Applying the multiple-barrier approach for microbial risk reduction in the post-harvest sector of wastewater-irrigated vegetables

Wastewater Irrigation and Health: Assessing and Mitigating Risk in Low-income Countries

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 239-259

  Ilic, Sanja ^a   Drechsel, Pay ^b   Amoah, Philip ^c   LeJeune, Jeffrey T ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b International Water Management Institute IWMI   (Sri Lanka)

^c INTERNATIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE   (Ghana)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84904776321     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781849774666     Document Type: Chapter

References (52)

1. Ailes, E., Leon, J., Jaykus, L., Johnston, L., Clayton, H., Blanding, S., Kleinbaum, D., Backer, L. and Moe, C. (2008) 'Microbial concentrations on fresh produce are affected by postharvest processing, importation, and season', Journal of Food Protection, vol 71, pp2389-97
2. Amoah, P., Drechsel, P., Abaidoo, R. C. and Henseler, M. (2007a) 'Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: Microbiological contamination in farms and markets and associated consumer risk groups', Journal of Water and Health, vol 5, no 3, pp455-66
3. Amoah, P., Drechsel., P., Abaidoo, R. C. and Klutse, A. (2007b) 'Effectiveness of common and improved sanitary washing methods in West Africa for the reduction of coli bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetables', Tropical Medicine and International Health, vol 12, SUPPLEMENT 2, pp40-50
4. Amoah, P., Drechsel, P., Abaidoo, R. C. and Ntow, W. J. (2006) 'Pesticide and pathogen contamination of vegetables in Ghana's urban markets', Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 50,no 1, pp1-6
5. Amoah, P., Schuetz, T., Kranjac-Berisavjevic, G., Manning-Thomas, N. and Drechsel, P. (2009) 'From world cafés to road shows: Using a mix of knowledge sharing approaches to improve wastewater use in urban agriculture', Knowledge Management for Development Journal, December 2009 (in press)
6. Armar-Klemesu, M., Akpedonu, P., Egbi, G. and Maxwell, D. (1998) 'Food contamination in urban agriculture: Vegetable production using wastewater', in M. Armar-Klemesu and D. Maxwell (eds) Urban Agriculture in Greater Accra Metropolitan Area, Final Report to IDRC, Centre file: 003149, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra
7. Aruscavage, D., Lee, K., Miller, S. and LeJeune, J. T. (2006) 'Interactions affecting the proliferation and control of human pathogens on edible plants', Journal of Food Science, vol 71, ppR89-R99
8. Aruscavage, D., Miller, S. A., Ivey, M. L., Lee, K. and LeJeune, J. T. (2008) 'Survival and dissemination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on physically and biologically damaged lettuce plants', Journal of Food Protection, vol 71, pp2384-8
9. Bunster, L., Fokkema, N. J. and Schippers, B. (1989) 'Effect of surface-active Pseudomonas spp. on leaf wettability', Applied Environmental Microbiology, vol 55,no 6, pp1340-45
10. CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission) (2003a) 'Code of hygienic practice for fresh fruits and vegetables', Doc. CAC/RCP 53-2003
11. CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission) (2003b) 'Recommended international code of practice. General principles of food hygiene', Doc. CAC/RCP 1-1969, Rev. 4-2003
12. CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission) (2004) 'Report of the Twentieth Session of the Codex Committee on General Principles, Paris, France, 3-7 May 2004', ALINORM 04/27/33A, Appendix II, pp37-8, ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/alinorm04/al0433ae.pdf
13. Collins, C., Martin, I. and Fryer, M. (2006) 'Evaluation of models for predicting plant uptake of chemicals from soil', Science Report SC050021/SR, UK Environment Agency, Bristol, UK, www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Research/sc050021_2029764.pdf
14. Directorate of Research (Agri) Assam Agricultural University (2005) Post Harvest Practices and Loss Assessment of Some Commercial Horticultural Crops of Assam, Directorate of Research (Agri) Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, India
15. Drechsel, P., Abaidoo, R. C., Amoah, P. and Cofie, O. O. (2000) 'Increasing use of poultry manure in and around Kumasi, Ghana: Is farmers' race consumers' fate?', Urban Agricultural Magazine, vol 2, pp25-7
16. Drechsel, P., Keraita, B., Amoah, P., Abaidoo, R., Raschid-Sally, L. and Bahri, A. (2008) 'Reducing health risks from wastewater use in urban and peri-urban sub-Saharan Africa: Applying the 2006 WHO Guidelines', Water Science and Technology, vol 57,no 9, pp1461-6
17. Ensink, J. H. J., Mahmood, T. and Dalsagaard, A. (2007) 'Wastewater irrigated vegetables: Market handling verses irrigation water quality', Tropical Medicine and International Health, vol 12, pp2-7
18. FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations / World Health Organization) (2002) 'Principles and guidelines for incorporating microbiological risk assessment in the development of food safety standards, guidelines and related texts', Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Consultation, Kiel, Germany, 18-22 March 2002, ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/y4302e/y4302e00.pdf
19. FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations / World Health Organization) (2008) 'Microbiological hazards in fresh leafy vegetables and herbs: Meeting Report', Microbiological Risk Assessment Series, no 14. FAO, Rome, p151
20. Fatemi, P., LaBorde, L. F., Patton, J., Sapers, G. M., Annous, B. and Knabel, S. J. (2006) 'Influence of punctures, cuts, and surface morphologies of golden delicious apples on penetration and growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7', Journal of Food Protection, vol 69, pp267-75
21. Feachem, D. G., Bradley, D. J., Garelick, H. and Mara, D. D. (1983) Sanitation and Disease: Health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management, John Wiley & Sons, Bath
22. Fischer, A. R. H., De Jong, A. E. I., Van Asselt, E. D. et al. (2007) 'Food safety in the domestic environment: An interdisciplinary investigation of microbial hazards during food preparation', Risk Analysis, vol 27,no 4, pp1065-82
23. Franz, E. and van Bruggen, A. H. C. (2008) 'Ecology of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in the primary vegetable production chain', Critical Reviews in Microbiology, vol 34, nos 3-4, pp143-61
24. Gorris, L. G. M. (2005) 'Food Safety Objective: An integral part of food chain management', Food Control, vol 16, pp801-9, www.esb.ucp.pt/twt/seg_alim/artigosCientificos/LeonGorris/Gorris_FSO_Food_Control_upd.PDF
25. Hope, L., Keraita, B. and Akple, M. S. K. (2008) 'Use of irrigation water to wash vegetables grown on urban farms in Kumasi, Ghana', Urban Agriculture Magazine, vol 20, pp29-30
26. ICMSF (International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods) (2002) Microorganisms in Foods. Book 7, Microbiological Testing in Food Safety Management, Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, NY
27. Ilic, S., Odomeru, J. and LeJeune, J. T. (2008) 'Coliforms and prevalence of Escherichia coli and foodborne pathogens on minimally processed spinach in two packing plants', Journal of Food Protection, vol 71, pp2398-403
28. Jablasone, J., Brovko, L. Y. and Griffiths, M. W. (2004) 'A research note: The potential for transfer of Salmonella from irrigation water to tomatoes', Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol 84,no 3, pp287-9
29. Jablasone, J., Warriner, K. and Griffiths, M. (2005) 'Interactions of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes plants cultivated in a gnotobiotic system', International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol 99, pp7-18
30. Keraita, B., Konradsen, F., Drechsel, P. and Abaidoo, R. C. (2007) 'Reducing microbial contamination on lettuce by cessation of irrigation before harvesting', Tropical Medicine and International Health, vol 12, SUPPLEMENT 2, pp8-14
31. Klutse, A., Tandja, C. T. and Sow, J. A. (2005) 'Circuit and practices in washing gardening products from production to consumption: An investigation report in West Africa', CREPA-IWMI, unpublished project report for CPWF, no 38
32. McEvoy, J. L., Luo, Y., Conway, W. et al. (2009) 'Potential of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to grow on field-cored lettuce as impacted by postharvest storage time and temperature', International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol 128,no 3, pp506-9
33. Nicolas, B., Razack, B. A., Yollande, I., Aly, S., Tidiane, O. C. A., Philippe, N. A., Da Silva, C. and Sababénédjo, T. A. (2007) 'Street-vended foods improvement: Contamination mechanisms and application of Food Safety Objective Strategy: Critical review', Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, vol 6, no 1, pp1-10, www.pjbs.org/pjnonline/fin533.pdf
34. Nunes, M. C. N. (2008) 'Impact of environmental conditions on fruit and vegetable quality', Stewart Postharvest Review, vol 4,no 4, pp1-14
35. Nyanteng, V. K. (1998) 'Draft summary report on food markets and marketing in the Accra metropolis', in Food Supply and Distribution to Accra and its Metropolis. Workshop -Proceedings, Accra, Ghana, 13th-16th April 1998, AMA-FAO
36. Obuobie, E., Keraita, B., Danso, G., Amoah, P., Cofie, O. O., Raschid-Sally, L. and Drechsel, P. (2006) Irrigated Urban Vegetable Production in Ghana: Characteristics, Benefits and Risks, IWMI-RUAF-IDRC-CPWF, Accra, p150, www.cityfarmer.org/GhanaIrrigateVegis.html
37. Pao, S. and Davis, C. L. (1999) 'Enhancing microbiological safety of fresh orange juice by fruit immersion in hot water and chemical sanitizers', Journal of Food Protection, vol 62,no 7, pp756-60
38. Rheinländer, T., Olsen, M. Bakang, J. A., Takyi, H., Konradsen, F. and Samuelsen, H. (2008) 'Keeping up appearances: Perceptions of street food safety in urban Kumasi, Ghana', Journal of Urban Health, vol 85,no 6, pp952-64
39. Rosas, I., Baez, A. and Coutino, M. (1984) 'Bacteriological quality of crops irrigated with wastewater in Xochimilco plots, Mexico City, Mexico', Applied Environmental Microbiology, vol 47, pp1074-9
40. Seidu, R., Heistad, A., Amoah, P., Drechsel, P., Jenssen, P. D. and Stenström, T.-A. (2008) 'Quantification of the health risk associated with wastewater reuse in Accra, Ghana: A contribution toward local guidelines', Journal of Water and Health, vol 6,no 4, pp461-71
41. Serani, S., Nasinyama, G. W., Nabulo, G., Lubowa, A. and Makoha, M. (2008) 'Biological hazards associated with vegetables grown on untreated sewage-watered soils in Kampala', in D. C. Cole, D. Lee-Smith and G. W. Nasinyama (eds) Healthy City Harvests: Generating Evidence to Guide Policy on Urban Agriculture, CIP/Urban Harvest and Makerere University Press, Lima, Peru, pp151-69
42. Shi, X., Namvar, A., Kostrzynska, M., Hora, R. and Warriner, K. (2007) 'Persistence and growth of different Salmonella serovars on pre-and postharvest tomatoes', Journal of Food Protection, vol 70, pp2725-31
43. Solomon, E. B, Yaron, S. and Matthews, K. R. (2002) 'Transmission of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 from contaminated manure and irrigation water to lettuce plant tissue and its subsequent internalization', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol 68, pp397-400
44. Stine, S. W., Song, I., Choi, C. Y. and Gerba, C. P. (2005) 'Effect of relative humidity on preharvest survival of bacterial and viral pathogens on the surface of cantaloupe, lettuce, and bell peppers', Journal of Food Protection, vol 68,no 7, pp1352-8
45. Strauss, M. (1985) 'Health aspect of nightsoil and sludge use in agriculture and aquaculture: Part II: Survival of excreted pathogens in excreta and faecal sludges', IRCWD News, vol 23, pp4-9
46. Tsai, Y. and Ingham, S. C. (1997) 'Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in acidic condiments', Journal of Food Protection, vol 60,no 7, pp751-5
47. WHO (1996) Essential Safety Requirements for Street-Vended Food, revised edition, Food Safety Unit, Division of Food and Nutrition, World Health Organization, Geneva, www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/fs_management/en/streetvend.pdf
48. WHO (2004) Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 3rd edition, World Health Organization, Geneva
49. WHO (2006) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, Volume 2: Wastewater Use in Agriculture, World Health Organization, Geneva
50. WTO (World Trade Organization) (1995) The WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), World Trade Organization, Paris, www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsagr_e.htm
51. Zhuang, R. Y. and Beuchat, L. R. (1996) 'Effectiveness of trisodium phosphate for killing Salmonella montevideo on tomatoes', Letters in Applied Microbiology, vol 22, pp97-100
52. Zhuang, R. Y., Beuchat, L. R. and Angulo, F. J. (1995) 'Fate of Salmonella montevideo on and in raw tomatoes as affected by temperature and treatment with chlorine', Journal of Applied Environmental Microbiology, vol 61,no 6, pp2127-31