Review: Groundwater flow and transport modeling of karst aquifers, with particular reference to the North Coast Limestone aquifer system of Puerto Rico;Revue: Flux de nappe et modélisation de l'écoulement d'aquifères karstiques, avec référence particulière au système aquifère du Calcaire Côtier Nord de Porto-Rico

Hydrogeology Journal

Volumn 20, Issue 8, 2012, Pages 1441-1461

  Ghasemizadeh, Reza ^a   Hellweger, Ferdinand ^a   Butscher, Christoph ^a   Padilla, Ingrid ^b   Vesper, Dorothy ^c   Field, Malcolm ^d   Alshawabkeh, Akram ^a  

^a Northeastern University   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO   (Puerto Rico)

^c WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

Contaminant transport modeling; Groundwater flow; Karst; Puerto Rico (USA)

Indexed keywords

AQUIFER; GROUNDWATER FLOW; KARST; MODELING; NUMERICAL MODEL; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT;

PUERTO RICO;

EID: 84870662274     PISSN: 14312174     EISSN: 14350157     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10040-012-0897-4     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Andersson J, Dverstorp B (1987) Conditional simulations of fluid flow in three-dimensional networks of discrete fractures. Water Resour Res 23(10): 1876-1886.
2. Angelini P, Dragoni W (1997) The problem of modeling limestone springs: the case of Bagnara (North Apennines, Italy). Ground Water 35(4): 612-618.
3. Annable WL, Sudicky EA (1998) Simulation of karst genesis: hydrodynamic and geochemical rock-water interactions in partially-filled conduits. Bull Hydrogéol 16: 211-221.
4. Atkinson TC (1977) Diffuse flow and conduit flow in limestone terrain in the Mendip Hills, Somerset (Great Britain). J Hydrol 35: 93-110.
5. Bakalowicz M (2005) Karst groundwater: a challenge for new resources. Hydrogeol J 13(1): 148-160.
6. Barenblatt G, ZheltovIu KI (1960) Basic concepts in the theory of seepage of homogeneous liquids in fissured rocks. J Appl Math Mech 24(5): 1286-1303.
7. Barrett ME, Charbeneau RJ (1996) A parsimonious model for simulation of flow and transport in a karst aquifer. Technical Report 269, Center for Research in Water Resources, Austin, TX, 149 pp.
8. Bauer S, Liedl R, Sauter M (2000) Modeling of karst development considering conduit-matrix exchange flow, calibration and reliability in groundwater modeling: coping with uncertainty. IAHS Publ. 265, IAHS, Wallingford, UK, pp 10-15.
9. Bauer S, Liedl R, Sauter M (2003) Modeling of karst aquifer genesis: influence of exchange flow. Water Resour Res 39: 1285.
10. Beavers G, Joseph D (1967) Boundary conditions at a naturally permeable wall. J Fluid Mech 30: 197-207.
11. Berkowitz B (2002) Characterizing flow and transport in fractured geological media: a review. Adv Water Resour 25: 861-884.
12. Bezes C (1976) Contribution a la modélisation des systèmes aquifères karstiques [Contribution to the modeling of karst aquifer systems]. PhD Thesis, Université des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Montpellier.
13. Birk S, Liedl R, Sauter M, Teutsch G (2003) Hydraulic boundary conditions as a controlling factor in karst genesis. Water Resour Res 39(1): 1004.
14. Blavoux B, Mudry J (1983) Séparation des composantes de l'écoulement d'un exutoire karstique à l'aide des méthodes physico-chimiques [Separation of components of a karst outlet flow using physico-chemical methods]. Hydrogéol Géol Ing 4: 269-278.
15. Burdon DJ, Papakis N (1963) Handbook of karst hydrogeology. United Nations Special Fund, Institute for Geology and Subsurface Research, Athens, Greece.
16. Butscher C, Huggenberger P (2008) Intrinsic vulnerability assessment in karst areas: a numerical modeling approach. Water Resour Res 44, W03408.
17. Cacas MC, Ledoux E, de Marsily G, Tilie B, Barbreau A, Durand E, Feuga B, Peaudecerf P (1990) Modeling fracture flow with a stochastic discrete fracture network model: calibration and validation: 1, the flow model. Water Resour Res 26: 479-489.
18. Cao Y, Wang H, Xie X (1988) Dual-media flow models of karst areas and their application in north China. In: Zhang H (ed) Karst Hydrogeology and Karst Environment Protection, 21st Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists, Guilin, China. IAHS publication, 704, IAHS, Wallingford, UK.
19. Chen M (1988) Some experiences in compiling hydrogeological maps of karstic terrains in China [abs]. In: Karst hydrogeology and karst environment protection. Proc. of the 21st International Association of Hydrogeologists, vol 2, Guilin, China, September, 1988, pp 1221-1228.
20. Cherry GS (2001) Simulation of flow in the upper North Coast limestone aquifer, Manatí-Vega Baja area, Puerto Rico. US Geol Surv Water Resour Invest Rep 00-4266, 82 pp.
21. De Marsily G (1986) Quantitative hydrogeology-groundwater hydrology for engineers. Academic, Orlando, FL.
22. Delleur JW (1999) The handbook of groundwater engineering. CRC, Boca Raton, FL.
23. Dewandel B, Lachassagne P, Bakalowicz M, Weng PH, Al-Malki A (2003) Evaluation of aquifer thickness by analyzing recession hydrographs: application to the Oman ophiolite hard-rock aquifer. J Hydrol 274: 248-269.
24. Dou C, Woldt W, Dahab M, Bogardi I (1997a) Transient groundwater flow simulation using a fuzzy set approach. Ground Water 35(2): 205-215.
25. Dou C, Woldt W, Bogardi I, Dahab M (1997b) Numerical solute transport simulation using fuzzy set approach. J Contam Hydrol 27(1-2): 107-126.
26. Drogue C (1972) Analyse statistique des hydrogrammes de décrues des sources karstiques [Statistical analysis of hydrograph recessions of karst springs]. J Hydrol 15: 49-68.
27. Drogue C (1974) Structure de certains aquifères karstiques d'après les résultats de travaux de forage [Structure of some karst aquifers based on the drilling results]. Compt Rendus Acad Sci Paris D 278: 2621-2624.
28. Drogue C (1980) Essai d'identification d'un type de structure de magasins carbonates fissures: application à l'interprétation de certains aspects du fonctionnement hydrogéologique [Test for identifying the type of structure of carbonates fissures' storages: application in the interpretation of certain aspects of practical hydrogeology]. Mém sér Soc Géol France 11: 101-108.
29. Dverstorp B, Andersson J, Nordqvist W (1992) Discrete fracture network interpretation of field tracer migration in sparsely fractured rock. Water Resour Res 28: 2327-2343.
30. Eisenlohr L, Király L, Bouzelboudjen M, Rossier I (1997) Numerical simulation as a tool for checking the interpretation of karst springs hydrographs. J Hydrol 193: 306-315.
31. Faulkner J, Hu BX, Kish S, Hua F (2009) Laboratory analog and numerical study of groundwater flow and solute transport in a karst aquifer with conduit and matrix domains. J Contam Hydrol 110: 34-44.
32. Field MS (1992-1993) Karst hydrology and chemical contamination. J Environ Syst 22(1): 1-26.
33. Field MS (1997) Risk assessment methodology for karst aquifers: 2, solute-transport modeling. Environ Model Assess 47: 23-37.
34. Field MS, Pinsky PF (2000) A two-region nonequilibrium model for solute transport in solution conduits in karstic aquifers. J Contam Hydrol 44(3-4): 329-351.
35. Fleury P, Plagnes V, Bakalowicz M (2007) Modelling of the functioning of karst aquifers with a reservoir model: application to Fontaine de Vaucluse (South of France). J Hydrol 345: 38-49.
36. Ford DC, Williams PW (2007) Karst hydrogeology and geomorphology. Wiley, Chichester, UK, 576 pp.
37. Forkasiewicz J, Paloc H (1967) Le régime de tarissement de la foux-de-la-Vis. Etude préliminaire [First study on the depletion curve of the foux-de-la-Vis spring]. Chron Hydrogéol 3(10): 61-73.
38. Geyer T, Birk S, Liedl R, Sauter M (2008) Quantification of temporal distribution of recharge in karst systems from spring hydrographs. J Hydrol 348: 452-463.
39. Giusti EV (1978) Hydrogeology of the karst of Puerto Rico. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1012, 68 pp.
40. Giusti EV, Bennett GD (1976) Water resources of the North Coast limestone area. US Geol Surv Water Resour Invest Rep 42-75, 42 pp.
41. Gómez GF, Torres-Sierra H (1988) Hydrology and effects of development on the water-table aquifer in the Vega Alta quadrangle. US Geol Surv Water Resour Invest Rep 87-4105, 53 pp.
42. Graf T, Therrien R (2007a) A method to discretize non-planar fractures for 3D subsurface flow and transport simulations. Int J Numer Meth Fluid 56: 2069-2090.
43. Graf T, Therrien R (2007b) Variable-density groundwater flow and solute transport in irregular 2D fracture networks. Adv Water Resour 30: 455-468.
44. Greene EA (1992) Hydrologic properties of the Madison aquifer system in the Western Rapid City area, South Dakota. US Geol Surv Water Resour Invest Rep 93-4008, 56 pp.
45. Guilbot A (1975) Modélisation des écoulement d'un aquifère karstique (liaisons pluie-debit), application aux bassins de Saugras et du Lez [Modeling of flow in a karst aquifer (rainfall-discharge relations), application to Saugras and Lez basins]. PhD Thesis, Université des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Montpellier.
46. Guzmán RS, Quiñones MF (1984) Ground-water quality at selected sites throughout Puerto Rico, September 1982-July 1983. US Geol Surv Open-File Rep 84-058.
47. Hergarten S, Birk S (2007) A fractal approach to the recession of spring hydrographs. Geophys Res Lett 34, L11401.
48. Hill ME, Martin A, Stewart MT (2008) Performance Evaluation of the Modflow-2005 Conduit Flow Process Applied to a Karst Aquifer Underlying West-Central Florida, Kuniansky EL (ed) US Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Bowling Green, Kentucky, May 27-29, 2008. US Geol Surv Sci Invest Rep 2008-5023, pp 93-98.
49. Hu BX (2010) Examining a coupled continuum pipe-flow model for groundwater flow and solute transport in a karst aquifer. Acta Carsolog 39(2): 347-359.
50. Hu CH, Hao YH, Yeh TCJ, Pang B, Wu ZN (2008) Simulation of spring flows from a karst aquifer with an artificial neural network. Hydrol Process 22: 596-604.
51. Hunter JM, Arbona SI (1995) Paradise lost: an introduction to the geography of water pollution in Puerto Rico. Soc Sci Med 40: 1331-1355.
52. Huntoon PW (1995) Is it appropriate to apply porous media groundwater circulation models to karstic aquifers? El-Kadi AI (ed) Groundwater models for resources analysis and management, Pacific Northwest/Oceania Conference, Honolulu, HI, March 1994, pp 339-358.
53. Jeannin PY (2001) Modeling flow in phreatic and epiphreatic karst conduits in the Hölloch Cave (Muotathal, Switzerland). Water Resour Res 37(2): 191-200.
54. Jeannin PY, Maréchal JC (1995) Lois de pertes de charge dans les conduits karstiques: base théorique et observations (Law of pressure loss in karst conduits: theoretical basis and observations). Bull Hydrogéol Neuchatel 14: 149-176.
55. Jukić D, Denić-Jukić V (2009) Groundwater balance estimation in karst by using a conceptual rainfall-runoff model. J Hydrol 373(3-4): 302-315.
56. Kaufmann G, Braun J (2000) Karst aquifer evolution in fractured, porous rocks. Water Resour Res 36(6): 1381-1391.
57. Keeler RR, Zhang YK (1997) Modeling of groundwater flow in a fractured-karst aquifer in the Big Springs Basin, Iowa. Geol Soc Am Abs with Programs 29(4): 25.
58. Kipp KL (1987) HST3D: a computer code for simulation of heat and solute transport in three dimensional groundwater flow systems. US Geol Surv Water Resour Invest Rep 86-4095, 597 pp.
59. Király L (1985) FEM-301, A three dimensional model for groundwater flow simulation. NAGRA Technical Report 84-49, NAGRA, WettingenSwitzerland, 96 pp.
60. Király L (1988) Large-scale 3D groundwater flow modeling in highly heterogeneous geologic medium. In Custodio (ed) Groundwater flow and quality modeling, Riedel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 761-776.
61. Király L (1998) Modeling karst aquifers by the combined discrete channel and continuum approach. Bull Centre Hydrogeol 16: 77-98.
62. Király L (2003) Karstification and groundwater flow. Speleogenesis Evol Karst Aquifers 1: 1-26.
63. Király L, Morel G (1976) Remarques sur hydrogramme des sources karstiques simulé par modèles mathématiques [Remarks on karst springs hydrographs simulated with mathematical models]. Bull Hydrogéol Univ Neuchâtel 1: 37-60.
64. Király L, Perrochet P, Rossier Y (1995) Effect of epikarst on the hydrograph of karst springs: a numerical approach. Bull Hydrogéol 14: 199-220.
65. Kourtulus B, Razack M (2010) Modeling daily discharge responses of a large karstic aquifer using soft computing methods: artificial neural network and neuro-fuzzy. J Hydrol 381: 101-111.
66. Kovacs A (2003) Geometry and hydraulic parameters of karst aquifers: a hydrodynamic modeling approach. PhD Thesis, CHYN, Univ de Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
67. Kovacs A, Sauter M (2007) Modeling karst hydrodynamics. In: Goldscheider N, Drew D (eds) Methods in Karst Hydrogeology. IAH: International Contribution to Hydrogeology, vol 26, Taylor and Francis, London, pp 201-222.
68. Kumar CP (2006) Groundwater flow models: an overview. In: Ghosh NC, Sharma KD (eds) Groundwater modelling and management. Capital, New Delhi, pp 153-178.
69. Kuniansky EL (1993) Multilayer finite-element model of the Edwards and Trinity aquifers, central Texas. In: Dutton AR (ed) Toxic substances and the hydrologic sciences.
70. Kuniansky EL, Holligan KQ (1994) Simulations of flow in the Edwards-Trinity aquifer system and contiguous hydraulically connected units, west-central Texas. US Geol Surv Water Resour Invest Rep 93-4039, 40 pp.
71. Kuniansky EL, Fahlquist, L, Ardis, AF (2001) Travel times along selected flow paths of the Edwards aquifer, central Texas. In Kuniansky EL (ed) US Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, St. Petersburg, FL, February 13-16, 2001. US Geol Surv Water Resour Invest Rep 01-4011, pp 69-77.
72. Kurtulus B, Razack M (2007) Evaluation of the ability of an artificial neural network model to simulate the input-output responses of a large karstic aquifer: the La Rochefoucauld aquifer, Charente, France. Hydrogeol J 15: 241-254.
73. Kurtulus B, Razack M (2010) Modeling daily discharge responses of a large karstic aquifer using soft computing methods: artificial neural network and neuro-fuzzy. J Hydrol 381: 101-111.
74. Lallahem S, Mania J (2003) A nonlinear rainfall-runoff model using neural network technique: example in fractured porous media. Math Comput Model 37: 1047-1061.
75. Lapcevic PA, Novakowski KS, Sudicky EA (1999) Groundwater flow and solute transport in fractured media. In: Delleur JW (ed) The handbook of groundwater engineering. CRC, New York.
76. Larocque M, Banton O, Ackerer P, Razack M (1999) Determining karst transmissivities with inverse modeling and an equivalent porous media. Ground Water 37: 897-903.
77. Lee ES, Krothe NC (2001) A four-component mixing model for water in a karst terrain in south-central Indiana, USA using solute concentration and stable isotopes as tracers. Chem Geol 179: 129-143.
78. Li G (2009) Analytical solution of advective mixing in a conduit. Ground Water 47(5): 714-722.
79. Liedl R, Sauter M, Hückinghaus D, Clemens T, Teutsch G (2003) Simulation of the development of karst aquifers using a coupled continuum pipe flow model. Water Resour Res 39(3): 1057.
80. Long JCS, Gilmour P, Witherspoon PA (1985) A model for steady fluid flow in random three-dimensional networks of disc shaped fractures. Water Resour Res 21(8): 1105-1115.
81. Loop CM, White WB (2001) A conceptual model for DNAPL transport in karst ground water basins. Ground Water 39(1): 119-127.
82. Mahler BJ, Personné JC, Lynch FL, van Metre PC (2003) Sediment and sediment-associated contaminant transport through karst. In: Sasowsky ID, Mylroie JE (eds) Studies of cave sediments. Kluwer, New York, pp 23-46.
83. Maillet E (1905) Essais d'hydraulique souterraine & fluviale [Hydraulic tests in the subsurface and in rivers]. Hermann, Paris.
84. Mangin A (1975) Contribution à l'etude hydrodynamique des aquifères karstiques [Contribution to the hydrodynamic study of karst aquifers]. PhD Thesis, Institut des Sciences de la Terre de l'Université de Dijon.
85. Mathews TJ, MacDorman MF (2011) Infant mortality statistics from the 2007 period linked birth/infant death data set. Natl Vital Stat Rep 59: 6.
86. Matthäi SK, Belayneh M (2004) Fluid flow partitioning between fractures and a permeable rock matrix. Geophys Res Lett 31: 1-5.
87. McDonald MG, Harbaugh AW (1988) A modular three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water flow model. US Geol Surv Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 6, chap A1. USGS, Reston, VA, 586 pp.
88. Mero F (1963) Application of the groundwater depletion curves in analyzing and forecasting spring discharges influenced by well fields. Symposium on surface waters, General assembly of Berkeley of IUGG, IAHS Publication, 63, IAHS, Wallingford, UK, pp 107-117.
89. Mero F (1969) An approach to daily hydrometeorological water balance computations for surface and groundwater basins. Proceedings ITC-UNESCO, Seminar for Integrated River Basin Development, Delft, The Netherlands, October 1969.
90. Mero F, Gilboa Y (1974) A methodology for the rapid evaluation of groundwater resources. Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Bull Sci Hydrogéol 19(3): 347-358.
91. Moghaddamnia A, Ghafari Gousheh M, Piri J, Amin S, Han D (2009) Evaporation estimation using artificial neural networks and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system techniques. Adv Water Resour 32: 88-97.
92. Monroe WH (1980) Geology of the Middle Tertiary formations of Puerto Rico. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 953.
93. Mutch RD, Scott JI, Wilson DJ (1993) Cleanup of fractured rock aquifers: implications of matrix diffusion. Environ Monit Assess 24(1): 45-70.
94. Neuman SP (1987) Stochastic continuum representation of fractured rock permeability as an alternative to the REV and fracture network concepts. In: Custodio E, Gurgui A, Lobo-Ferreira JP (eds) Groundwater flow and quality modeling. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 331-362.
95. Newell CJ, Ross RR (1992) Estimating potential for occurrence of DNAPL at Superfund sites. US EPA Quick Reference Fact Sheet, US EPA, ORD, RS Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, OK.
96. Newell CJ, Acree SD, Ross RR, Scott GH (1995) Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids, EPA Technical Support Project Issue Papers. Available online at http://www. epa. gov/tio/tsp/issue. htm. Accessed 30 March 2012.
97. Palmer AN, Palmer MV, Sasowsky ID (1999) Karst modeling. Special publication 5. Karst Waters Institute, Akron Ohio.
98. Pankow JF, Johnson RL, Hewetson JP, Cherry JA (1986) An evaluation of contaminant migration patterns at two waste disposal sites on fractured porous media in terms of the equivalent porous medium (EPM) model. J Contam Hydrol 1: 65-76.
99. Perrin J (2003) A conceptual model of flow and transport in a karst aquifer based on spatial and temporal variations of natural tracers. PhD Thesis, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, 227 pp.
100. Quinlan J (1978) Types of karst, with emphasis on cover beds in their classification and development. PhD Thesis, University of Texas, Austin, USA.
101. Quinlan JF, Ewers RO (1989) Subsurface drainage in the Mammoth Cave area. In White WB, White EL (eds) Karst hydrology: concepts from the Mammoth Cave area. Reinhold, New York, pp 65-103.
102. Reimann T, Hill ME (2009) MODFLOW-CFP: a new conduit flow process for MODFLOW-2005. Ground Water 47: 321-325.
103. Renken RA, Ward WC, Gill IP, Gómez GF, Rodríguez JM et al (2002) Geology and hydrogeology of the Caribbean Islands aquifer system of the commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap 1419: 1-139.
104. Rodríguez JM (1995) Hydrology of the North Coast limestone aquifer system in Puerto Rico. US Geol Surv Water Resour Invest Rep 94-4249, 22 pp.
105. Rodríguez JM (1998) Characterization of springflow in the north coast limestone of Puerto Rico using physical, chemical, and stable isotopic methods. US Geological Survey, San Juan, Peurto Rico.
106. Rodríguez JM, Hartley JR (1994) Geologic and Hydrologic Data Collected at Test Holes NC-6 and NC-11, Hatillo and Isabela, Northwestern Puerto Rico. US Geol Surv Open-File Rep 93-465, 39 pp.
107. Rodríguez JM, Richards RT (2000) Detection of conduit-controlled ground-water flow in northwestern Puerto Rico using aerial photograph interpretation and geophysical methods, US Geol Surv Water Resour Invest Rep 00-4147, 45 pp.
108. Ryder PD (1985) Hydrology of the Floridan aquifer system in west-central Florida. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap 1403-F: 63.
109. Sauter M (1992) Quantification and forecasting of regional groundwater flow and transport in a karst aquifer (Gallusquelle, Malm SW Germany). PhD Thesis, Univ of Tübingen, Germany, Arb C13, 150 pp.
110. Sauter M (1993) Double porosity models in karstified limestone aquifers: field validation and data provision, in hydrogeological process in karst terranes. Intl Assoc Hydrolog Sci 207: 261-279.
111. Sauter M, Kovacs A, Geyer T, Teutsch G (2006) Modellierung der hydraulik von karst grundwasserleiter: eine übersicht [Modeling of the hydraulics of karst aquifers: an overview]. Grundwasser 11(3): 143-156.
112. Scanlon BR, Mace RE, Barret ME, Smith B (2003) Can we simulate regional groundwater flow in a karst system using equivalent porous media models?: Case study, Barton springs Edwards aquifer, USA. J Hydrol 276(1-4): 137-158.
113. Schuster ET, White WB (1971) Seasonal fluctuations in the chemistry of limestone springs: a possible means for characterizing carbonate aquifers. J Hydrol 14: 93-128.
114. Sepúlveda N (1999) Ground-water flow, solute transport, and simulation of remedial alternatives for the water-table aquifer in Vega Alta, Puerto Rico. US Geol Surv Water Resour Invest Rep 97-4170, 96 pp.
115. Sepúlveda N (2008) Analysis of methods to estimate spring flows in a karst aquifer. Ground Water 47(3): 337-349.
116. Shoemaker WB, Kuniansky EL, Birk S, Bauer S, Swain ED (2008) Documentation of a conduit flow process (CFP) for MODFLOW-2005. Techniques and Methods, book 6, chap A24, US Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 50 pp.
117. Singhal BBS, Gupta RP (1999) Applied hydrogeology of fracture rocks. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 166-167.
118. Streltsova TD (1977) Storage properties of fractured formations. In: Dilamarter RR, Csallany SC (eds) Hydrologic problems in karst regions Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, pp 188-192.
119. Stringfield VT, Rapp JR, Anders RB (1979) Effects of karst and geologic structure on the circulation of water and permeability in carbonate aquifers. In: Back W, Stephenson DA (eds) Contemporary hydrogeology: the George Burke Maxey memorial volume. J Hydrol, 43: 313-332.
120. Sudicky EA, McLaren RG (1992) The Laplace transform Galerkin technique for large-scale simulation of mass transport in discretely fractured porous formations. Water Resour Res 28(2): 499-514.
121. Szilagyi JM, Parlange B, Albertson JD (1998) Recession flow analysis for aquifer parameter determination. Water Resour 34: 1851-1857.
122. Tabari H, Martinez C, Ezani A, Talaee H (2012) Applicability of support vector machines and adaptive neurofuzzy inference system for modeling potato crop evapotranspiration. Irr Sci doi: 10. 1007/s00271-012-0332-6. 14 pp.
123. Tallaksen LM (1995) A review of baseflow recession analysis. J Hydrol 165: 349-370.
124. Tang DH, Frind EO, Sudicky EA (1981) Contaminant transport in fractured porous media: analytical solutions for a single fracture. Water Resour Res 17(3): 555-564.
125. Teutsch G (1989) Groundwater models in karstified terraines-two practical examples from the Swabian Alb, S Germany. In: 4th Conference on Solving Groundwater Problems with Models, 7-9 February 1989, Indianapolis, IN, pp 929-953.
126. Teutsch G (1993) An extended double-porosity concept as a practical modeling approach for a karstified terrain. Hydrogeological Processes in Karst Terranes (Proceedings of the Antalya Symposium and Field Seminar, October 1990), IAHS, Wallingford, UK, pp 281-292.
127. Teutsch G, Sauter M (1998) Distributed parameter modeling approaches in karst hydrological investigations. Bull Hydrogéol 16: 99-109.
128. Therrien R, Sudicky EA (1996) Three dimensional analysis of variably saturated flow and solute transport in discretely fractured porous media. J Contam Hydrol 23: 1-44.
129. Thrailkill JV (1968) Chemical and hydrologic factor in the excavation of limestone caves. Geol Soc Am Bull 79(1): 19-46.
130. Thrailkill JV (1986) Models and methods for shallow conduit-flow aquifers. In: Proceedings of the Environmental Problems in Karst Terraines and their Solutions Conference. National Water Well Assoc., Bowling Green, KY, pp 17-31.
131. Thrailkill JV (1989) Shallow conduit-flow carbonate aquifers: Conceptual models and parameter evaluation. In: Moore JE, Zaporozec AA, Csallany SC, Varney TC (eds) Recent advances in ground-water hydrology. American Institute of Hydrology, Minneapolis, MN, pp 153-159.
132. Torbarov K (1976) Estimation of permeability and effective porosity in karst on the basis of recession curve analysis. In: Yevjevich V (ed) Karst hydrology and water resources, vol 1: karst Hydrology. Water Resourses Publication, Littleton, CO, pp 121-134.
133. Torres-González A (1985) Simulation of ground-water flow in the water table aquifer near Barceloneta, Puerto Rico. US Geol Surv Water Resour Invest Rep 84-4113, 39 pp.
134. Torres-González S, Planert M, Rodríguez MJ (1996) Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the upper aquifer of the Río Camuy to Río Grande de Manatí area, Puerto Rico. US Geol Surv Water Resour Invest Rep 95-4286, 102 pp.
135. Troch PA, De Troch FP, Brutsaert W (1993) Effective water table depth to describe initial conditions prior to storm rainfall in humid regions. Water Resour 29: 427-434.
136. Wanakule N, Anaya R (1993) A lumped parameter model for the Edwards aquifer. Technical report 163, Texas Water Resources Institute, College Station, TX, 84 pp.
137. Weatherhill D, Graf T, Simmons CT, Cook PG, Therrien R, Reynolds DA (2008) Discretizing the fracture-matrix interface to simulate solute transport. Ground Water 46(4): 606-615.
138. White WB (1977) Conceptual models for carbonate aquifers: revisited. In: Dilamarter RR, Csallany SC (eds) Hydrologic problems in karst terrains. Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, pp 176-187.
139. White WB (2003) Conceptual models for karstic aquifers. Speleolog Evolut Karst Aquifers 1(1). http://www. speleogenesis. info/directory/karstbase/pdf/seka_pdf4491. pdf. Accessed 30 March 2012.
140. White WB (2007) Groundwater flow in karstic aquifers. In: Delleur JW (ed) The handbook of groundwater engineering, chap 21. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 21. 1-21. 47.
141. White WB, White EL (2005) Ground water flux distribution between matrix, fractures, and conduits: Constraints on modeling. Speleolog Evolut Karst Aquifers 3(2): 1-6.
142. Williams WP (1983) The role of the subcutaneous zone in karst hydrology. J Hydrol 61(1-3): 45-67.
143. Witherspoon PA, Wang JSY, Iwai K, Gale JE (1980) Validity of the cubic law for fluid flow in a deformable rock fracture. Water Resour Res 16: 1016-1024.
144. Witthüser K, Reichert B, Hötzl H (2003) Contaminant transport in fractured chalk: laboratory and field experiments. Ground Water 41(6): 806-815.
145. Wolfe WJ, Haugh CJ, Webbers A, Diehl TH (1997) Preliminary conceptual models of the occurrence, fate, and transport of chlorinated solvents in karst regions of Tennessee. US Geol Surv Water Resour Invest Rep 97-4097, 80 pp.
146. Worthington SRH (1991) Karst hydrogeology of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. PhD Thesis, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, 227 pp.
147. Zhang YK, Bai EW, Libra R, Rowden R, Liu H (1996) Simulation of spring discharge from a limestone aquifer in Iowa. Hydrogeol J 4: 41-54.