Smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: Current diagnostic criteria, new predictors of outcome, and follow-up recommendations

Journal of Clinical Oncology

Volumn 28, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 690-697

  Bladé, Joan ^a   Dimopoulos, Meletios ^a   Rosiñol, Laura ^a   Rajkumar, S Vincent ^a   Kyle, Robert A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALKYLATING AGENT; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CELECOXIB; CORTICOSTEROID; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; DEXAMETHASONE; LENALIDOMIDE; M PROTEIN; MELPHALAN; PAMIDRONIC ACID; PREDNISONE; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; THALIDOMIDE; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ANEMIA; BONE DISEASE; BONE MARROW CELL; BONE MASS; CANCER INCIDENCE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONSTIPATION; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FATIGUE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; IMMUNE PARALYSIS; JAW OSTEONECROSIS; KIDNEY INJURY; LIGHT CHAIN; LOW DRUG DOSE; MONOCLONAL IMMUNOGLOBULINEMIA; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PARESIS; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PHENOTYPE; PLASMA CELL; PLASMACYTOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SMOLDERING MULTIPLE MYELOMA; SOMNOLENCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; CLASSIFICATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE;

GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; HUMANS; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 77449085405     PISSN: 0732183X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2009.22.2257     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Kyle RA, Greipp PR: Smoldering multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 302:1347-1349, 1980
2. Alexanian R: Localized and indolent myeloma. Blood 56:521-525, 1980
3. Alexanian R, Barlogie B, Dixon D: Prognosis of asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Arch Intern Med 148:1963-1965, 1988
4. Wisloff F, Andersen P, Brandt E, et al: Incidence and follow-up of asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 47:338-341, 1991
5. Dimopoulos M, Moulopoulos A, Smith T, et al: Risk of disease progression in asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Am J Med 94:57-61, 1993 (Pubitemid 23021172)
6. Facon T, Menard JE, Mchaux JL, et al: Prognostic factors in low tumors mass asymptomatic multiple myeloma: A report on 91 patients. Am J Haematol 48:71-75, 1995
7. Weber D, Dimopoulos MA, Moulopoulos LA, et al: Prognostic features of asymptomatic multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 97:810-814, 1997 (Pubitemid 27321380)
8. Cesana C, Klersy C, Barbarano L, et al: Prognostic factors for malignant transformation in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 20:1625-1634, 2002 (Pubitemid 34260544)
9. Rosiñol L, Bladé J, Esteve J, et al: Smoldering multiple myeloma: Natural history and recognition of an evolving type. Br J Haemtol 123:131-136, 2003 (Pubitemid 37468059)
10. International Myeloma Working Group: Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders. Br J Haematol 121:749-757, 2003
11. Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA: Criteria for diagnosis, staging, risk stratification, and response assessment of multiple myeloma. Leukemia 23:3-9, 2009
12. Kyle RA, Remstein ED, Therneau TM, et al: Clinical course and prognosis of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 356:2582-2590, 2007
13. Dispenzieri A, Kyle RA, Katzmann JA, et al: Immunoglobulin free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression of smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma. Blood 111:785-789, 2008
14. Pérez-Persona E, Vidriales MB, Mateo G, et al: New criteria to identify risk of progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma based on multiparameter flow cytometry analysis of bone marrow plasma cells. Blood 110:2586-2592, 2007 (Pubitemid 47523182)
15. Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, et al: A long-term study of prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med 346:564-569, 2002 (Pubitemid 34438817)
16. Bladé J: Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med 355:2765-2770, 2006
17. Moulopoulos LA, Dimopoulos MA, Smith TL, et al: Prognostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 13:251-256, 1995
18. Van de Berg BC, Lecouvet FE, Michaux L, et al: Stage I multiple myeloma: Value of the MRI of the bone marrow in the determination of prognosis. Radiology 201:243-246, 1996 (Pubitemid 26314395)
19. Mariette X, Zagdanski AM, Guermazi, et al: Prognostic value of vertebral lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with stage I multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 104:723-729, 1999 (Pubitemid 29143489)
20. Dimopoulos M, Terpos E, Comenzo RL, et al: International Myeloma Working Group consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple myeloma. Leukemia 23:1545-1556, 2009.
21. Witzig TE, Gonchoroff NJ, Katzman JA, et al: Peripheral blood B cell labeling indices are a measure of disease activity in patients with monoclonal gammopathies. J Clin Oncol 6:1041-1046, 1988
22. Witzig TE, Kyle RA, O'Fallon WM, et al: Detection of peripheral blood plasma cells as a predictor of disease course in patients with smoldering multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 87:266-272, 1994 (Pubitemid 24204726)
23. Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TH, et al: Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Blood 106:812-817, 2005
24. Rosiñol L, Cibeira MT, Montoto S, et al: Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significant predictors of malignant transformation and recognition of an evolving type characterized by a progressive increase in M-protein size. Mayo Clin Proc 82:428-434, 2007 (Pubitemid 46543466)
25. Rosiñol L, Carrió A, Bladé J, et al: Comparative genomic hybridisation identifies two types of smoldering multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 130:729-732, 2005 (Pubitemid 43916305)
26. Gutiérrez NC, García JL, Hernández JM, et al: Prognostic and biologic significance of chromosomal imbalances assessed by comparative genomic hybridisation in multiple myeloma. Blood 104:2661-2666, 2004
27. Bladé J, Rosiñol L: Smoldering multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Curr Treat Op Oncol 7:237-245, 2006
28. Hjorth M, Hellquist I, Holmberg E, et al: Initial versus deferred melphalan-prednisone therapy for asymptomatic multiple myeloma stage I: A randomized study. Eur J Haematol 50:95-102, 1993 (Pubitemid 23061274)
29. Grignani G, Gobbi P, Formisano R, et al: A prognostic index for multiple myeloma. Br J Cancer 73:1101-1107, 1996
30. Riccardi A, Mora O, Tinelli C, et al: Long-term survival of stage I multiple myeloma given chemotherapy just after diagnosis or at progression of the disease: A multicentre randomized study. Br J Cancer 82:1254-1260, 2000 (Pubitemid 30145341)
31. Rajkumar SV, Mesa RA, Fonseca R, et al: Bone marrow angiogenesis in 400 patients with monoclonal gammopargt of undetermined significance, multiple myeloma, and primary amyloidosis. Clin Cancer Res 8:2210-2216, 2002 (Pubitemid 34753592)
32. Vacca A, Di Loreto M, Ribatti D, et al: Bone marrow of patients with active myeloma: Angiogenesis and adhesion molecules LFA-1, VLA-4, LAM-1, and CD34. Am J Hematol 50:9-14, 1995
33. Singhal S, Metha J, Desikan R, et al: Antitumor activity of thalidomide in refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 341:1565-1571, 1999
34. Van Rhee F, Dhodapkar M, Shaughnessy JD Jr, et al: First thalidomide clinical trial in multiple myeloma: A decade later. Blood 112:1035-1038, 2008
35. Rosiñol L, Cibeira MT, Bladé J, et al: Extramedullary multiple myeloma escapes the effect of thalidomide. Haematologica 89:832-835, 2004 (Pubitemid 38981343)
36. Rajkumar SV, Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, et al: Thalidomide as initial therapy for early-stage myeloma. Leukemia 17:775-779, 2003 (Pubitemid 36519375)
37. Weber D, Rankin K, Gavino M, et al: Thalidomide alone or with dexamethasone for previously untreated multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 21:16-19, 2003
38. Barlogie B, Van Rhee F, Shaughnessy JD Jr, et al: Seven-year median time to progression with thalidomide for smoldering myeloma: Partial response identifies subset requiring earlier salvage therapy for symptomatic disease. Blood 112:3122-3125, 2008
39. Berenson JR, Lichtenstein A, Porter L, et al: Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal events in patients with advanced multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 334:488-493, 1996 (Pubitemid 26067736)
40. Kunzmann V, Bauer E, Feurle J, et al: Stimulation of gammadelta T cells by aminobisphosphonates an induction of antiplasma cell activity in multiple myeloma. Blood 96:384-392, 2000 (Pubitemid 30463353)
41. Dhodapkar M, Singh J, Metha J, et al: Anti-myeloma activity of pamidronate in vivo. Br J Haematol 103:530-532, 1998
42. Corso A, Astori C, Orlandi E, et al: Transient response of myeloma clone to pamidronate therapy. Haematologica 84:759-760, 1999 (Pubitemid 29424422)
43. Martín A, García-Sanz R, Hernández L, et al: Pamidronate induces bone formatin in patients with smoldering or indolent myeloma, with no significant anti-tumour effect. Br J Haematol 118:239-243, 2002
44. Musto P, Falcone A, Sanpaolo G, et al: Pamidronate reduces skeletal events but does not improve progression-free survival in early-stage untreated myeloma. Results of a randomized trial. Leukemia and Lymphoma 44:1545-1548, 2003
45. Musto P, Petrucci MT, Bringham S, et al: A multicente, randomized clinical trial comparing zoledronic acid versus observation in patients with asymptomatic myeloma. Cancer 113:1588-1595, 2008
46. Lust JA, Lacy MQ, Zeldenrust SR, et al: Induction of a chronic disease state in patients with smoldering or indolent multiple myeloma by targeting interleukin 1B-induced interleukin 6 production and the myeloma proliferatiion component. Mayo Clin Proc 84:114-122, 2009
47. Pineda-Roman M, Bolejack V, Arzoumanian V, et al: Complete response in myeloma extends survival without, but not with history of prior monoclonal gammapathy of undetermined significance or smoldering myeloma. Br J Haematol 136:393-399, 2006
48. Zhan F, Barlogie B, Arzoumanian V, et al: Gene-expression signature of benign monoclonal gammopathy evident in multiple myeloma is linked to good prognosis. Blood 109:1692-1700, 2007 (Pubitemid 46239604)
49. Bladé J, Rosiñol L: Complications of multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 21:1231-1246, 2007
50. Anderson KC, Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV, et al: Clinically relevant end points and new drug approvals for myeloma. Leukemia 22:231-239, 2008