Imaging of multiple myeloma: Current concepts

World Journal of Orthopedics

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 272-282

  Derlin, Thorsten ^a   Bannas, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER HAMBURG EPPENDORF   (Germany)

Author keywords

Diffusion weighted imaging; Imaging; Magnetic resonance imaging; Multiple myeloma; Plasmocytoma; Positron emission tomography computed tomography; X Ray

Indexed keywords

EID: 84906075220     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22185836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v5.i3.272     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Dimopoulos M, Terpos E, Comenzo RL, Tosi P, Beksac M, Sezer O, Siegel D, Lokhorst H, Kumar S, Rajkumar SV, Niesvizky R, Moulopoulos LA, Durie BG. International myeloma working group consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple Myeloma. Leukemia 2009; 23: 1545-1556 [PMID: 19421229 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.89]
2. Bataille R, Harousseau JL. Multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1657-1664 [PMID: 9171069 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199706053362307]
3. Kröpil P, Fenk R, Fritz LB, Blondin D, Kobbe G, Mödder U, Cohnen M. Comparison of whole-body 64-slice multidetector computed tomography and conventional radiography in staging of multiple myeloma. Eur Radiol 2008; 18: 51-58 [PMID: 17924119 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-007-0738-3]
4. International Myeloma Working Group. Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group. Br J Haematol 2003; 121: 749-757 [PMID: 12780789]
5. Gleeson TG, Moriarty J, Shortt CP, Gleeson JP, Fitzpatrick P, Byrne B, McHugh J, O'Connell M, O'Gorman P, Eustace SJ. Accuracy of whole-body low-dose multidetector CT (WBLDCT) versus skeletal survey in the detection of myelomatous lesions, and correlation of disease distribution with whole-body MRI (WBMRI). Skeletal Radiol 2009; 38: 225-236 [PMID: 19009290 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-008-0607-4]
6. Dimopoulos M, Kyle R, Fermand JP, Rajkumar SV, San Miguel J, Chanan-Khan A, Ludwig H, Joshua D, Mehta J, Gertz M, Avet-Loiseau H, Beksac M, Anderson KC, Moreau P, Singhal S, Goldschmidt H, Boccadoro M, Kumar S, Giralt S, Munshi NC, Jagannath S, on behalf of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 3. Consensus recommendations for standard investigative workup: report of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 3. Blood 2011; 117: 4701-4705 [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-10-299529]
7. Wu P, Davies FE, Boyd K, Thomas K, Dines S, Saso RM, Potter MN, Ethell ME, Shaw BE, Morgan GJ. The impact of extramedullary disease at presentation on the outcome of myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 50: 230-235 [PMID: 19197724 DOI: 10.1080/10428190802657751]
8. Varettoni M, Corso A, Pica G, Mangiacavalli S, Pascutto C, Lazzarino M. Incidence, presenting features and outcome of extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma: a longitudinal study on 1003 consecutive patients. Ann Oncol 2010; 21: 325-330 [PMID: 19633044 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdp329]
9. Palumbo A, Mina R. Management of older adults with multiple myeloma. Blood Rev 2013; 27: 133-142 [PMID: 23623929 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2013.04.001]
10. Barlogie B, Tricot GJ, van Rhee F, Angtuaco E, Walker R, Epstein J, Shaughnessy JD, Jagannath S, Bolejack V, Gurley J, Hoering A, Vesole D, Desikan R, Siegel D, Mehta J, Singhal S, Munshi NC, Dhodapkar M, Jenkins B, Attal M, Harousseau JL, Crowley J. Long-term outcome results of the first tandem autotransplant trial for multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2006; 135: 158-164 [PMID: 16939489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06271.x]
11. Kyle RA, Durie BG, Rajkumar SV, Landgren O, Blade J, Merlini G, Kröger N, Einsele H, Vesole DH, Dimopoulos M, San Miguel J, Avet-Loiseau H, Hajek R, Chen WM, Anderson KC, Ludwig H, Sonneveld P, Pavlovsky S, Palumbo A, Richardson PG, Barlogie B, Greipp P, Vescio R, Turesson I, Westin J, Boccadoro M. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: IMWG consensus perspectives risk factors for progression and guidelines for monitoring and management. Leukemia 2010; 24: 1121-1127 [PMID: 20410922 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.60]
12. Bladé J, Dimopoulos M, Rosiñol L, Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA. Smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: current diagnostic criteria, new predictors of outcome, and followup recommendations. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 690-697 [PMID: 20026810 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2009.22.2257]
13. Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, Offord JR, Larson DR, Plevak MF, Melton LJ. A long-term study of prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 564-569 [PMID: 11856795 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa01133202]
14. Durie BG, Salmon SE. A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival. Cancer 1975; 36: 842-854 [PMID: 1182674]
15. Bannas P, Kröger N, Adam G, Derlin T. [Modern imaging techniques in patients with multiple myeloma]. Rofo 2013; 185: 26-33 [PMID: 23196838 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1325405]
16. Durie BG. The role of anatomic and functional staging in myeloma: description of Durie/Salmon plus staging system. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42: 1539-1543 [PMID: 16777405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.11.037]
17. Lonial S, Kaufman JL. Non-secretory myeloma: a clinician' s guide. Oncology (Williston Park) 2013; 27: 924-928, 930 [PMID: 24282993]
18. Agarwal A, Chirindel A, Shah BA, Subramaniam RM. Evolving role of FDG PET/CT in multiple myeloma imaging and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013; 200: 884-890 [PMID: 23521465 DOI: 10.2214/AJR.12.9653]
19. Zamagni E, Cavo M. The role of imaging techniques in the management of multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2012; 159: 499-513 [PMID: 22881361 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12007]
20. Terpos E, Moulopoulos LA, Dimopoulos MA. Advances in imaging and the management of myeloma bone disease. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29: 1907-1915 [PMID: 21483016 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2010.32.5449]
21. Hall MN, Jagannathan JP, Ramaiya NH, Shinagare AB, Van den Abbeele AD. Imaging of extraosseous myeloma: CT, PET/CT, and MRI features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 195: 1057-1065 [PMID: 20966307 DOI: 10.2214/AJR.10.4384]
22. Philips S, Menias C, Vikram R, Sunnapwar A, Prasad SR. Abdominal manifestations of extraosseous myeloma: cross-sectional imaging spectrum. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2012; 36: 207-212 [PMID: 22446361 DOI: 10.1097/RCT.0b013e318245c261]
23. Hanrahan CJ, Christensen CR, Crim JR. Current concepts in the evaluation of multiple myeloma with MR imaging and FDG PET/CT. Radiographics 2010; 30: 127-142 [PMID: 20083590 DOI: 10.1148/rg.301095066]
24. Giuliani N, Rizzoli V, Roodman GD. Multiple myeloma bone disease: Pathophysiology of osteoblast inhibition. Blood 2006; 108: 3992-3996 [PMID: 16917004 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-026112]
25. Collins CD. Multiple myeloma. Cancer Imaging 2010; 10: 20-31 [PMID: 20159661 DOI: 10.1102/1470-7330.2010.0013]
26. Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Criteria for diagnosis, staging, risk stratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2009; 23: 3-9 [PMID: 18971951 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.291]
27. Edelstyn GA, Gillespie PJ, Grebbell FS. The radiological demonstration of osseous metastases. Experimental observations. Clin Radiol 1967; 18: 158-162 [PMID: 6023348]
28. Wahlin A, Holm J, Osterman G, Norberg B. Evaluation of serial bone X-ray examination in multiple myeloma. Acta Med Scand 1982; 212: 385-387 [PMID: 7158434]
29. Horger M, Kanz L, Denecke B, Vonthein R, Pereira P, Claussen CD, Driessen C. The benefit of using whole-body, low-dose, nonenhanced, multidetector computed tomography for follow-up and therapy response monitoring in patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer 2007; 109: 1617-1626 [PMID: 17330855 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22572]
30. Horger M, Claussen CD, Bross-Bach U, Vonthein R, Trabold T, Heuschmid M, Pfannenberg C. Whole-body lowdose multidetector row-CT in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma: an alternative to conventional radiography. Eur J Radiol 2005; 54: 289-297 [PMID: 15837412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2004.04.015]
31. Chassang M, Grimaud A, Cucchi JM, Novellas S, Amoretti N, Chevallier P, Bruneton JN. Can low-dose computed tomographic scan of the spine replace conventional radiography? An evaluation based on imaging myelomas, bone metastases, and fractures from osteoporosis. Clin Imaging 2007; 31: 225-227 [PMID: 17599614 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2007.04.005]
32. Laqmani A, Buhk JH, Henes FO, Klink T, Sehner S, von SchultzendorffHC, Hammerle D, Nagel HD, Adam G, Regier M. Impact of a 4th generation iterative reconstruction technique on image quality in low-dose computed tomography of the chest in immunocompromised patients. Rofo 2013; 185: 749-757 [PMID: 23749649 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1335577]
33. Walker R, Barlogie B, Haessler J, Tricot G, Anaissie E, Shaughnessy JD, Epstein J, van Hemert R, Erdem E, Hoering A, Crowley J, Ferris E, Hollmig K, van Rhee F, Zangari M, Pineda-Roman M, Mohiuddin A, Yaccoby S, Sawyer J, Angtuaco EJ. Magnetic resonance imaging in multiple myeloma: diagnostic and clinical implications. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 1121-1128 [PMID: 17296972 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2006.08.5803]
34. Dimopoulos M, Kyle R, Fermand J-P, Rajkumar SV, San Miguel J, Chanan-Khan A, Ludwig H, Joshua D, Mehta J, Gertz M, Avet-Loiseau H, Beksa M, Anderson KC, Moreau P, Singhal S, Goldschmidt H, Boccadoro M, Kumar S, Giralt S, Munshi NC, Jagannath S, International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 3. Consensus recommendations for standard investigative workup: report of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 3. International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 3, 2011: 4701-4705
35. Baur-Melnyk A, Buhmann S, Becker C, Schoenberg SO, Lang N, Bartl R, Reiser MF. Whole-body MRI versus wholebody MDCT for staging of multiple myeloma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 190: 1097-1104 [PMID: 18356461 DOI: 10.2214/AJR.07.2635]
36. Baur-Melnyk A, Buhmann S, Dürr HR, Reiser M. Role of MRI for the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple myeloma. Eur J Radiol 2005; 55: 56-63 [PMID: 15950101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.01.017]
37. Moulopoulos LA, Dimopoulos MA, Alexanian R, Leeds NE, Libshitz HI. Multiple myeloma: MR patterns of response to treatment. Radiology 1994; 193: 441-446 [PMID: 7972760 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.193.2.7972760]
38. Bannas P, Hentschel HB, Bley TA, Treszl A, Eulenburg C, Derlin T, Yamamura J, Adam G, Stübig T, Kröger N, Weber C. Diagnostic performance of whole-body MRI for the detection of persistent or relapsing disease in multiple myeloma after stem cell transplantation. Eur Radiol 2012; 22: 2007-2012 [PMID: 22544292 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-012-2445-y]
39. Moulopoulos LA, Gika D, Anagnostopoulos A, Delasalle K, Weber D, Alexanian R, Dimopoulos MA. Prognostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow in previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma. Ann Oncol 2005; 16: 1824-1828 [PMID: 16087694 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdi362]
40. Moulopoulos LA, Dimopoulos MA, Smith TL, Weber DM, Delasalle KB, Libshitz HI, Alexanian R. Prognostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 251-256 [PMID: 7799027]
41. Hillengass J, Fechtner K, Weber MA, Bäuerle T, Ayyaz S, Heiss C, Hielscher T, Moehler TM, Egerer G, Neben K, Ho AD, Kauczor HU, Delorme S, Goldschmidt H. Prognostic significance of focal lesions in whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 1606-1610 [PMID: 20177023 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2009.25.5356]
42. Moulopoulos LA, Dimopoulos MA, Weber D, Fuller L, Libshitz HI, Alexanian R. Magnetic resonance imaging in the staging of solitary plasmacytoma of bone. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 1311-1315 [PMID: 8315427]
43. Hillengass J, Bäuerle T, Bartl R, Andrulis M, McClanahan F, Laun FB, Zechmann CM, Shah R, Wagner-Gund B, Simon D, Heiss C, Neben K, Ho AD, Schlemmer HP, Goldschmidt H, Delorme S, Stieltjes B. Diffusion-weighted imaging for non-invasive and quantitative monitoring of bone marrow infiltration in patients with monoclonal plasma cell disease: a comparative study with histology. Br J Haematol 2011; 153: 721-728 [PMID: 21517815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08658.x]
44. Nosàs-Garcia S, Moehler T, Wasser K, Kiessling F, Bartl R, Zuna I, Hillengass J, Goldschmidt H, Kauczor HU, Delorme S. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for assessing the disease activity of multiple myeloma: a comparative study with histology and clinical markers. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005; 22: 154-162 [PMID: 15971177 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20349]
45. Hillengass J, Wasser K, Delorme S, Kiessling F, Zechmann C, Benner A, Kauczor HU, Ho AD, Goldschmidt H, Moehler TM. Lumbar bone marrow microcirculation measurements from dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is a predictor of event-free survival in progressive multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 475-481 [PMID: 17255268 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0061]
46. Hillengass J, Zechmann C, Bäuerle T, Wagner-Gund B, Heiss C, Benner A, Ho A, Neben K, Hose D, Kauczor HU, Goldschmidt H, Delorme S, Moehler T. Dynamic contrastenhanced magnetic resonance imaging identifies a subgroup of patients with asymptomatic monoclonal plasma cell disease and pathologic microcirculation. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 3118-3125 [PMID: 19366830 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2310]
47. Lang N, Su MY, Yu HJ, Lin M, Hamamura MJ, Yuan H. Differentiation of myeloma and metastatic cancer in the spine using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31: 1285-1291 [PMID: 23290477 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2012.10.006]
48. Mirowitz SA, Apicella P, Reinus WR, Hammerman AM. MR imaging of bone marrow lesions: relative conspicuousness on T1-weighted, fat-suppressed T2-weighted, and STIR images. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994; 162: 215-221 [PMID: 8273669 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.162.1.8273669]
49. Rahmouni A, Divine M, Mathieu D, Golli M, Dao TH, Jazaerli N, Anglade MC, Reyes F, Vasile N. Detection of multiple myeloma involving the spine: efficacy of fatsuppression and contrast-enhanced MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993; 160: 1049-1052 [PMID: 8470574 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.160.5.8470574]
50. Shortt CP, Gleeson TG, Breen KA, McHugh J, O'Connell MJ, O'Gorman PJ, Eustace SJ. Whole-Body MRI versus PET in assessment of multiple myeloma disease activity. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192: 980-986 [PMID: 19304704 DOI: 10.2214/AJR.08.1633]
51. Stäbler A, Baur A, Bartl R, Munker R, Lamerz R, Reiser MF. Contrast enhancement and quantitative signal analysis in MR imaging of multiple myeloma: assessment of focal and diffuse growth patterns in marrow correlated with biopsies and survival rates. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996; 167: 1029-1036 [PMID: 8819407 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.167.4.8819407]
52. Schmidt GP, Baur A, Stäbler A, Schoenberg SO, Steinborn M, Baltin V, Reiser MF. [Estimation of diffuse bone marrow infiltration of the spine in multiple myeloma: correlation of MRT with histological results]. Rofo 2005; 177: 745-750 [PMID: 15871089 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-857869]
53. Derlin T, Weber C, Habermann CR, Herrmann J, Wisotzki C, Ayuk F, Wolschke C, Klutmann S, Kröger N. 18F-FDG PET/CT for detection and localization of residual or recurrent disease in patients with multiple myeloma after stem cell transplantation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012; 39: 493-500 [PMID: 22113619 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1993-8]
54. Durie BG, Waxman AD, D'Agnolo A, Williams CM. Wholebody (18)F-FDG PET identifies high-risk myeloma. J Nucl Med 2002; 43: 1457-1463 [PMID: 12411548]
55. Nanni C, Zamagni E, Farsad M, Castellucci P, Tosi P, Cangini D, Salizzoni E, Canini R, Cavo M, Fanti S. Role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the assessment of bone involvement in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: preliminary results. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006; 33: 525-531 [PMID: 16453155 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-005-0004-3]
56. Zamagni E, Nanni C, Patriarca F, Englaro E, Castellucci P, Geatti O, Tosi P, Tacchetti P, Cangini D, Perrone G, Ceccolini M, Brioli A, Buttignol S, Fanin R, Salizzoni E, Baccarani M, Fanti S, Cavo M. A prospective comparison of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and whole-body planar radiographs in the assessment of bone disease in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2007; 92: 50-55 [PMID: 17229635]
57. Nanni C, Rubello D, Zamagni E, Castellucci P, Ambrosini V, Montini G, Cavo M, Lodi F, Pettinato C, Grassetto G, Franchi R, Gross MD, Fanti S. 18F-FDG PET/CT in myeloma with presumed solitary plasmocytoma of bone. In Vivo 2008; 22: 513-517 [PMID: 18712181]
58. Fonti R, Salvatore B, Quarantelli M, Sirignano C, Segreto S, Petruzziello F, Catalano L, Liuzzi R, Rotoli B, Del Vecchio S, Pace L, Salvatore M. 18F-FDG PET/CT, 99mTc- MIBI, and MRI in Evaluation of Patients with Multiple Myeloma. J Nucl Med 2008; 49: 195-200 [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.045641]
59. Giralt S, Stadtmauer EA, Harousseau JL, Palumbo A, Bensinger W, Comenzo RL, Kumar S, Munshi NC, Dispenzieri A, Kyle R, Merlini G, San Miguel J, Ludwig H, Hajek R, Jagannath S, Blade J, Lonial S, Dimopoulos MA, Einsele H, Barlogie B, Anderson KC, Gertz M, Attal M, Tosi P, Sonneveld P, Boccadoro M, Morgan G, Sezer O, Mateos MV, Cavo M, Joshua D, Turesson I, Chen W, Shimizu K, Powles R, Richardson PG, Niesvizky R, Rajkumar SV, Durie BGM. International myeloma working group (IMWG) consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current status of stem cell collection and high-dose therapy for multiple myeloma and the role of plerixafor (AMD 3100). Leukemia 2009; 23: 1904-1912 [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.127]
60. Sager S, Ergül N, Ciftci H, Cetin G, Güner SI, Cermik TF. The value of FDG PET/CT in the initial staging and bone marrow involvement of patients with multiple myeloma. Skeletal Radiol 2011; 40: 843-847 [PMID: 21229354 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-010-1088-9]
61. Ak I, Gulbas Z. F-18 FDG uptake of bone marrow on PET/CT scan: it's correlation with CD38/CD138 expressing myeloma cells in bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol 2011; 90: 81-87 [PMID: 20690019 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-010-1037-7]
62. Zamagni E, Patriarca F, Nanni C, Zannetti B, Englaro E, Pezzi A, Tacchetti P, Buttignol S, Perrone G, Brioli A, Pantani L, Terragna C, Carobolante F, Baccarani M, Fanin R, Fanti S, Cavo M. Prognostic relevance of 18-F FDG PET/CT in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients treated with upfront autologous transplantation. Blood 2011; 118: 5989-5995 [PMID: 21900189 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-06-361386]
63. Haznedar R, Aki SZ, Akdemir ÖU, Özkurt ZN, Çeneli ö, Yagci M, Sucak GT, Ünlü M. Value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in positron emission tomography/computed tomography in predicting survival in multiple myeloma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38: 1046-1053 [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1738-8]
64. Bartel TB, Haessler J, Brown TL, Shaughnessy JD, van Rhee F, Anaissie E, Alpe T, Angtuaco E, Walker R, Epstein J, Crowley J, Barlogie B. F18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the context of other imaging techniques and prognostic factors in multiple myeloma. Blood 2009; 114: 2068-2076 [PMID: 19443657 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-213280]
65. Usmani SZ, Mitchell A, Waheed S, Crowley J, Hoering A, Petty N, Brown T, Bartel T, Anaissie E, van Rhee F, Barlogie B. Prognostic implications of serial 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose emission tomography in multiple myeloma treated with total therapy 3. Blood 2013; 121: 1819-1823 [PMID: 23305732 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-451690]
66. Nanni C, Zamagni E, Celli M, Caroli P, Ambrosini V, Tacchetti P, Brioli A, Zannetti B, Pezzi A, Pantani L, Perrone G, Zompatori M, Cavo M, Colletti PM, Rubello D, Fanti S. The value of 18F-FDG PET/CT after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients affected by multiple myeloma (MM): experience with 77 patients. Clin Nucl Med 2013; 38: e74-e79 [PMID: 23143049 DOI: 10.1097/RLU.0b013e318266cee2]
67. Fonti R, Larobina M, Del Vecchio S, De Luca S, Fabbricini R, Catalano L, Pane F, Salvatore M, Pace L. Metabolic tumor volume assessed by 18F-FDG PET/CT for the prediction of outcome in patients with multiple myeloma. J Nucl Med 2012; 53: 1829-1835 [PMID: 23071351 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.106500]
68. Lin C, Ho CL, Ng SH, Wang PN, Huang Y, Lin YC, Tang TC, Tsai SF, Rahmouni A, Yen TC. (11)C-acetate as a new biomarker for PET/CT in patients with multiple myeloma: initial staging and postinduction response assessment. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014; 41: 41-49 [PMID: 24129710 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-013-2520-x]
69. Nanni C, Zamagni E, Cavo M, Rubello D, Tacchetti P, Pettinato C, Farsad M, Castellucci P, Ambrosini V, Montini GC, Al-Nahhas A, Franchi R, Fanti S. 11C-choline vs. 18F-FDG PET/CT in assessing bone involvement in patients with multiple myeloma. World J Surg Oncol 2007; 5: 68 [PMID: 17584499 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-5-68]
70. 18F-FDG PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013; 40: 708-715 [PMID: 23340595 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-012-2333-3]
71. 18F-FDG. Ann Nucl Med 2012; 26: 811-816 [PMID: 22903817 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-012-0645-9]
72. Callander NS, Roodman GD. Myeloma bone disease. Semin Hematol 2001; 38: 276-285 [PMID: 11486316]
73. Horger M, Weisel K, Horger W, Mroue A, Fenchel M, Lichy M. Whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI with apparent diffusion coefficient mapping for early response monitoring in multiple myeloma: preliminary results. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011; 196: W790-W795 [PMID: 21606271 DOI: 10.2214/AJR.10.5979]
74. Lin C, Luciani A, Belhadj K, Deux JF, Kuhnowski F, Maatouk M, Beaussart P, Cuenod CA, Haioun C, Rahmouni A. Multiple myeloma treatment response assessment with whole-body dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 2010; 254: 521-531 [PMID: 20093523 DOI: 10.1148/radiol. 09090629]
75. Fenchel M, Konaktchieva M, Weisel K, Kraus S, Claussen CD, Horger M. Response assessment in patients with multiple myeloma during antiangiogenic therapy using arterial spin labeling and diffusion-weighted imaging: a feasibility study. Acad Radiol 2010; 17: 1326-1333 [PMID: 20817572 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2010.08.002]
76. 18F-FDG PET/CT versus whole-body MRI for determination of remission status in multiple myeloma after stem cell transplantation. Eur Radiol 2013; 23: 570-578 [PMID: 22843058 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-012-2600-5]