Update on opportunistic infections in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 501-518

  Zanoni, Brian C ^a,b   Gandhi, Rajesh T ^a,b  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiretroviral therapy; Diagnostics; HIV; Opportunistic infections

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B DEOXYCHOLATE; ATOVAQUONE; CIDOFOVIR; COBICISTAT PLUS ELVITEGRAVIR PLUS EMTRICITABINE PLUS TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL; CYTARABINE; DAPSONE; DOLUTEGRAVIR; EFAVIRENZ; ETRAVIRINE; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE; ISONIAZID; MARAVIROC; MEFLOQUINE; MIRTAZAPINE; NATALIZUMAB; NEVIRAPINE; RALTEGRAVIR; RIFABUTIN; RIFAMPICIN; RIFAPENTINE; RILPIVIRINE; RITONAVIR; SULFAMETHOXAZOLE; TRIMETHOPRIM; WART VIRUS VACCINE; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT;

ANUS CARCINOMA; ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIOSIS; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM; CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG TOLERANCE; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INTERFERON GAMMA RELEASE ASSAY; JC VIRUS; LATENT TUBERCULOSIS; MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN; MICROSPORIDIOSIS; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; POLYOMAVIRUS INFECTION; PREVALENCE; PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; TOXOPLASMOSIS; TUBERCULIN TEST; TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; VAGINA CANCER; VULVA CANCER; AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; COMPLICATION; CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; HERPES ZOSTER; HIV INFECTIONS; LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS; PROCEDURES; TUBERCULOSIS;

AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; CRYPTOCOCCOSIS; HERPES ZOSTER; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS; TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 84906219704     PISSN: 08915520     EISSN: 15579824     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2014.05.002     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Buchacz K., Armon C., Palella F.J., et al. CD4 cell counts at HIV diagnosis among HIV outpatient study participants, 2000-2009. AIDS Res Treat 2012, 2012:869841.
2. Mocroft A., Furrer H.J., Miro J.M., et al. The incidence of AIDS-defining illnesses at a current CD4 count>/= 200 cells/muL in the post-combination antiretroviral therapy era. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57(7):1038-1047.
3. Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medical Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2013, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Available at:, Accessed February 15, 2014. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf.
4. Albalak R., O'Brien R.J., Kammerer J.S., et al. Trends in tuberculosis/human immunodeficiency virus comorbidity, United States, 1993-2004. Arch Intern Med 2007, 167(22):2443-2452.
5. Center for Disease Control Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2012 2013, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta (GA).
6. Ewer K., Deeks J., Alvarez L., et al. Comparison of T-cell-based assay with tuberculin skin test for diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a school tuberculosis outbreak. Lancet 2003, 361(9364):1168-1173.
7. Talati N.J., Seybold U., Humphrey B., et al. Poor concordance between interferon-gamma release assays and tuberculin skin tests in diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection among HIV-infected individuals. BMC Infect Dis 2009, 9:15.
8. Mazurek G.H., Jereb J., Vernon A., et al. Updated guidelines for using interferon gamma release assays to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection - United States. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010, 59(RR-5):1-25.
9. Rangaka M.X., Wilkinson K.A., Glynn J.R., et al. Predictive value of interferon-gamma release assays for incident active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2012, 12(1):45-55.
10. Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. This is a Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This statement was endorsed by the Council of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. (IDSA), September 1999, and the sections of this statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 161(4 Pt 2):S221-S247.
11. Efficacy of various durations of isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis: five years of follow-up in the IUAT trial. International Union Against Tuberculosis Committee on Prophylaxis. Bull World Health Organ 1982, 60(4):555-564.
12. Horsburgh C.R., Goldberg S., Bethel J., et al. Latent TB infection treatment acceptance and completion in the United States and Canada. Chest 2010, 137(2):401-409.
13. LoBue P.A., Moser K.S. Use of isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection in a public health clinic. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 168(4):443-447.
14. Sterling T.R., Villarino M.E., Borisov A.S., et al. Three months of rifapentine and isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection. NEngl J Med 2011, 365(23):2155-2166.
15. Monkongdee P., McCarthy K.D., Cain K.P., et al. Yield of acid-fast smear and mycobacterial culture for tuberculosis diagnosis in people with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009, 180(9):903-908.
16. Boehme C.C., Nabeta P., Hillemann D., et al. Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. NEngl J Med 2010, 363(11):1005-1015.
17. Barnard M., Albert H., Coetzee G., et al. Rapid molecular screening for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a high-volume public health laboratory in South Africa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 177(7):787-792.
18. Chang K., Lu W., Wang J., et al. Rapid and effective diagnosis of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance with Xpert MTB/RIF assay: a meta-analysis. JInfect 2012, 64(6):580-588.
19. Van Rie A., Page-Shipp L., Mellet K., et al. Diagnostic accuracy and effectiveness of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of HIV-associated lymph node tuberculosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013, 32(11):1409-1415.
20. Vadwai V., Boehme C., Nabeta P., et al. Xpert MTB/RIF: a new pillar in diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis?. JClin Microbiol 2011, 49(7):2540-2545.
21. Porcel J.M., Palma R., Valdes L., et al. Xpert(R) MTB/RIF in pleural fluid for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013, 17(9):1217-1219.
22. Hillemann D., Rusch-Gerdes S., Boehme C., et al. Rapid molecular detection of extrapulmonary tuberculosis by the automated GeneXpert MTB/RIF system. JClin Microbiol 2011, 49(4):1202-1205.
23. Wood R., Racow K., Bekker L.G., et al. Lipoarabinomannan in urine during tuberculosis treatment: association with host and pathogen factors and mycobacteriuria. BMC Infect Dis 2012, 12:47.
24. Lawn S.D. Point-of-care detection of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in urine for diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis: a state of the art review. BMC Infect Dis 2012, 12:103.
25. Lawn S.D., Kerkhoff A.D., Vogt M., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a low-cost, urine antigen, point-of-care screening assay for HIV-associated pulmonary tuberculosis before antiretroviral therapy: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 2012, 12(3):201-209.
26. Abdool Karim S.S., Naidoo K., Grobler A., et al. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. NEngl J Med 2010, 362(8):697-706.
27. Padayatchi N., Abdool Karim S.S., Naidoo K., et al. Improved survival in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients receiving integrated tuberculosis and antiretroviral treatment in the SAPiT Trial. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2014, 18(2):147-154.
28. Havlir D.V., Kendall M.A., Ive P., et al. Timing of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 infection and tuberculosis. NEngl J Med 2011, 365(16):1482-1491.
29. Abdool Karim S.S., Naidoo K., Grobler A., et al. Integration of antiretroviral therapy with tuberculosis treatment. NEngl J Med 2011, 365(16):1492-1501.
30. Blanc F.X., Sok T., Laureillard D., et al. Earlier versus later start of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults with tuberculosis. NEngl J Med 2011, 365(16):1471-1481.
31. Luetkemeyer A.F., Kendall M.A., Nyirenda M., et al. Tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in A5221 STRIDE: timing, severity and implications for HIV-TB programs. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014, 65(4):423-428.
32. WHO Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection 2013, WHO, Geneva (Switzerland).
33. Torok M.E., Yen N.T., Chau T.T., et al. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated tuberculous meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 52(11):1374-1383.
34. Swaminathan S., Padmapriyadarsini C., Venkatesan P., et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily nevirapine- or efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy in HIV-associated tuberculosis: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53(7):716-724.
35. Boulle A., Van Cutsem G., Cohen K., et al. Outcomes of nevirapine- and efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy when coadministered with rifampicin-based antitubercular therapy. JAMA 2008, 300(5):530-539.
36. Manosuthi W., Kiertiburanakul S., Sungkanuparph S., et al. Efavirenz 600 mg/day versus efavirenz 800 mg/day in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis receiving rifampicin: 48 weeks results. AIDS 2006, 20(1):131-132.
37. Luetkemeyer A.F., Rosenkranz S.L., Lu D., et al. Relationship between weight, efavirenz exposure, and virologic suppression in HIV-infected patients on rifampin-based tuberculosis treatment in the AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5221 STRIDE Study. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57(4):586-593.
38. Nijland H.M., L'Homme R.F., Rongen G.A., et al. High incidence of adverse events in healthy volunteers receiving rifampicin and adjusted doses of lopinavir/ritonavir tablets. AIDS 2008, 22(8):931-935.
39. Murphy R.A., Marconi V.C., Gandhi R.T., et al. Coadministration of lopinavir/ritonavir and rifampicin in HIV and tuberculosis co-infected adults in South Africa. PLoS One 2012, 7(9):e44793.
40. Wenning L.A., Hanley W.D., Brainard D.M., et al. Effect of rifampin, a potent inducer of drug-metabolizing enzymes, on the pharmacokinetics of raltegravir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53(7):2852-2856.
41. Grinsztejn B., De Castro N., Arnold V., et al. ANRS 12 180 Reflate TB study group. Raltegravir for the treatment of patients co-infected with HIV and tuberculosis (ANRS 12 180 Reflate TB): a multicentre, phase 2, non-comparative, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2014, 14(6):459-467.
42. Brainard D.M., Kassahun K., Wenning L.A., et al. Lack of a clinically meaningful pharmacokinetic effect of rifabutin on raltegravir: invitro/invivo correlation. JClin Pharmacol 2011, 51(6):943-950.
43. Dooley K.E., Sayre P., Borland J., et al. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the HIV integrase inhibitor dolutegravir given twice daily with rifampin or once daily with rifabutin: results of a phase 1 study among healthy subjects. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013, 62(1):21-27.
44. Park B.J., Wannemuehler K.A., Marston B.J., et al. Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS 2009, 23(4):525-530.
45. Rajasingham R., Meya D.B., Boulware D.R. Integrating cryptococcal antigen screening and pre-emptive treatment into routine HIV care. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012, 59(5):e85-e91.
46. Boulware D.R., Rolfes M.A., Rajasingham R., et al. Multisite validation of cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay and quantification by laser thermal contrast. Emerg Infect Dis 2014, 20(1):45-53.
47. Kabanda T., Siedner M.J., Klausner J.D., et al. Point-of-care diagnosis and prognostication of cryptococcal meningitis with the cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay on cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Infect Dis 2014, 58(1):113-116.
48. Jarvis J.N., Percival A., Bauman S., et al. Evaluation of a novel point-of-care cryptococcal antigen test on serum, plasma, and urine from patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53(10):1019-1023.
49. World Health Organization Rapid advice: diagnosis, prevention and management of cryptococcal disease in HIV-infected adults 2011, World Health Organization, Geneva (Switzerland).
50. Jackson A., van der Horst C. New insights in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2012, 9(3):267-277.
51. Perfect J.R., Dismukes W.E., Dromer F., et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 50(3):291-322.
52. Day J.N., Chau T.T., Wolbers M., et al. Combination antifungal therapy for cryptococcal meningitis. NEngl J Med 2013, 368(14):1291-1302.
53. Hamill R.J., Sobel J.D., El-Sadr W., et al. Comparison of 2 doses of liposomal amphotericin B and conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate for treatment of AIDS-associated acute cryptococcal meningitis: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 51(2):225-232.
54. Zolopa A., Andersen J., Powderly W., et al. Early antiretroviral therapy reduces AIDS progression/death in individuals with acute opportunistic infections: a multicenter randomized strategy trial. PloS One 2009, 4(5):e5575.
55. Makadzange A.T., Ndhlovu C.E., Takarinda K., et al. Early versus delayed initiation of antiretroviral therapy for concurrent HIV infection and cryptococcal meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 50(11):1532-1538.
56. Boulware D.R., Meya D.B., Muzoora C., et al. Timing of antiretroviral therapy after diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med 2014, 370(26):2487-2498.
57. Haddow L.J., Colebunders R., Meintjes G., et al. Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-1-infected individuals: proposed clinical case definitions. Lancet Infect Dis 2010, 10(11):791-802.
58. Shelburne S.A., Darcourt J., White A.C., et al. The role of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in AIDS-related Cryptococcus neoformans disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 40(7):1049-1052.
59. Bicanic T., Meintjes G., Rebe K., et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a prospective study. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009, 51(2):130-134.
60. Chang C.C., Dorasamy A.A., Gosnell B.I., et al. Clinical and mycological predictors of cryptococcosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. AIDS 2013, 27(13):2089-2099.
61. Boulware D.R., Bonham S.C., Meya D.B., et al. Paucity of initial cerebrospinal fluid inflammation in cryptococcal meningitis is associated with subsequent immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. JInfect Dis 2010, 202(6):962-970.
62. d'Arminio Monforte A., Cinque P., Mocroft A., et al. Changing incidence of central nervous system diseases in the EuroSIDA cohort. Ann Neurol 2004, 55(3):320-328.
63. Lanoy E., Guiguet M., Bentata M., et al. Survival after neuroAIDS: association with antiretroviral CNS penetration-effectiveness score. Neurology 2011, 76(7):644-651.
64. Cinque P., Koralnik I.J., Gerevini S., et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV-1 infection. Lancet Infect Dis 2009, 9(10):625-636.
65. Carson K.R., Focosi D., Major E.O., et al. Monoclonal antibody-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in patients treated with rituximab, natalizumab, and efalizumab: a review from the research on adverse drug events and reports (RADAR) project. Lancet Oncol 2009, 10(8):816-824.
66. Garvey L., Winston A., Walsh J., et al. Antiretroviral therapy CNS penetration and HIV-1-associated CNS disease. Neurology 2011, 76(8):693-700.
67. Hall C.D., Dafni U., Simpson D., et al. Failure of cytarabine in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 243 Team. NEngl J Med 1998, 338(19):1345-1351.
68. De Luca A., Ammassari A., Pezzotti P., et al. Cidofovir in addition to antiretroviral treatment is not effective for AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a multicohort analysis. AIDS 2008, 22(14):1759-1767.
69. Clifford D.B., Nath A., Cinque P., et al. Astudy of mefloquine treatment for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: results and exploration of predictors of PML outcomes. JNeurovirol 2013, 19(4):351-358.
70. O'Hara B.A., Atwood W.J. Interferon beta1-a and selective anti-5HT(2a) receptor antagonists inhibit infection of human glial cells by JC virus. Virus Res 2008, 132(1-2):97-103.
71. Moenster R.P., Jett R.A. Mirtazapine and mefloquine therapy for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2012, 69(6):496-498.
72. Lanzafame M., Ferrari S., Lattuada E., et al. Mirtazapine in an HIV-1 infected patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Infez Med 2009, 17(1):35-37.
73. Yoshida H., Ohshima K., Toda J., et al. Significant improvement following combination treatment with mefloquine and mirtazapine in a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Int J Hematol 2014, 99(1):95-99.
74. Tan K., Roda R., Ostrow L., et al. PML-IRIS in patients with HIV infection: clinical manifestations and treatment with steroids. Neurology 2009, 72(17):1458-1464.
75. Giacomini P.S., Rozenberg A., Metz I., et al. Maraviroc and JC virus-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. NEngl J Med 2014, 370(5):486-488.
76. Kaplan J.E., Hanson D.L., Navin T.R., et al. Risk factors for primary Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents and adults in the United States: reassessment of indications for chemoprophylaxis. JInfect Dis 1998, 178(4):1126-1132.
77. Kaplan J.E., Hanson D.L., Jones J.L., et al. Adult, adolescent spectrum of HIVDPI. Viral load as an independent risk factor for opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. AIDS 2001, 15(14):1831-1836.
78. Wolff A.J., O'Donnell A.E. Pulmonary manifestations of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Chest 2001, 120(6):1888-1893.
79. Le Gal S., Damiani C., Rouille A., et al. Acluster of Pneumocystis infections among renal transplant recipients: molecular evidence of colonized patients as potential infectious sources of Pneumocystis jirovecii. Clin Infect Dis 2012, 54(7):e62-e71.
80. Damiani C., Choukri F., Le Gal S., et al. Possible nosocomial transmission of Pneumocystis jirovecii. Emerg Infect Dis 2012, 18(5):877-878.
81. Smith R.L., Ripps C.S., Lewis M.L. Elevated lactate dehydrogenase values in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 1988, 93(5):987-992.
82. Pisculli M.L., Sax P.E. Use of a serum beta-glucan assay for diagnosis of HIV-related Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with negative microscopic examination results. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46(12):1928-1930.
83. Sax P.E., Komarow L., Finkelman M.A., et al. Blood (1->3)-beta-D-glucan as a diagnostic test for HIV-related Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53(2):197-202.
84. Wood B.R., Komarow L., Zolopa A.R., et al. Test performance of blood beta-glucan for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with AIDS and respiratory symptoms. AIDS 2013, 27(6):967-972.
85. Castle P.E. The evolving definition of carcinogenic human papillomavirus. Infect Agents Canc 2009, 4:7.
86. Paavonen J., Naud P., Salmeron J., et al. Efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by oncogenic HPV types (PATRICIA): final analysis of a double-blind, randomised study in young women. Lancet 2009, 374(9686):301-314.
87. FUTURE II Study Group Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions. NEngl J Med 2007, 356(19):1915-1927.
88. Palefsky J.M., Giuliano A.R., Goldstone S., et al. HPV vaccine against anal HPV infection and anal intraepithelial neoplasia. NEngl J Med 2011, 365(17):1576-1585.
89. Center for Disease Control Recommended adult immunization schedule: United States 2014, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta (GA).
90. Kahn J.A., Xu J., Kapogiannis B.G., et al. Immunogenicity and safety of the human papillomavirus 6, 11, 16, 18 vaccine in HIV-infected young women. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57(5):735-744.
91. Kojic E.M., Kang M., Cespedes M.S., et al. Immunogenicity and Safety of the Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in HIV-1-Infected Women. Clin Infect Dis 2014, pii: ciu238. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 24723284.
92. Wilkin T., Lee J.Y., Lensing S.Y., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected men. JInfect Dis 2010, 202(8):1246-1253.
93. Buchbinder S.P., Katz M.H., Hessol N.A., et al. Herpes zoster and human immunodeficiency virus infection. JInfect Dis 1992, 166(5):1153-1156.
94. Engels E.A., Rosenberg P.S., Biggar R.J. Zoster incidence in human immunodeficiency virus-infected hemophiliacs and homosexual men, 1984-1997. District of Columbia Gay Cohort Study. Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study. JInfect Dis 1999, 180(6):1784-1789.
95. Gebo K.A., Kalyani R., Moore R.D., et al. The incidence of, risk factors for, and sequelae of herpes zoster among HIV patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005, 40(2):169-174.
96. Vanhems P., Voisin L., Gayet-Ageron A., et al. The incidence of herpes zoster is less likely than other opportunistic infections to be reduced by highly active antiretroviral therapy. JAcquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005, 38(1):111-113.
97. Son M., Shapiro E.D., LaRussa P., et al. Effectiveness of varicella vaccine in children infected with HIV. JInfect Dis 2010, 201(12):1806-1810.
98. Taweesith W., Puthanakit T., Kowitdamrong E., et al. The immunogenicity and safety of live attenuated varicella-zoster virus vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011, 30(4):320-324.
99. Aberg J.A., Gallant J.E., Ghanem K.G., et al. Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with HIV: 2013 update by the HIV medicine association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2014, 58(1):e1-e34.
100. Benson C, Hua L, Andersen J, etal. ZOSTAVAX is generally safe and immunogenic in HIV+ adults virologically suppressed on ART: results of a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Presented at the 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Abstract #96. Seattle (WA), March 5-8, 2012.