177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Everyone feels empowered: understanding feminist self-labeling
    • Liss, M., and Erchull, M. J. (2010). Everyone feels empowered: understanding feminist self-labeling. Psychol. Women Q. 34, 85-96. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01544.x
    • (2010) Psychol. Women Q. , vol.34 , pp. 85-96
    • Liss, M.1    Erchull, M.J.2
  • 36
    • 0031157336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Above the glass ceiling? A comparison of mathed samples of female and male executives
    • Lyness, K. S., and Thompson, D. E. (1997). Above the glass ceiling? A comparison of mathed samples of female and male executives. J. Appl. Psychol. 82, 359-375. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.82.3.359
    • (1997) J. Appl. Psychol. , vol.82 , pp. 359-375
    • Lyness, K.S.1    Thompson, D.E.2
  • 37
    • 48049105534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Digit ratio (2D:4D), dominance, reproductive success, asymmetry, and sociosexuality in the BBC internet study
    • Manning, J. T., and Fink, B. (2008). Digit ratio (2D:4D), dominance, reproductive success, asymmetry, and sociosexuality in the BBC internet study. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 20, 451-461. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.20767
    • (2008) Am. J. Hum. Biol. , vol.20 , pp. 451-461
    • Manning, J.T.1    Fink, B.2
  • 38
    • 34249669784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endurance running and digit ratio (2D:4D): implications for fetal testosterone effects on running speed and vascular health
    • Manning, J. T., Morris, L., and Caswell, N. (2007). Endurance running and digit ratio (2D:4D): implications for fetal testosterone effects on running speed and vascular health. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19, 416-421. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.20603
    • (2007) Am. J. Hum. Biol. , vol.19 , pp. 416-421
    • Manning, J.T.1    Morris, L.2    Caswell, N.3
  • 39
    • 22944447718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whst's in a label? The relationship between feminist self-identification and "feminist" attitudes among U.S. women and men
    • McCabe, J. (2005). Whst's in a label? The relationship between feminist self-identification and "feminist" attitudes among U.S. women and men. Gen. Soc. 19, 480-505. doi: 10.1177/0891243204273498
    • (2005) Gen. Soc. , vol.19 , pp. 480-505
    • McCabe, J.1
  • 40
    • 0036942752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative lengths of fingers and toes in human males and females
    • McFadden, D., and Shubel, E. (2002). Relative lengths of fingers and toes in human males and females. Horm. Behav. 42, 492-500. doi: 10.1006/hbeh.2002.1833
    • (2002) Horm. Behav. , vol.42 , pp. 492-500
    • McFadden, D.1    Shubel, E.2
  • 41
    • 84909046158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Merriam-Webster. Available at: (accessed September 2, 2013).
    • Merriam-Webster. (2013). Feminism. Available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/feminism(accessed September 2, 2013).
    • (2013) Feminism
  • 42
    • 0031320770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of feminist identity among college women
    • Myaskovski, L., and Wittig, M. (1997). Predictors of feminist identity among college women. Sex Roles 37, 861-883. doi: 10.1007/BF02936344
    • (1997) Sex Roles , vol.37 , pp. 861-883
    • Myaskovski, L.1    Wittig, M.2
  • 43
    • 33751219241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal androgen and gonadal hormone levels in adolescent girls with conduct disorder
    • Pajer, K., Tabbah, R., Gardner, W., Rubin, R. T., Kenneth Czambel, R., and Wang, Y. (2006). Adrenal androgen and gonadal hormone levels in adolescent girls with conduct disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31, 1245-1256. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.09.005
    • (2006) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.31 , pp. 1245-1256
    • Pajer, K.1    Tabbah, R.2    Gardner, W.3    Rubin, R.T.4    Kenneth Czambel, R.5    Wang, Y.6
  • 45
    • 0001094925 scopus 로고
    • Dimensions underlying Holland's hexagon: missing link between interests and occupations?
    • Prediger, D. J. (1982). Dimensions underlying Holland's hexagon: missing link between interests and occupations? J. Vocat. Behav. 21, 259-287. doi: 10.1016/0001-8791(82)90036-7
    • (1982) J. Vocat. Behav. , vol.21 , pp. 259-287
    • Prediger, D.J.1
  • 46
    • 2542470597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex hormones and finger length: what does 2D:4D indicate?
    • Putz, D. A., Gaulin, S. J. C., Sporter, R. J., and McBurney, D. H. (2004). Sex hormones and finger length: what does 2D:4D indicate? Evol. Hum. Behav. 25, 182-199. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.03.005
    • (2004) Evol. Hum. Behav. , vol.25 , pp. 182-199
    • Putz, D.A.1    Gaulin, S.J.C.2    Sporter, R.J.3    McBurney, D.H.4
  • 47
    • 13244262771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluctuating asymmetry, second to fourth finger length ratios and human sexual orientation
    • Rahman, Q. (2005). Fluctuating asymmetry, second to fourth finger length ratios and human sexual orientation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30, 382-391. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.10.006
    • (2005) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.30 , pp. 382-391
    • Rahman, Q.1
  • 48
    • 0037387523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual orientation and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio: evidence for organising effects of sex hormones or developmental instability?
    • Rahman, Q., and Wilson, G. D. (2003). Sexual orientation and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio: evidence for organising effects of sex hormones or developmental instability? Psychoneuroendocrinology , 28, 288-303. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00022-7
    • (2003) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.28 , pp. 288-303
    • Rahman, Q.1    Wilson, G.D.2
  • 49
    • 0021669221 scopus 로고
    • The great androgyny myth: sex roles and mental health in the community at large
    • Ray, J. J., and Lovejoy, F. H. (1984). The great androgyny myth: sex roles and mental health in the community at large. J. Soc. Psychol. 124, 237-246. doi: 10.1080/00224545.1984.9922852
    • (1984) J. Soc. Psychol. , vol.124 , pp. 237-246
    • Ray, J.J.1    Lovejoy, F.H.2
  • 50
    • 84990101786 scopus 로고
    • An improved directiveness scale
    • Ray, J. J., and Lovejoy, F. H. (1988). An improved directiveness scale. Aust. J. Psychol. 40, 299-302. doi: 10.1080/00049538808260050
    • (1988) Aust. J. Psychol. , vol.40 , pp. 299-302
    • Ray, J.J.1    Lovejoy, F.H.2
  • 51
    • 0035205971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender, status, and leadership
    • Ridgeway, C. L. (2001). Gender, status, and leadership. J. Soc. Issues 57, 637-655. doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00233
    • (2001) J. Soc. Issues , vol.57 , pp. 637-655
    • Ridgeway, C.L.1
  • 52
    • 34248573928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The F word: is feminism incompatible with beauty and romance?
    • Rudman, L., and Fairchild, K. (2007). The F word: is feminism incompatible with beauty and romance? Psychol. Women Q. 31, 125-136. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00346.x
    • (2007) Psychol. Women Q. , vol.31 , pp. 125-136
    • Rudman, L.1    Fairchild, K.2
  • 53
    • 28444467693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ratio of the 2nd to 4th finger length predicts spatial ability in men but not women
    • Sanders, G., Bereczkei, T., Csatho, A., and Manning, J. T. (2005). The ratio of the 2nd to 4th finger length predicts spatial ability in men but not women. Cortex 41, 789-795. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70297-1
    • (2005) Cortex , vol.41 , pp. 789-795
    • Sanders, G.1    Bereczkei, T.2    Csatho, A.3    Manning, J.T.4
  • 54
    • 84899196785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repudiating Feminism: Young Women in a Neoliberal World
    • London: Ashgate Publishing Company.
    • Scharff, C. (2012). Repudiating Feminism: Young Women in a Neoliberal World . London: Ashgate Publishing Company.
    • (2012)
    • Scharff, C.1
  • 55
    • 0030499660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha
    • Schmitt, N. (1996). Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha. Psychol. Assess. 8, 350-353. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.8.4.350
    • (1996) Psychol. Assess. , vol.8 , pp. 350-353
    • Schmitt, N.1
  • 56
    • 1842590355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender in psychology
    • Stewart, A. J., and McDermott, C. (2004). Gender in psychology. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 55, 519-544. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141537
    • (2004) Annu. Rev. Psychol. , vol.55 , pp. 519-544
    • Stewart, A.J.1    McDermott, C.2
  • 58
    • 0041886582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Written on the Body: Butch/Femme Lesbian Gender Identity and Biological Correlates
    • Ph.D. thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
    • Tortorice, J. L. (2002). Written on the Body: Butch/Femme Lesbian Gender Identity and Biological Correlates. Ph.D. thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
    • (2002)
    • Tortorice, J.L.1
  • 59
    • 57449105630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship of digit ratio (2D:4D) and gender-role orientation in four national samples
    • Troche, S., Weber, N., Hennigs, K., Andresen, C. R., and Rammsayer, T. H. (2007). The relationship of digit ratio (2D:4D) and gender-role orientation in four national samples. J. Individ. Differ. 28, 78-87. doi: 10.1027/1614-0001.28.2.78
    • (2007) J. Individ. Differ. , vol.28 , pp. 78-87
    • Troche, S.1    Weber, N.2    Hennigs, K.3    Andresen, C.R.4    Rammsayer, T.H.5
  • 60
    • 0002170867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Translating tests: some practical guidelines
    • Van de Vijver, F., and Hambleton, R. K. (1996). Translating tests: some practical guidelines. Eur. Psychol. 1, 89-99. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040.1.2.89
    • (1996) Eur. Psychol. , vol.1 , pp. 89-99
    • Van de Vijver, F.1    Hambleton, R.K.2
  • 61
    • 45449114561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2d:4d, sex steroid hormones and human psychological sex differences
    • Vermeersch, H., T'Sjoen, G., Kaufman, J. M., and Vincke, J. (2008). 2d:4d, sex steroid hormones and human psychological sex differences. Horm. Behav. 54, 340-346. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.02.017
    • (2008) Horm. Behav. , vol.54 , pp. 340-346
    • Vermeersch, H.1    T'Sjoen, G.2    Kaufman, J.M.3    Vincke, J.4
  • 62
    • 74349103191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empathizing, systemizing and finger length ratio in a Swedish sample
    • von Horn, A., Ba¨ckman, L., Davidsson, T., and Hansen, S. (2010). Empathizing, systemizing and finger length ratio in a Swedish sample. Scand. J. Psychol. 51, 31-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00725.x
    • (2010) Scand. J. Psychol. , vol.51 , pp. 31-37
    • von Horn, A.1    Ba¨ckman, L.2    Davidsson, T.3    Hansen, S.4
  • 63
    • 79959352463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Special issue preamble: digit ratio (2D:4D) and individual differences research
    • Voracek, M. (2011). Special issue preamble: digit ratio (2D:4D) and individual differences research. Pers. Individ. Dif. 51, 367-370. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.018
    • (2011) Pers. Individ. Dif. , vol.51 , pp. 367-370
    • Voracek, M.1
  • 64
    • 47749083055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2D:4D finger-length ratios in children and adults with gender identity disorder
    • Wallien, M. S., Zucker, K. J., Steensma, T. D., and Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2008). 2D:4D finger-length ratios in children and adults with gender identity disorder. Horm. Behav. 54, 450-454. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.05.002
    • (2008) Horm. Behav. , vol.54 , pp. 450-454
    • Wallien, M.S.1    Zucker, K.J.2    Steensma, T.D.3    Cohen-Kettenis, P.T.4
  • 65
    • 84870267223 scopus 로고
    • The generalization of "Student's" problem when several different population variances are involved
    • Welch, B. L. (1947). The generalization of "Student's" problem when several different population variances are involved. Biometrika 34, 28-35. doi: 10.2307/2332510
    • (1947) Biometrika , vol.34 , pp. 28-35
    • Welch, B.L.1
  • 66
    • 0031318312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I'm Not a Feminist, but...": factors contributing to the discrepancy between pro-feminist orientation and feminist social identity
    • Williams, R., and Wittig, M. (1997). I'm Not a Feminist, but...": factors contributing to the discrepancy between pro-feminist orientation and feminist social identity. Sex Roles 37, 885-904. doi: 10.1007/BF02936345
    • (1997) Sex Roles , vol.37 , pp. 885-904
    • Williams, R.1    Wittig, M.2
  • 68
    • 0000046565 scopus 로고
    • Finger length as an index of assertiveness in women
    • Wilson, G. D. (1983). Finger length as an index of assertiveness in women. Pers. Individ. Dif. 4, 111-112. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(83)90061-2
    • (1983) Pers. Individ. Dif. , vol.4 , pp. 111-112
    • Wilson, G.D.1
  • 69
    • 78649659256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fingers to feminism: the rise of 2D:4D.
    • Wilson, G. D. (2010). Fingers to feminism: the rise of 2D:4D. Q. Rev. 4, 25-32.
    • (2010) Q. Rev. , vol.4 , pp. 25-32
    • Wilson, G.D.1
  • 70
    • 78650941784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When declaring "I am a feminist" matters: labeling is linked to activism
    • Yoder, J., Tobias, A., and Snell, A. (2011). When declaring "I am a feminist" matters: labeling is linked to activism. Sex Roles 64, 9-18. doi: 10.1007/s11199-010-9890-3
    • (2011) Sex Roles , vol.64 , pp. 9-18
    • Yoder, J.1    Tobias, A.2    Snell, A.3
  • 71
    • 10244232954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disavowing social identities: what it means when women say, "I'm not a feminist, but..."
    • Zucker, A. N. (2004). Disavowing social identities: what it means when women say, "I'm not a feminist, but...". Psychol. Women Q. 28, 423-435. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00159.x
    • (2004) Psychol. Women Q. , vol.28 , pp. 423-435
    • Zucker, A.N.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.