Finger length ratio (2D:4D) and dimensions of sexual orientation

Neuropsychobiology

Volumn 53, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 210-214

  Kraemer, Bernd ^a   Noll, Thomas ^b   Delsignore, Aba ^a   Milos, Gabriella ^a   Schnyder, Ulrich ^a   Hepp, Urs ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b Psychiatrisch Psychologischer Dienst   (Switzerland)

^c Psychiatrische Dienste Aargau AG   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

2nd to 4th digit ratio; Homosexuality; Sexual orientation; Testosterone

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; NEUROHORMONE; TESTOSTERONE;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DREAM; EMOTION; FANTASY; FEMALE; FINGER; GENDER; HETEROSEXUALITY; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMAN; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PRENATAL PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEX DIFFERENTIATION; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL ORIENTATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; FEMALE; FINGERS; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; REFERENCE VALUES; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; STATISTICS, NONPARAMETRIC; WEIGHTS AND MEASURES;

EID: 33747382813     PISSN: 0302282X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000094730     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Ellis L, Ames MA: Neurohormonal functioning and sexual orientation: a theory of homosexuality-heterosexuality. Psychol Bull 1987;101:233-258.
2. Peters M, Mackenzie K, Bryden P: Finger length and distal finger extent patterns in humans. Am J Phys Anthropol 2002;117:209-217.
3. Brown WM, Hines M, Fane BA, Breedlove SM: Masculinized finger length patterns in human males and females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Horm Behav 2002;42:380-386.
4. Okten A, Kalyoncu M, Yaris N: The ratio of second- and fourth-digit lengths and congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Early Hum Dev 2002;70:47-54.
5. Buck JJ, Williams RM, Hughes IA, Acerini CL: In-utero androgen exposure and 2nd to 4th digit length ratio-comparisons between healthy controls and females with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hum Reprod 2003;18:976-979.
6. Manning JT, Scutt D, Wilson J, Lewis-Jones DI: The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen. Hum Reprod 1998;13:3000-3004.
7. Robinson SJ, Manning JT: The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length and male homosexuality. Evol Hum Behav 2000;21:333-345.
8. Williams TJ, Pepitone ME, Christensen SE, Cooke BM, Huberman AD, Breedlove NJ, Breedlove TJ, Jordan CL, Breedlove SM: Finger-length ratios and sexual orientation. Nature 2000;404:455-456.
9. McFadden D, Shubel E: Relative lengths of fingers and toes in human males and females. Horm Behav 2002;42:492-500.
10. Rahman Q, Wilson GD: Sexual orientation and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio: evidence for organising effects of sex hormones or developmental instability? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003;28:288-303.
11. Lippa RA: Are 2D:4D finger-length ratios related to sexual orientation? Yes for men, no for women. J Pers Soc Psychol 2003;85:179-188.
12. McFadden D, Loehlin JC, Breedlove SM, Lippa RA, Manning JT, Rahman Q: A reanalysis of five studies on sexual orientation and the relative length of the 2nd and 4th fingers (the 2D:4D ratio). Arch Sex Behav 2005;34:341-356.
13. Voracek M, Manning JT, Ponocny I: Digit ratio (2D:4D) in homosexual and heterosexual men from Austria. Arch Sex Behav 2005;34:335-340.
14. Manning JT, Robinson SJ: 2nd to 4th digit ratio and a universal mean for prenatal testosterone in homosexual men. Med Hypotheses 2003;61:303-306.
15. Rahman Q: The neurodevelopment of human sexual orientation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005;29:1057-1066.
16. Chivers ML, Rieger G, Latty E, Bailey JM: A sex difference in the specificity of sexual arousal. Psychol Sci 2004;15:736-744.
17. Shively MG, Jones C, DeCecco JP: Research on sexual orientation: definitions and methods. J Homosex 1983;9:127-136.
18. Ellis L, Burke D, Ames MA: Sexual orientation as a continuous variable: a comparison between the sexes. Arch Sex Behav 1987;16:523-529.
19. Muscarella F, Elias VA, Szuchman LT: Brain differentiation and preferred partner characteristics in heterosexual and homosexual men and women. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2004;25:297-301.
20. McConaghy N: Heterosexuality/homosexuality: dichotomy or continuum. Arch Sex Behav 1987;16:411-424.
21. McConaghy N: Time to abandon the gay/ heterosexual dichotomy? Arch Sex Behav 2005;34:1-2.
22. Rahman Q: Fluctuating asymmetry, second to fourth finger length ratios and human sexual orientation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005;30:382-391.
23. Putz DA, Gaulin SJC, Sporter RJ, McBurney DH: Sex hormones and finger length. What does 2D:4D indicate? Evol Hum Behav 2004;25:182-199.
24. Kinsey AC: Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1948.
25. Manning JT, Barley L, Lewis-Jones I, Walton J, Trivers RL, Thornhill R, Rohde P, Bereczkei T, Henzi P, Soler M, Szwed A: The 2nd to 4th digit ratio, sexual dimorphism, population differences and reproductive success: evidence for sexually antagonistic genes. Evolu Hum Behav 2000;21:163-183.
26. Blanchard R, Bogaert AF: Homosexuality in men and number of older brothers. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:27-31.