Karst water resources in a changing world: Review of hydrological modeling approaches

Reviews of Geophysics

Volumn 52, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 218-242

  Hartmann, A ^a   Goldscheider, N ^b   Wagener, T ^a   Lange, J ^c   Weiler, M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

climate change; karst; land use change; modeling; water resources

Indexed keywords

AQUIFERS; CLIMATE CHANGE; HYDROGEOLOGY; INFORMATION MANAGEMENT; LAND USE; LANDFORMS; MODELS; POTABLE WATER; PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS;

CLIMATE SIMULATION; HYDROLOGICAL MODELING; HYDROLOGICAL PROCESS; INFORMATION CONTENTS; KARST; KARST WATER RESOURCES; LAND-USE CHANGE; PROCESS REPRESENTATION;

WATER RESOURCES;

CLIMATE CHANGE; HYDROLOGICAL MODELING; KARST; KARST HYDROLOGY; LAND USE CHANGE; NUMERICAL MODEL; WATER RESOURCE;

EID: 84905292794     PISSN: 87551209     EISSN: 19449208     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2013RG000443     Document Type: Review

References (205)

1. Abusaada, M., and, M. Sauter, (2013), Studying the flow dynamics of a karst aquifer system with an equivalent porous medium model, Ground Water, 51 (4), 641-650.
2. Aeschbach-Hertig, W., and, T. Gleeson, (2012), Regional strategies for the accelerating global problem of groundwater depletion, Nat. Geosci., 5 (12), 853-861.
3. Al-fares, W., M. Bakalowicz, R. Guérin, and, M. Dukhan, (2002), Analysis of the karst aquifer structure of the Lamalou area (Hérault, France) with ground penetrating radar, J. Appl. Geophys., 51 (2-4), 97-106.
4. Anderson, R. G., and, M. L. Goulden, (2011), Relationships between climate, vegetation, and energy exchange across a montane gradient, J. Geophys. Res., 116 (G1), G01026, doi: 10.1029/2010JG001476.
5. Andreu, J. M., F. J. Alcalá, Á. Vallejos, and, A. Pulido-Bosch, (2011), Recharge to mountainous carbonated aquifers in SE Spain: Different approaches and new challenges, J. Arid Environ., 75 (12), 1262-1270.
6. Aquilina, L., B. Ladouche, and, N. Doerfliger, (2006), Water storage and transfer in the epikarst of karstic systems during high flow periods, J. Hydrol., 327, 472-485.
7. Arbel, Y., N. Greenbaum, J. Lange, and, M. Inbar, (2010), Infiltration processes and flow rates in developed karst vadose zone using tracers in cave drips, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 35 (14), 1682-1693.
8. Armbruster, V., (2002), Grundwasserneubildung in Baden-Württemberg, Freiburger Schriften zu Hydrologie, Band 17, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
9. Bakalowicz, M., (2005), Karst groundwater: A challenge for new resources, Hydrogeol. J., 13, 148-160.
10. Baker, A., C. Bradley, and, S. J. Phipps, (2013), Hydrological modeling of stalagmite δ18O response to glacial-interglacial transitions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3207-3212, doi: 10.1002/grl.50555.
11. Barberá, J. A., and, B. Andreo, (2011), Functioning of a karst aquifer from S Spain under highly variable climate conditions, deduced from hydrochemical records, Environ. Earth Sci., 65 (8), 2337-2349.
12. Batiot, C., C. Emblanch, and, B. Blavoux, (2003), Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and magnesium (Mg2+): Two complementary tracers of residence time in karstic systems, C. R. Geosci., 335 (2), 205-214.
13. Bauer, S., and, R. Liedl, (2005), Modeling the influence of epikarst evolution on karst aquifer genesis: A time-variant recharge boundary condition for joint karst-epikarst development, Water Resour. Res., 41, W09416, doi: 10.1029/2004WR003321.
14. Bechtel, T., F. Bosch, and, M. Gurk, (2007), Geophysical methods in karst hydrogeology, in Methods in Karst Hydrogeology, edited by, N. Goldscheider, and, D. Drew, pp. 171-199, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, London, U. K.
15. Berner, R. A., and, J. W. Morse, (1974), Dissolution kinetics of calcium carbonate in sea water: IV. Theory of calcite dissolution, Am. J. Sci., 274 (2), 108-134.
16. Beven, K. J., (2006), A manifesto for the equifinality thesis, J. Hydrol., 320 (1-2), 18-36.
17. Beven, K. J., and, A. Binley, (1992), The future of distributed models: Model calibration and uncertainty prediction, Hydrol. Processes, 6, 279-298.
18. Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe/United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (BGR/UNESCO) (2008), Groundwater Resources of the World 1: 25 000 000, BGR/UNESCO, Paris, Hannover.
19. Birk, S., R. Liedl, and, M. Sauter, (2006), Karst spring responses examined by process-based modeling, Ground Water, 44 (6), 832-836.
20. Birk, S., T. Geyer, R. Liedl, and, M. Sauter, (2005), Process-based interpretation of tracer tests in carbonate aquifers, Ground Water, 43, 381-388.
21. Bloomfield, J. P., J. A. Barker, and, N. Robinson, (2005), Modeling fracture porosity development using simple growth laws, Ground Water, 43 (3), 314-326.
22. Blöschl, G., M. Sivapalan, T. Wagener, A. Viglione, and, H. Savenije, (2013), Runoff Prediction in Ungauged Basins: Synthesis Across Processes, Places and Scales, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
23. Bonacci, O., and, T. Roje-Bonacci, (2000), Interpretation of groundwater level monitoring results in karst aquifers: Examples from the Dinaric karst, Hydrol. Processes, 14 (14), 2423-2438.
24. Bosch, F., and, I. Mueller, (2001), Continuous gradient VLF measurements: A new possibility for high resolution mapping of karst structures, First Break, 19 (6), 343-350.
25. Bradley, C., A. Baker, C. N. Jex, and, M. J. Leng, (2010), Hydrological uncertainties in the modelling of cave drip-water δ18O and the implications for stalagmite palaeoclimate reconstructions, Quat. Sci. Rev., 29 (17-18), 2201-2214.
26. Bredehoeft, J. D., (2002), The water budget myth revisited: Why hydrogeologists model, Ground Water, 40 (4), 340-345.
27. Brouyère, S., G. Carabin, and, A. Dassargues, (2003), Climate change impacts on groundwater resources: Modelled deficits in a chalky aquifer, Geer basin, Belgium, Hydrogeol. J., 12 (2), 123-134.
28. Buhmann, D., and, W. Dreybrodt, (1985), The kinetics of calcite dissolution and precipitation in geologically relevant situations of karst areas: 1. Open system, Chem. Geol., 48 (1), 189-211.
29. Butscher, C., and, P. Huggenberger, (2008), Intrinsic vulnerability assessment in karst areas: A numerical modeling approach, Water Resour. Res., 44, W03408, doi: 10.1029/2007WR006277.
30. Cacas, M. C., E. Ledoux, G. de Marsily, B. Tilie, A. Barbreau, E. Durand, B. Feuga, and, P. Peaudercerf, (1990), Modeling fracture flow with a stochastic discrete fracture network model: Calibration and validation, 1. The flow model, Water Resour. Res., 26, 479-489.
31. Carrillo, G., P. A. Troch, M. Sivapalan, T. Wagener, C. Harman, and, K. Sawicz, (2011), Catchment classification: Hydrological analysis of catchment behavior through process-based modeling along a climate gradient, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15 (11), 3411-3430.
32. Charlier, J.-B., C. Bertrand, and, J. Mudry, (2012), Conceptual hydrogeological model of flow and transport of dissolved organic carbon in a small Jura karst system, J. Hydrol., 460-461, 52-64.
33. Christensen, J. H., et al. (2007), Regional Climate Projections, in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by, S. Solomon, et al., 996 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K., and New York.
34. Clark, I. D., and, P. Fritz, (1997), Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology, Crc Pr Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.
35. Conway, G., and, G. Toenniessen, (1999), Feeding the world in the twenty-first century, Nature, 402, C55-C58.
36. Cornaton, F., and, P. Perrochet, (2002), Analytical 1D dual-porosity equivalent solutions to 3D discrete-continuum models. Application to karstic spring hydrograph modelling, J. Hydrol., 262, 165-176.
37. Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) (1995), COST 65: Hydrogeological aspects of groundwater protection in karstic areas, Final report (COST action 65) Rep., 446 pp., Bruessel, Luxemburg.
38. Criss, R. E., S. A. Fernandes, and, W. E. Winston, (2001), Isotopic, geochemical and biological tracing of the source of an impacted karst spring, Weldon Spring, Missouri, Environ. Forensics, 2 (1), 99-103.
39. Crosbie, R. S., W. R. Dawes, S. P. Charles, F. S. Mpelasoka, S. Aryal, O. Barron, and, G. K. Summerell, (2011), Differences in future recharge estimates due to GCMs, downscaling methods and hydrological models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L11406, doi: 10.1029/2011GL047657.
40. De Stefano, L., J. Duncan, S. Dinar, K. Stahl, K. M. Strzepek, and, A. T. Wolf, (2012), Climate change and the institutional resilience of international river basins, J. Peace Res., 49 (1), 193-209.
41. De Waele, J., L. Plan, and, P. Audra, (2009), Recent developments in surface and subsurface karst geomorphology: An introduction, Geomorphology, 106 (1-2), 1-8.
42. Debeglia, N., A. Bitri, and, P. Thierry, (2006), Karst investigations using microgravity and MASW: Application to Orléans, France, Near Surf. Geophys., 4 (4), 215-225.
43. Déry, S. J., K. Stahl, R. D. Moore, P. H. Whitfield, B. Menounos, and, J. E. Burford, (2009), Detection of runoff timing changes in pluvial, nival, and glacial rivers of western Canada, Water Resour. Res., 45, W04426, doi: 10.1029/2008WR006975.
44. Doummar, J., M. Sauter, and, T. Geyer, (2012), Simulation of flow processes in a large scale karst system with an integrated catchment model (Mike She)-Identification of relevant parameters influencing spring discharge, J. Hydrol., 426-427, 112-123.
45. Dreybrodt, W., (1990), The role of dissolution kinetics in the development of karst aquifers in limestone: A model simulation of karst evolution, J. Geol., 98 (5), 639-655.
46. Duan, Q. Y., S. Sorooshian, and, H. V. Gupta, (1992), Effective and efficient global optimization for conceptual rainfall-runoff models, Water Resour. Res., 28 (4), 1015-1031, doi: 10.1029/91WR02985.
47. Dunne, S. M., (1999), Imposing constraints on parameter values of a conceptual hydrological model using baseflow response, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 3 (2), 271-284.
48. Dverstorp, B., J. Andersson, and, W. Nordqvist, (1992), Discrete fracture network interpretation of field tracer migration in sparsely fractured rock, Water Resour. Res., 28, 2327-2343, doi: 10.1029/92WR01182.
49. Eriss, A., J. Mádl-Szinyi, H. Surbeck, Á. Horváth, N. Goldscheider, and, A. É. Csoma, (2012), Radionuclides as natural tracers for the characterization of fluids in regional discharge areas, Buda Thermal Karst, Hungary, J. Hydrol., 426-427, 124-137.
50. Fairchild, I. J., C. L. Smith, A. Baker, L. Fuller, C. Spötl, D. Mattey, F. McDermott, and E.I.M.F (2006), Modification and preservation of environmental signals in speleothems, Earth Sci. Rev., 75 (1-4), 105-153.
51. Falkenmark, M., (2001), The greatest water problem: The inability to link environmental security, water security and food security, Int. J. Water Resour. Dev., 17 (4), 539-554.
52. Field, M. S., and, P. F. Pinsky, (2000), A two-region nonequilibrium model for solute transport in solution conduits in karstic aquifers, J. Contam. Hydrol., 44 (3-4), 329-351.
53. Finger, D., et al. (2013), Identification of glacial meltwater runoff in a karstic environment and its implication for present and future water availability, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17 (8), 3261-3277.
54. Fleury, P., M. Bakalowicz, and, G. de Marsily, (2007a), Submarine springs and coastal karst aquifers: A review, J. Hydrol., 339 (1-2), 79-92.
55. Fleury, P., V. Plagnes, and, M. Bakalowicz, (2007b), Modelling of the functioning of karst aquifers with a reservoir model: Application to Fontaine de Vaucluse (South of France), J. Hydrol., 345, 38-49.
56. Fleury, P., B. Ladouche, Y. Conroux, H. Jourde, and, N. Dörfliger, (2009), Modelling the hydrologic functions of a karst aquifer under active water management-The Lez spring, J. Hydrol., 365 (3-4), 235-243.
57. Foley, J. A., et al. (2011), Solutions for a cultivated planet, Nature, 478 (7369), 337-342.
58. Ford, D. C., and, P. W. Williams, (2007), Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology, Wiley, Chichester.
59. Gabrovsek, F., and, W. Dreybrodt, (2001), A model of the early evolution of karst aquifers in limestone in the dimensions of length and depth, J. Hydrol., 240 (3-4), 206-224.
60. Geyer, T., S. Birk, R. Liedl, and, M. Sauter, (2008), Quantification of temporal distribution of recharge in karst systems from spring hydrographs, J. Hydrol., 348, 452-463.
61. Geyer, T., S. Birk, T. Reimann, N. Dörfliger, and, M. Sauter, (2013), Differentiated characterization of karst aquifers: Some contributions, Carbonates Evaporites, 28 (1-2), 41-46.
62. Ghasemizadeh, R., F. Hellweger, C. Butscher, I. Padilla, D. Vesper, M. Field, and, A. Alshawabkeh, (2012), Review: Groundwater flow and transport modeling of karst aquifers, with particular reference to the North Coast Limestone aquifer system of Puerto Rico, Hydrogeol. J., 20 (8), 1441-1461.
63. Gleeson, T., Y. Wada, M. F. Bierkens, and, L. P. van Beek, (2012), Water balance of global aquifers revealed by groundwater footprint, Nature, 488 (7410), 197-200.
64. Goeppert, N., N. Goldscheider, and, H. Scholz, (2011), Karst geomorphology of carbonatic conglomerates in the Folded Molasse zone of the Northern Alps (Austria/Germany), Geomorphology, 130 (3-4), 289-298.
65. Goldscheider, N., (2009), Delineation of spring protection zones, in Groundwater Hydrology of Springs-Engineering, Theory, Management, and Sustainability, edited by, N. Kresic, and, Z. Stevanovic, pp. 305-338, Elsevier, Oxford, U. K.
66. Goldscheider, N., (2012), A holistic approach to groundwater protection and ecosystem services in karst terrains, AQUA mundi, 3 (2), 117-124.
67. Goldscheider, N., and, D. Drew, (2007), Methods in Karst Hydrogeology, 264 pp., Taylor and Francis Group, Leiden, Netherlands.
68. Goldscheider, N., J. Meiman, M. Pronk, and, C. Smart, (2008), Tracer tests in karst hydrogeology and speleology, Int. J. Speleol., 37 (1), 3.
69. Gupta, H. V., S. Sorooshian, and, P. Yapo, (1998), Toward improved calibration of hydrologic models: Multiple and noncommensurable measures of information, Water Resour. Res., 34 (4), 751-763, doi: 10.1029/97WR03495.
70. Gupta, H. V., T. Wagener, and, Y. Liu, (2008), Reconciling theory with observations: Elements of a diagnostic approach to model evaluation, Hydrol. Processes, 22 (18), 3802-3813.
71. Gupta, S. K., W. L. Darnell, and, A. C. Wilber, (1992), A parameterization for longwave surface radiation from satellite data: Recent improvements, J. Appl. Meteorol., 31 (12), 1361-1367.
72. Hao, Y., G. Liu, H. Li, Z. Li, J. Zhao, and, T.-C. J. Yeh, (2012), Investigation of karstic hydrological processes of Niangziguan Springs (North China) using wavelet analysis, Hydrol. Processes, 26 (20), 3062-3069.
73. Harman, C., and, M. Sivapalan, (2009), Effects of hydraulic conductivity variability on hillslope-scale shallow subsurface flow response and storage-discharge relations, Water Resour. Res., 45, W01421, doi: 10.1029/2008WR007228.
74. Hartmann, A., M. Kralik, F. Humer, J. Lange, and, M. Weiler, (2012a), Identification of a karst system's intrinsic hydrodynamic parameters: Upscaling from single springs to the whole aquifer, Environ. Earth Sci., 65 (8), 2377-2389.
75. Hartmann, A., J. Lange, M. Weiler, Y. Arbel, and, N. Greenbaum, (2012b), A new approach to model the spatial and temporal variability of recharge to karst aquifers, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16 (7), 2219-2231.
76. Hartmann, A., J. Lange, À. Vivõ Aguado, N. Mizyed, G. Smiatek, and, H. Kunstmann, (2012c), A multi-model approach for improved simulations of future water availability at a large Eastern Mediterranean karst spring, J. Hydrol., 468-469, 130-138.
77. Hartmann, A., J. A. Barberá, J. Lange, B. Andreo, and, M. Weiler, (2013a), Progress in the hydrologic simulation of time variant recharge areas of karst systems-Exemplified at a karst spring in Southern Spain, Adv. Water Resour., 54, 149-160.
78. Hartmann, A., T. Wagener, A. Rimmer, J. Lange, H. Brielmann, and, M. Weiler, (2013b), Testing the realism of model structures to identify karst system processes using water quality and quantity signatures, Water Resour. Res., 49, 3345-3358, doi: 10.1002/wrcr.20229.
79. Hartmann, A., et al. (2013c), Process-based karst modelling to relate hydrodynamic and hydrochemical characteristics to system properties, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17 (8), 3305-3321.
80. Hu, C., Y. Hao, T.-C. J. Yeh, B. Pang, and, Z. Wu, (2008), Simulation of spring flows from a karst aquifer with an artificial neural network, Hydrol. Processes, 22, 596-604.
81. Hubinger, B., and, S. Birk, (2011), Influence of initial heterogeneities and recharge limitations on the evolution of aperture distributions in carbonate aquifers, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15 (12), 3715-3729.
82. Hunkeler, D., and, J. Mudry, (2007), Hydrochemical tracers, in Methods in Karst Hydrogeology, edited by, N. Goldscheider, and, D. Drew, pp. 93-121, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, London, U. K.
83. Huyakorn, P. S., and, G. F. Pinder, (1983), Computational Methods in Subsurface Flow, Academic Press, London, U. K.
84. Ireson, A. M., and, A. P. Butler, (2013), A critical assessment of simple recharge models: Application to the UK Chalk, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17 (6), 2083-2096.
85. Jakeman, A. J., and, G. M. Hornberger, (1993), How much complexity is warranted in a rainfall-runoff model?, Water Resour. Res., 29, 2637-2649, doi: 10.1029/93WR00877.
86. Jeannin, P.-Y., and, D. A. Grasso, (1997), Permeability and hydrodynamic behavior of karstic environment, in Karst Waters Environmental Impact, edited by, G. Gunay, and, A. I. Johnson, pp. 335-342, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
87. Jeannin, P.-Y., and, M. Sauter, (1998), Analysis of Karst Hydrodynamic Behaviour Using Global Approach: A Review, Université de Neuchatel, Neuchatel.
88. Johnson, N., C. Revenga, and, J. Echeverria, (2001), Managing water for people and nature, Science, 292 (5519), 1071-1072.
89. Jukic, D., and, V. Denic-Jukic, (2006), Nonlinear kernel functions for karst aquifers, J. Hydrol., 328, 360-374.
90. Jukic, D., and, V. Denic-Jukic, (2008), Estimating parameters of groundwater recharge model in frequency domain: Karst springs Jadro and Ze rnovnica, Hydrol. Processes, 22, 4532-4542.
91. Jukic, D., and, V. Denic-Jukic, (2009), Groundwater balance estimation in karst by using a conceptual rainfall-runoff model, J. Hydrol., 373 (3-4), 302-315.
92. Käss, W., (1998), Tracing Technique in Geohydrology, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
93. Kaufmann, G., and, J. Braun, (2000), Karst Aquifer evolution in fractured, porous rocks, Water Resour. Res., 36 (6), 1381-1391, doi: 10.1029/1999WR900356.
94. Kinzelbach, W., (1986), Groundwater Modelling, Elsevier, Amsterdam, N. Y.
95. Kiraly, L., (1975), Rapport sur l'état actuel des connaissances dans le domaine des caractères physiques des roches karstiques, in Hydrogeology of Karstic Terrains, edited by, A. Burger, and, L. Dubertret, pp. 53-67, International Union of Geological Sciences, Paris, France.
96. Kiraly, L., (1998), Modelling karst aquifers by the combined discrete channel and continuum approach, Bull. d'Hydrogéologie, 16, 77-98.
97. Kiraly, L., (2003), Karstification and groundwater flow, Speleogenesis Evolution Karst Aquifers, 1 (3), 1-24.
98. Kiraly, L., and, G. Morel, (1976), Etude de regularisation de l'Areuse par modèle mathématique, Bull. du Centre d'Hydrogéologie, Neuchatel, 1, 19-36.
99. Klump, S., O. A. Cirpka, H. Surbeck, and, R. Kipfer, (2008), Experimental and numerical studies on excess-air formation in quasi-saturated porous media, Water Resour. Res., 44, W05402, doi: 10.1029/2007WR006280.
100. Kordilla, J., M. Sauter, T. Reimann, and, T. Geyer, (2012), Simulation of saturated and unsaturated flow in karst systems at catchment scale using a double continuum approach, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16 (10), 3909-3923.
101. Kovacs, A., and, M. Sauter, (2007), Modelling karst hydrodynamics, in Methods in Karst Hydrogeology, edited by, N. Goldscheider, and, D. Drew, pp. 65-91, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, London, U. K.
102. Kresic, N., (2006), Hydrogeology and Groundwater Modeling, 2nd ed., 828 pp., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 2 edition (October 26, 2006).
103. Kresic, N., (2007), Hydraulic methods, in Methods in Karst Hydrogeology, edited by, N. Goldscheider, and, D. Drew, pp. 65-91, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, London, U. K.
104. Kresic, N., and, Z. Stevanovic, (2009), Groundwater Hydrology of Springs: Engineering, Theory, Management and Sustainability, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, U. K.
105. Kuczera, G., and, M. Mroczkowski, (1998), Assessment of hydrologic parameter uncertainty and the worth of multiresponse data, Water Resour. Res., 34 (6), 1481-1489, doi: 10.1029/98WR00496.
106. Kurtulus, B., and, M. Razack, (2006), Evaluation of the ability of an artificial neural network model to simulate the input-output responses of a large karstic aquifer: The La Rochefoucauld aquifer (Charente, France), Hydrogeol. J., 15, 241-254.
107. Lachniet, M. S., (2009), Climatic and environmental controls on speleothem oxygen-isotope values, Quat. Sci. Rev., 28 (5-6), 412-432.
108. Lange, J., Y. Arbel, T. Grodek, and, N. Greenbaum, (2010), Water percolation process studies in a Mediterranean karst area, Hydrol. Processes, 24 (13), 1866-1879.
109. Larsson, I., (1984), Ground Water in Hard Rocks. Project 8.6 of the International Hydrological Programme, UNESCO, Paris, France.
110. Le Moine, N., V. Andréassian, C. Perrin, and, C. Michel, (2007), How can rainfall-runoff models handle intercatchment groundwater flows? Theoretical study based on 1040 French catchments, Water Resour. Res., 43, W06428, doi: 10.1029/2006WR005608.
111. Le Moine, N., V. Andréassian, and, T. Mathevet, (2008), Confronting surface- and groundwater balances on the La Rochefoucauld-Touvre karstic system (Charente, France), Water Resour. Res., 44, W03403, doi: 10.1029/2007WR005984.
112. Leibundgut, C., P. Maloszewski, and, C. Kulls, (2009), Tracers in Hydrology, 1st ed., 415 pp., Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, U. K.
113. Lempert, R., J. Benjamin, P. Bryant, and, S. C. Bankes, (2008), Comparing algorithms for scenario discovery, Rep., Santa Monica, Calif.
114. Liedl, R., M. Sauter, D. Hückenhaus, T. Clemens, and, G. Teutsch, (2003), Simulation of the development of karst aquifers using a coupled continuum pipe flow model, Water Resour. Res., 39 (3), 1057, doi: 10.1029/2001WR001206.
115. 2 and dilution effects, J. Hydrol., 337 (1-2), 207-223.
116. Loaiciga, H. A., D. R. Maidment, and, J. B. Valdes, (2000), Climate-change impacts in a regional karst aquifer, Texas, USA, J. Hydrol., 227 (1-4), 173-194.
117. Long, A. J., and, L. D. Putnam, (2004), Linear model describing three components of flow in karst aquifers using 18O data, J. Hydrol., 296, 254-270.
118. Madsen, H., G. Wilson, and, H. C. Ammentorp, (2002), Comparison of different automated strategies for calibration of rainfall-runoff models, J. Hydrol., 261 (1-4), 48-59.
119. Maloszewski, P., (1994), Mathematical Modelling of Tracer Experiments in Fissured Aquifers, Professur fur Hydrologie Univ. Freiburg i. Br., Freiburg, Germany.
120. Maloszewski, P., R. Benischke, T. Harum, and, H. Zojer, (1998), Estimation of solute transport parameters in a karstic aquifer using artificial tracer experiments, Int. Contrib. Hydrogeol., 18, 177-190.
121. Maloszewski, P., W. Stichler, A. Zuber, and, D. Rank, (2002), Identifying the flow systems in a karstic-fissured-porous aquifer, the Schneealpe, Austria, by modelling of environmental 18O and 3H isotopes, J. Hydrol., 256, 48-59.
122. Mangin, A., (1984), Pour une meilleure connaissance des systèmes hydrologiques à partir des analyses corrélatoire et spectrale, J. Hydrol., 67 (1-4), 25-43.
123. Maréchal, J. C., B. Ladouche, N. Doerfliger, and, P. Lachassagne, (2008), Interpretation of pumping tests in a mixed flow karst system, Water Resour. Res., 44, W05401, doi: 10.1029/2007WR006288.
124. Mauna Loa Observatory (2013), Carbon cycle gases, Mauna Loa, Hawaii, United States, time series, in Manua Loa Obervatory, Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Mauna Loa. [Available at http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/obop/mlo/.]
125. Mazor, E., (2004), Chemical and Isotopic Groundwater Hydrology, Marcel Dekker, New York.
126. Mazzilli, N., V. Guinot, and, H. Jourde, (2012a), Sensitivity analysis of conceptual model calibration to initialisation bias. Application to karst spring discharge models, Adv. Water Resour., 42, 1-16.
127. Mazzilli, N., H. Jourde, T. Jacob, V. Guinot, N. Moigne, M. Boucher, K. Chalikakis, H. Guyard, and, A. Legtchenko, (2012b), On the inclusion of ground-based gravity measurements to the calibration process of a global rainfall-discharge reservoir model: Case of the Durzon karst system (Larzac, southern France), Environ. Earth Sci., 68 (6), 1631-1646.
128. McDermott, F., (2004), Palaeo-climate reconstruction from stable isotope variations in speleothems: A review, Quat. Sci. Rev., 23 (7-8), 901-918.
129. McDermott, F., H. Schwarcz, and, P. J. Rowe, (2006), Isotopes in Speleothems, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
130. Medina-Elizalde, M., and, E. J. Rohling, (2012), Collapse of classic Maya civilization related to modest reduction in precipitation, Science, 335 (6071), 956-959.
131. Merz, R., and, G. Blöschl, (2004), Regionalisation of catchment model parameters, J. Hydrol., 287 (1-4), 95-123.
132. Merz, R., J. Parajka, and, G. Blöschl, (2011), Time stability of catchment model parameters: Implications for climate impact analyses, Water Resour. Res., 47, W02531, doi: 10.1029/2010WR009505.
133. Milly, P. C. D., K. A. Dunne, and, A. V. Vecchia, (2005), Global pattern of trends in streamflow and water availability in a changing climate, Nature, 438 (7066), 347-350.
134. Miralles, D. G., T. R. H. Holmes, R. A. M. De Jeu, J. H. Gash, A. G. C. A. Meesters, and, A. J. Dolman, (2011), Global land-surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15 (2), 453-469.
135. Moussu, F., L. Oudin, V. Plagnes, A. Mangin, and, H. Bendjoudi, (2011), A multi-objective calibration framework for rainfall-discharge models applied to karst systems, J. Hydrol., 400 (3-4), 364-376.
136. Mudarra, M., and, B. Andreo, (2011), Relative importance of the saturated and the unsaturated zones in the hydrogeological functioning of karst aquifers. The case of Alta Cadena (Southern Spain), J. Hydrol., 397, 263-280.
137. Nash, J. E., and, J. V. Sutcliffe, (1970), River flow forecasting through conceptual models. Part I: A discussion of principles, J. Hydrol., 10, 282-290.
138. Oudin, L., A. Kay, V. Andréassian, and, C. Perrin, (2010), Are seemingly physically similar catchments truly hydrologically similar?, Water Resour. Res., 46 (11), W11558, doi: 10.1029/2009WR008887.
139. Parajka, J., and, G. Blöschl, (2008), The value of MODIS snow cover data in validating and calibrating conceptual hydrologic models, J. Hydrol., 358 (3-4), 240-258.
140. Perrin, C., C. Michel, and, V. Andréassian, (2001), Does a large number of parameters enhance model performance? Comparative assessment of common catchment model structures on 429 catchments, J. Hydrol., 241, 275-301.
141. Plummer, L. N., and, T. M. L. Wigley, (1976), The dissolution of calcite in CO2-saturated solutions at 25C and 1 atmosphere total pressure, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 40 (2), 191-202.
142. Plummer, L. N., E. Busenberg, J. B. McConnell, S. Drenkard, P. Schlosser, and, R. L. Michel, (1998), Flow of river water into a karstic limestone aquifer: 1. Tracing the young fraction in groundwater mixtures in the Upper Floridan Aquifer near Valdosta, Georgia, Appl. Geochem., 13 (8), 995-1015.
143. Pokhrel, P., H. V. Gupta, and, T. Wagener, (2008), A spatial regularization approach to parameter estimation for a distributed watershed model, Water Resour. Res., 44, W12419, doi: 10.1029/2007WR006615.
144. Pronk, M., N. Goldscheider, and, J. Zopfi, (2005), Dynamics and interaction of organic carbon, turbidity and bacteria in a karst aquifer system, Hydrogeol. J., 14 (4), 473-484.
145. Pronk, M., N. Goldscheider, and, J. Zopfi, (2007), Particle-size distribution as indicator for fecal bacteria contamination of drinking water from karst springs, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41 (24), 8400-8405.
146. Pronk, M., N. Goldscheider, and, J. Zopfi, (2008), Microbial communities in karst groundwater and their potential use for biomonitoring, Hydrogeol. J., 17 (1), 37-48.
147. Pronk, M., N. Goldscheider, J. Zopfi, and, F. Zwahlen, (2009), Percolation and particle transport in the unsaturated zone of a karst aquifer, Ground Water, 47 (3), 361-369.
148. Ravbar, N., I. Engelhardt, and, N. Goldscheider, (2011), Anomalous behaviour of specific electrical conductivity at a karst spring induced by variable catchment boundaries: The case of the Podstenjšek spring, Slovenia, Hydrol. Processes, 25 (13), 2130-2140.
149. Refsgaard, J. C., (1997), Parameterisation, calibration and validation of distributed hydrological models, J. Hydrol., 198 (1-4), 69-97.
150. Reimann, T., C. Rehrl, W. B. Shoemaker, T. Geyer, and, S. Birk, (2011a), The significance of turbulent flow representation in single-continuum models, Water Resour. Res., 47 (9), W09503, doi: 10.1029/2010WR010133.
151. Reimann, T., T. Geyer, W. B. Shoemaker, R. Liedl, and, M. Sauter, (2011b), Effects of dynamically variable saturation and matrix-conduit coupling of flow in karst aquifers, Water Resour. Res., 47, W11503, doi: 10.1029/2011WR010446.
152. Rimmer, A., and, Y. Salingar, (2006), Modelling precipitation-streamflow processes in karst basin: The case of the Jordan River sources, Israel, J. Hydrol., 331, 524-542.
153. Rimmer, A., and, A. Hartmann, (2012), Simplified conceptual structures and analytical solutions for groundwater discharge using reservoir equations, in Water Resources Management and Modeling, edited by, D. P. C. Nayak, pp. 217-238, InTech, Kakinada, India.
154. Roa-García, M. C., and, M. Weiler, (2010), Integrated response and transit time distributions of watersheds by combining hydrograph separation and long-term transit time modeling, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14 (8), 1537-1549.
155. Rodríguez, L., L. Vives, and, A. Gomez, (2013), Conceptual and numerical modeling approach of the Guarani Aquifer System, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17 (1), 295-314.
156. Samaniego, L., R. Kumar, and, S. Attinger, (2010), Multiscale parameter regionalization of a grid-based hydrologic model at the mesoscale, Water Resour. Res., 46, W05523, doi: 10.1029/2008WR007327.
157. 2 as natural tracers to investigate the recharge dynamics of karst aquifers, J. Hydrol., 406 (3-4), 148-157.
158. Sawicz, K., T. Wagener, M. Sivapalan, P. A. Troch, and, G. Carrillo, (2011), Catchment classification: Empirical analysis of hydrologic similarity based on catchment function in the eastern USA, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15 (9), 2895-2911.
159. Scanlon, B. R., R. E. Mace, M. E. Barrett, and, B. Smith, (2003), Can we simulate regional groundwater flow in a karst system using equivalent porous media models? Case study, Barton Springs Edwards aquifer, U.S.A, J. Hydrol., 276 (1-4), 137-158.
160. Schnegg, P.-A., (2002), An inexpensive field fluorometer for hydrogeological tracer tests with three tracers and turbidity measurement, in Groundwater and Human Development, edited by, E. Bocanegra, D. Martinez, and, H. Massone, pp. 1484-1488, Leiden, Netherlands.
161. Seibert, J., and, J. J. McDonnell, (2002), On the dialog between experimentalist and modeler in catchment hydrology: Use of soft data for multicriteria model calibration, Water Resour. Res., 38 (11), 1241, doi: 10.1029/2001WR000978.
162. Seiler, K. P., and, J. R. Gat, (2007), Groundwater Recharge From Run-Off and Infiltration, Springer Verlag, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
163. Sheffer, N. A., E. Dafny, H. Gvirtzman, S. Navon, A. Frumkin, and, E. Morin, (2010), Hydrometeorological daily recharge assessment model (DREAM) for the Western Mountain Aquifer, Israel: Model application and effects of temporal patterns, Water Resour. Res., 46, W05510, doi: 10.1029/2008WR007607.
164. Shoemaker, W. B., E. L. Kuniansky, S. Birk, S. Bauer, and, E. D. Swain, (2008), Documentation of a Conduit Flow Process (CFP) for MODFLOW-2005, US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey, Reston, Va.
165. Shuster, E. T., and, W. B. White, (1971), Seasonal fluctuations in the chemistry of lime-stone springs: A possible means for characterizing carbonate aquifers, J. Hydrol., 14 (2), 93-128.
166. Singh, R., T. Wagener, R. Crane, M. E. Mann, and, L. Ning, (2014), A vulnerability driven approach to identify 1 adverse climate and land use change combinations for critical hydrologic indicator thresholds-Application to a watershed in Pennsylvania, U.S.A., Water Resour. Res., 50, 3409-3427, doi: 10.1002/2013WR014988.
167. Sivapalan, M., (2003), Prediction in ungauged basins: A grand challenge for theoretical hydrology, Hydrol. Processes, 17 (15), 3163-3170.
168. Smart, C., (1988), Artificial tracer techniques for the determination of the structure of conduit aquifers, Ground Water, 26 (4), 445-453.
169. Son, K., and, M. Sivapalan, (2007), Improving model structure and reducing parameter uncertainty in conceptual water balance models through the use of auxiliary data, Water Resour. Res., 43 (1), W01415, doi: 10.1029/2006WR005032.
170. Stahl, K., L. M. Tallaksen, J. Hannaford, and, H. A. J. van Lanen, (2012), Filling the white space on maps of European runoff trends: Estimates from a multi-model ensemble, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16 (7), 2035-2047.
171. Stoll, S., H. J. Hendricks Franssen, M. Butts, and, W. Kinzelbach, (2011), Analysis of the impact of climate change on groundwater related hydrological fluxes: A multi-model approach including different downscaling methods, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15 (1), 21-38.
172. Taylor, R. G., et al. (2012), Ground water and climate change, Nat. Clim. Change, 3 (4), 322-329.
173. Teutsch, G., and, M. Sauter, (1998), Distributed parameter modelling approaches in karst hydrological investigations, Bull. d'Hydrogéologie, 16, 99-109.
174. Tritz, S., V. Guinot, and, H. Jourde, (2011), Modelling the behaviour of a karst system catchment using non-linear hysteretic conceptual model, J. Hydrol., 397 (3-4), 250-262.
175. Vaché, K. B., and, J. J. McDonnell, (2006), A process-based rejectionist framework for evaluating catchment runoff model structure, Water Resour. Res., 42, W02409, doi: 10.1029/2005WR004247.
176. Vaks, A., M. Bar-Matthews, A. Ayalon, B. Schilman, M. Gilmour, C. J. Hawkesworth, A. Frumkin, A. Kaufman, and, A. Matthews, (2003), Paleoclimate reconstruction based on the timing of speleothem growth and oxygen and carbon isotope composition in a cave located in the rain shadow in Israel, Quat. Res., 59 (2), 182-193.
177. Vesper, D. J., and, W. B. White, (2003), Metal transport to karst springs during storm flow: An example from Fort Campbell, Kentucky/Tennessee, U.S.A, J. Hydrol., 276 (1-4), 20-36.
178. Vörösmarty, C. J., P. Green, J. Salisbury, and, R. B. Lammers, (2000), Global water resources: Vulnerability from climate change and population growth, Science, 289 (5477), 284.
179. Vrugt, J. A., H. V. Gupta, W. Bouten, and, S. Sorooshian, (2003), A shuffled complex evolution metropolis algorithm for optimization and uncertainty assessment of hydrologic model parameters, Water Resour. Res., 39 (8), 1201, doi: 10.1029/2002WR001642.
180. Wada, Y., L. P. H. van Beek, C. M. van Kempen, J. W. T. M. Reckman, S. Vasak, and, M. F. P. Bierkens, (2010), Global depletion of groundwater resources, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L20402, doi: 10.1029/2010GL044571.
181. Wagener, T., (2007), Can we model the hydrological impacts of environmental change?, Hydrol. Processes, 21 (23), 3233-3236.
182. Wagener, T., and, H. V. Gupta, (2005), Model identification for hydrological forecasting under uncertainty, Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess., 19 (6), 378-387.
183. Wagener, T., and, H. S. Wheater, (2006), Parameter estimation and regionalization for continuous rainfall-runoff models including uncertainty, J. Hydrol., 320 (1-2), 132-154.
184. Wagener, T., D. P. Boyle, M. J. Lees, H. S. Wheater, H. V. Gupta, and, S. Sorooshian, (2001), A framework for development and application of hydrological models, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 5 (1), 13-26.
185. Wagener, T., M. J. Lees, and, H. S. Wheater, (2002), A toolkit for the development and application of parsimonious hydrological models, Math. Models Large Watershed Hydrol., 1, 87-136.
186. Wagener, T., N. McIntyre, M. J. Lees, H. S. Wheater, and, H. V. Gupta, (2003), Towards reduced uncertainty in conceptual rainfall-runoff modelling: Dynamic identifiability analysis, Hydrol. Processes, 17 (2), 455-476.
187. Wagener, T., M. Sivapalan, P. Troch, and, R. Woods, (2007), Catchment classification and hydrologic similarity, Geography Compass, 1 (4), 901-931.
188. Wagener, T., M. Sivapalan, P. A. Troch, B. L. McGlynn, C. J. Harman, H. V. Gupta, P. Kumar, P. S. C. Rao, N. B. Basu, and, J. S. Wilson, (2010), The future of hydrology: An evolving science for a changing world, Water Resour. Res., 46, W05301, doi: 10.1029/2009WR008906.
189. Wang, H. F., and, M. P. Anderson, (1982), Introduction to Groundwater Modeling, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.
190. Weiler, M., and, F. Naef, (2003), An experimental tracer study of the role of macropores in infiltration in grassland soils, Hydrol. Processes, 17 (2), 477-493.
191. Werth, S., A. Güntner, S. Petrovic, and, R. Schmidt, (2009), Integration of GRACE mass variations into a global hydrological model, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 277 (1-2), 166-173.
192. Wheater, H. S., K. H. Bishop, and, M. B. Beck, (1986), The identification of conceptual hydrological models for surface water acidification, Hydrol. Processes, 1 (1), 89-109.
193. White, W. B., (2002), Karst hydrology: Recent developments and open questions, Eng. Geol., 65, 85-105.
194. White, W. B., (2003), Conceptual models for karstic aquifers, Speleogenesis, 1 (1), 1-6.
195. White, W. B., (2007), Cave sediments and paleoclimate, J. Cave Karst Studies, 69 (1), 76-93.
196. Williams, P. W., (1983), The role of the Subcutaneous zone in karst hydrology, J. Hydrol., 61, 45-67.
197. Williams, P. W., (2008), The role of the epikarst in karst and cave hydrogeology: A review, Int. J. Speleol., 37 (1), 1-10.
198. Williams, P. W., and, D. C. Ford, (2006), Global distribution of carbonate rocks, Z. Geomorphol., Suppl. 147, 1-2.
199. Worthington, S. R., (1991), Karst Hydrogeology of the Canadian Rocky Mountains, 227 pp., McMaster Univ., Hamilton, Ont., Canada.
200. Worthington, S. R., (2009), Diagnostic hydrogeologic characteristics of a karst aquifer (Kentucky, USA), Hydrogeol. J., 17 (7), 1665-1678.
201. Worthington, S. R., and, D. C. Ford, (2009), Self-organized permeability in carbonate aquifers, Ground Water, 47 (3), 326-336.
202. Worthington, S. R., C. Smart, and, W. Ruland, (2012), Effective porosity of a carbonate aquifer with bacterial contamination: Walkerton, Ontario, Canada, J. Hydrol., 464-465, 517-527.
203. Yadav, M., T. Wagener, and, H. Gupta, (2007), Regionalization of constraints on expected watershed response behavior for improved predictions in ungauged basins, Adv. Water Resour., 30 (8), 1756-1774.
204. Ye, W., B. C. Bates, N. R. Viney, M. Sivapalan, and, A. J. Jakeman, (1997), Performance of conceptual rainfall-runoff models in low-yielding ephemeral catchments, Water Resour. Res., 33 (1), 153-166, doi: 10.1029/96WR02840.
205. Yilmaz, K. K., H. V. Gupta, and, T. Wagener, (2008), A process-based diagnostic approach to model evaluation: Application to the NWS distributed hydrologic model, Water Resour. Res., 44, W09417, doi: 10.1029/2007WR006716.