Implications of stillage land disposal: A critical review on the impacts of fertigation

Journal of Environmental Management

Volumn 145, Issue , 2014, Pages 210-229

  Fuess, Lucas Tadeu ^a   Garcia, Marcelo Loureiro ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b SÃO PAULO STATE UNIVERSITY UNESP   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Adverse impacts; Ethanol production; Fertigation; Stillage; Toxic metals

Indexed keywords

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND; DISSOLVED OXYGEN; DISTILLATION; DISTILLERIES; ETHANOL; HEALTH RISKS; RIVER POLLUTION; SOIL POLLUTION; SOILS; SULFUR COMPOUNDS; WASTEWATER RECLAMATION; WATER CONSERVATION; WATER RESOURCES;

ADVERSE IMPACT; ETHANOL PRODUCTION; FERTIGATIONS; LAND DISPOSAL; POLLUTING POTENTIAL; SOIL STRUCTURE; SOIL-STRUCTURE; STILLAGE; TOXIC METALS; WATERS RESOURCES;

EUTROPHICATION;

CADMIUM; CHROMIUM; COPPER; DISSOLVED OXYGEN; LEAD; NICKEL; NITRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; ORGANIC MATTER; WATER; FERTILIZER; SOIL; WASTE WATER;

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); CROP PRODUCTION; DISTILLATION; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; LAND MANAGEMENT; POLLUTION MONITORING; WASTEWATER;

ALCOHOL PRODUCTION; CONTAMINATION; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; FERTIGATION; HEAVY METAL POISONING; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; REVIEW; SALINITY; SOIL STRUCTURE; STILLAGE LAND DISPOSAL; WASTE DISPOSAL; WATER SUPPLY; BRAZIL; CHEMISTRY; CROP; DISTILLATION; PROCEDURES; SEWAGE; SOIL; WASTE WATER;

BRAZIL;

BRAZIL; CROPS, AGRICULTURAL; DISTILLATION; FERTILIZERS; SOIL; WASTE DISPOSAL, FLUID; WASTE WATER;

EID: 84904763008     PISSN: 03014797     EISSN: 10958630     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.003     Document Type: Review

References (228)

1. ABNT NBR 9800: Critérios para lançamento de efluentes líquidos industriais no sistema coletor público de esgoto sanitário 1987, Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Rio de Janeiro, (in Portuguese).
2. ABNT NBR 12209: Projeto de estaçfies de tratamento de esgoto sanitário 1992, Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Rio de Janeiro, (in Portuguese).
3. ABNT NBR 7229: Projeto, construção e operação de sistemas de tanques sépticos 1993, Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Rio de Janeiro, (in Portuguese).
4. ABNT NBR 13969: Tanques sépticos - unidades de tratamento complementar e disposição final dos efluentes líquidos - projeto, construção e operação 1997, Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Rio de Janeiro, (in Portuguese).
5. Acharya B.K., Mohana S., Madamwar D. Anaerobic treatment of distillery spent wash - a study on upflow anaerobic fixed film bioreactor. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99:4621-4626.
6. Agler M.T., Garcia M.L., Lee E.S., Schlicher M., Angenent L.T. Thermophilic anaerobic digestion to increase the net energy balance of corn grain ethanol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:6723-6729.
7. Alkan-Ozkaynak A., Karthikeyan K.G. Anaerobic digestion of thin stillage for energy recovery and water reuse in corn-ethanol plants. Bioresour. Technol. 2011, 102:9891-9896.
8. Alves M.E. Atributos mineralógicos e eletroquímicos, adsorção e dessorçãao de sulfato em solos paulistas 2002, Ph.D. thesis, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, (in Portuguese).
9. An Y.J. Assessment of comparative toxicities of lead and copper using plant assay. Chemosphere 2006, 62:1359-1365.
10. Andalib M., Hafez H., Elbeshbishy E., Nakhla G., Zhu J. Treatment of thin stillage in a high-rate anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR). Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 121:411-418.
11. Arienzo M., Christen E.W., Quayle W., Kumar A. Areview of the fate of potassium in the soil-plant system after land application of wastewaters. J.Hazard. Mater. 2009, 164:415-422.
12. Arienzo M., Christen E.W., Jayawardane N.S., Quayle W.C. The relative effects of sodium and potassium on soil hydraulic conductivity and implications for winery wastewater management. Geoderma 2012, 173-174:303-310.
13. Arthington A.H., Marshal J.C., Rayment G.E., Hunter H.M., Bunn S.E. Potential impact of sugarcane production on riparian and freshwater environments. Intensive Sugarcane Production: Meeting the Challenges beyond 2000 1997, 403-412. CAB International, Wallingford. B.A. Keating, J.R. Wilson (Eds.).
14. Asadi M.E., Clemente R.S., Gupta A.D., Loof R., Hansen G.K. Impacts of fertigation via sprinkler irrigation on nitrate leaching and corn yield in an acid-sulphate soil in Thailand. Agr. Water Manage. 2002, 52:197-213.
15. Asaithambi P., Susree M., Saravanathamizhan R., Matheswaran M. Ozone assisted electrocoagulation for the treatment of distillery effluent. Desalination 2012, 297:1-7.
16. Athanasopoulos N. Anaerobic treatment of beet molasses alcoholic fermentation wastewater in a downflow filter. Resour. Conserv. 1987, 17:147-150.
17. Auerswald K., Kainz M., Angermüller S., Steindl H. Influence of exchangeable potassium on soil erodibility. Soil Use Manag. 1996, 12:117-121.
18. Ayers R.S., Westcot D.W. Aqualidade da água na agricultura 1999, Estudos FAO, Irrigação e Drenagem 29, UFPB, Campina Grande.
19. Báez-Vásquez M.A., Demain A.L. Ethanol, biomass, and Clostridia. Bioenergy 2008, 49-54. ASM Press, Washington DC. J.D. Wall, C.S. Harwood, A. Demain (Eds.).
20. Banu J.R., Kaliappan S., Rajkumar M., Beck D. Treatment of spent wash in anaerobic mesophilic suspended growth reactor. J.Environ. Biol. 2006, 27:111-117.
21. Batalha B.H.L., Parlatore A.C. Controle da qualidade de água para consumo humano: bases conceituais e operacionais 1993, CETESB, São Paulo, (in Portuguese). first ed.
22. Berding N., Hurney A.P. Flowering and lodging, physiological-based traits affecting cane and sugar yield. What do we know of their control mechanisms and how do we manage them?. Field Crop Res. 2005, 92:261-275.
23. Bernstein L. Effects of salinity and sodicity on plant growth. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 1975, 13:295-312.
24. Bianchi S.R. Avaliação química de solos tratados com vinhaça e cultivados com alfafa 2008, M.Sc. dissertation., Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil, (in Portuguese).
25. Billore S.K., Singh N., Ram H.K., Sharma J.K., Singh V.P., Nelson R.M., Dass P. Treatment of a molasses based distillery effluent in a constructed wetland in central India. Water Sci. Technol. 2001, 44:441-448.
26. Biswas T.K., Higginson F.R., Shannon I. Effluent nutrients management and resource recovery in intensive rural industries for the protection of natural waters. Proceedings of International Specialized Conference on Water Quality and its Management, New Delhi 1998, 29-38.
27. Biswas A.K., Mohanty M., Hati K.M., Misra A.K. Distillery effluents effect on soil organic carbon and aggregate stability of a Vertisol in India. Soil Till. Res. 2009, 104:241-246.
28. BNDES, CGEE Bioetanol de cana-de-açúcar: energia para o desenvolvimento sustentável 2008, Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento EconÔmico e Social, Rio de Janeiro, (in Portuguese). first ed.
29. Boek E.S., Coveney P.V., Skipper N.T. Monte Carlo molecular modeling studies of hydrated Li- Na-, and K- smectites: understanding the role of potassium as a clay swelling inhibitor. J.Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117:12608-12617.
30. Boopathy R., Tilche A. Anaerobic digestion of high strength molasses wastewater using hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor. Water Res. 1991, 25:785-790.
31. Bories A., Raynal J., Bazile F. Anaerobic digestion of high-strength distillery wastewater (cane molasses stillage) in a fixed-film reactor. Biol. Waste 1988, 23:251-267.
32. Borrero M.A.V., Pereira J.T.V., Miranda E.E. An environmental management method for sugar cane alcohol production in Brazil. Biomass Bioenerg. 2003, 25:287-299.
33. Borzacconi L., López I., Viñas M. Application of anaerobic digestion to the treatment of agroindustrial effluents in Latin America. Water Sci. Technol. 1995, 32:105-111.
34. Brasil, 1978. Portaria/GM MINTER n. 323, de 29 de novembro de 1978 (in Portuguese).
35. Brasil, 2005. Resolução Conama n. 357, de 17 de março de 2005. Dispfie sobre a classificação dos corpos de água e diretrizes ambientais para o seu enquadramento, bem como estabelece as condiçfies e padrfies de lançamento de efluentes, e dá outras previdências (in Portuguese).
36. Brasil, 2006. Resolução Conama n. 375, de 29 de agosto de 2006. Define critérios e procedimentos, para o uso agrícola de lodos de esgoto gerados em estaçfies de tratamento de esgoto sanitário e seus produtos derivados, e dá outras providências (in Portuguese).
37. Brasil, 2008. Resolução Conama n. 396, de 3 de abril de 2008. Dispfie sobre a classificação e diretrizes ambientais para o enquadramento das águas subterrâneas e dá outras providências (in Portuguese).
38. Brasil, 2011a. Resolução Conama n. 430, de 13 de maio de 2011. Dispfie sobre as condiçfies e padrfies de lançamento de efluentes, complementa e altera a Resolução n, 357, de 17 de março de 2005, do Conama (in Portuguese).
39. Brasil, 2011b. Portaria MS n. 2914, de 12 de dezembro de 2011. Dispfie sobre os procedimentos de controle e de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano e seu padrão de potabilidade (in Portuguese).
40. Bratby J. Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment 2006, IWA Publishing, London.
41. Braun R., Huss S. Anaerobic filter treatment of molasses distillery slops. Water Res. 1982, 16:1167-1171.
42. Brito F.L., Rolim M.M., Silva J.A.A., Pedrosa E.M.R. Qualidade do percolado de solos que receberam vinhaça em diferentes doses e tempo de incubação. Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 2007, 11:318-323. (in Portuguese).
43. Brito F.L., Rolim M.M., Pedrosa E.M.R. Efeito da aplicação de vinhaça nas características de solos da zona da mata de Pernambuco. Agrária 2009, 4:456-462. (in Portuguese).
44. Bronick C.J., Lal R. Soil structure and management: a review. Geoderma 2005, 124:3-22.
45. Camilotti F., Marques M.O., Andrioli I., Silva A.R., Tasso L.C., Nobile F.O. Acúmulo de metais pesados em cana-de-açúcar mediante a aplicação de lodo de esgoto e vinhaça. Eng. Agríc. 2007, 27:284-293. (in Portuguese).
46. Carmo J.B., Filoso S., Zotelli L.C., Sousa Neto E.R., Pitombo L.M., Duarte-Neto P.J., Vargas V.P., Andrade C.A., Gava G.J.C., Rossetto R., Cantarella H., Neto A.E., Martinelli L.A. Infield greenhouse gas emissions from sugarcane soil Brazil: effects from synthetic and organic fertilizer application and crop trash accumulation. GCB Bioenergy 2013, 5:267-280.
47. Cassidy D.P., Hirl P.J., Belia E. Methane production from ethanol co-products in anaerobic SBRs. Water Sci. Technol. 2008, 58:789-793.
48. Cavallet O., Junqueira T.L., Dias M.O.S., Jesus C.D.F., Matelatto P.E., Cunha M.P., Franco H.C.J., Cardoso T.F., Maciel Filho R., Rossell C.E., Bonomi A. Environmental and economic assessment of sugarcane first generation biorefineries in Brazil. Clean Tech. Environ. Policy 2012, 14:399-410.
49. CETESB Norma P4.231: Vinhaça - Critérios e procedimentos para aplicação no solo agrícola 2006, Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, (in Portuguese).
50. CGEE Bioetanol combustível: uma oportunidade para o Brasil 2009, Centro de Gestão e Estudos Estratégicos, Brasília, (in Portuguese). first ed.
51. Chan Y.J., Chong M.F., Law C.L., Hassell D.G. Areview on anaerobic-aerobic treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater. Chem. Eng. J. 2009, 155:1-18.
52. Chandra R., Singh H. Chemical decolorization of anaerobically treated distillery effluent. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 1999, 19:833-837.
53. Chandra R., Yadav S., Mohan D. Effect of distillery sludge on seed germination and growth parameters of green grass (Phaseolus mungo L.). J.Hazard. Mater. 2008, 152:431-439.
54. Chandra R., Yadav S., Bharagava R.N., Murthy R.C. Bacterial pretreatment enhances removal of heavy metals during treatment of post-methanated distillery effluent by Typha angustata L. J.Environ. Manage. 2008, 88:1016-1024.
55. Chandra R., Bharagava R.N., Yadav S., Mohan D. Accumulation and distribution of toxic metals in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Indian mustard (Brassica campestris L.) irrigated with distillery and tannery effluents. J.Hazard. Mater. 2009, 162:1514-1521.
56. Chen Y., Banin A., Borochovitch A. Effect of potassium on soil structure in relation to hydraulic conductivity. Geoderma 1983, 30:135-147.
57. Cheng K.Y., Ho G., Cord-Ruwisch R. Energy-efficient treatment of organic wastewater streams using a rotatable bioelectrochemical contactor (RBEC). Bioresour. Technol. 2012, 126:431-436.
58. Chernicharo C.A.L. Anaerobic Reactors 2007, IWA Publishing, London.
59. Christofoletti C.A., Escher J.P., Correia J.E., Marinho J.F.U., Fontanetti C.S. Sugarcane vinasse: environmental implications of its use. Waste Manage. 2013, 33:2752-2761.
60. Cibis E., Kent C.A., Krzywonos M., Garncarek Z., Garncarek B., Miśkiewicz T. Biodegradation of potato slops from a rural distillery by thermophilic aerobic bacteria. Bioresour. Technol. 2002, 85:57-61.
61. CONAB Acompanhamento da safra brasileira: cana-de-açúcar, quarto levantamento, abril/2013. Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento, Brasília Available at:, (in Portuguese). http://www.conab.gov.br/OlalaCMS/uploads/arquivos/13_04_09_10_30_34_boletim_cana_portugues_abril_2013_4o_lev.pdf.
62. Costa F.J.C.B., Rocha B.B.M., Viana C.E., Toledo A.C. Utilization of vinasse effluents from an anaerobic reactor. Water Sci. Technol. 1986, 18:135-141.
63. Costa A.C.S., Almeida V.C.A., Lenzi E., Nozaki J. Determinação de cobre, alumínio e ferro em solos derivados do basalto através de extraçfies seqüenciais. Quim. Nova 2002, 25:548-552. (in Portuguese).
64. Craveiro A.M., Soares H.M., Schmidell W. Technical aspects and cost estimations for anaerobic systems treating vinasse and brewery/soft drink wastewaters. Water Sci. Technol. 1986, 18:123-134.
65. Crivelaro S.H.R., Mariano A.P., Furlan L.T., Gonçalves R.A., Seabra P.N., Angelis D.F. Evaluation of the use of vinasse as a biostimulation agent for thebiodegradation of oily sludge in soil. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 2010, 53:1217-1224.
66. Cruz F.L.S. Viabilidade técnica/econÔmica/ambiental das atuais formas de aproveitamento da vinhaça para o setor sucroenergético do Estado de São Paulo 2011, M.Sc. dissertation, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil, (in Portuguese).
67. Cruz P.J., Carvalho F.I.F., Caetano V.R., Silva S.A., Kurek A.J., Marchioro V.S., Lorencetti C. Efeito do acamamento induzido em trigo. Rev. bras. agrocien. 2000, 6:112-114. (in Portuguese).
68. Cruz J.L., Pelacani C.R., Coelho E.F., Caldas R.C., Almeida A.Q., Queiroz J.R. Influência da salinidade sobre o crescimento, absorção e distribuição de sódio, cloro e macronutrientes em plântulas de maracujazeiro-amarelo. Bragantia 2006, 65:275-284. (in Portuguese).
69. Cruz J.I., Portugal R.S., Lucendo M.C.H., Elis V.R., Fachin S.J.S., Ustra A.T., Borges W.R. Detecção de contaminação de solo por vinhaça através de análise de dados de eletrorresistividade. Rev. Bras. Geof. 2008, 26:481-492. (in Portuguese).
70. de Bazúa C.D., Cabrero M.A., Poggi H.M. Vinasses biological treatment by anaerobic and aerobic processes: laboratory and pilot-plant tests. Bioresour. Technol. 1991, 35:87-93.
71. Dias M.O.S., Cunha M.P., Jesus C.D.F., Rocha G.J.M., Pradella J.G.C., Rossell C.E.V., Maciel Filho R., Bonomi A. Second generation ethanol in Brazil: can it compete with electricity production?. Bioresour. Technol. 2011, 102:8964-8971.
72. Doušková I., Kaštánek F., Maléterová Y., Kaštánek P., Doucha J., Zachleder V. Utilization of distillery stillage for energy generation and concurrent production of valuable microalgal biomass in the sequence: biogas-cogeneration-microalgae-products. Energ. Convers. Manage. 2010, 51:606-611.
73. Driessen W., Tielbaard M.H., Vereijken T.L.F.M. Experience on anaerobic treatment of distillery effluent with the UASB process. Water Sci. Technol. 1994, 30:193-201.
74. EIA Monthly Energy Review: Renewable Energy - Fuel Ethanol Overview, December/2013 2013, U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, Available at:, (last accessed 10.01.14). http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/sec10_7.pdf.
75. Ensinas A.V., Modesto M., Nebra S.A., Serra L. Reduction of irreversible generation in sugar and ethanol production from sugarcane. Energy 2009, 34:680-688.
76. Eskicioglu C., Ghorbani M. Effect of inoculum/substrate ratio on mesophilic anaerobic digestion of bioethanol plant whole stillage in batch mode. Process Biochem. 2011, 46:1682-1687.
77. España-Gamboa E., Mijangos-Cortes J., Barahona-Perez L., Dominguez-Maldonado J., Hernández-Zarate G., Alzate-Gaviria L. Vinasses: characterization and treatments. Waste Manage. Res. 2011, 29:1235-1250.
78. Espinosa A., Rosas L., Ilangovan K., Noyola A. Effect of trace metals on the anaerobic degradation of volatile fatty acids in molasses stillage. Water Sci. Technol. 1995, 32:121-129.
79. Fernandes B.S., Peixoto G., Albrecht F.R., del Aguila N.K.S., Zaiat M. Potential to produce biohydrogen from various wastewaters. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2010, 14:143-148.
80. Ferreira L.F.R., Aguiar M.M., Messias T.G., Pompeu G.B., Lopez A.M.Q., Silva D.P., Monteiro R.T. Evaluation of sugar-cane vinasse treated with Pleurotus sajor-caju utilizing aquatic organisms as toxicological indicators. Ecotox. Environ. Safe 2011, 74:132-137.
81. Fu F., Wang Q. Removal of heavy metals ions from wastewaters: a review. J.Environ. Manage. 2011, 92:407-418.
82. Fuess L.T. Potencial contaminante e energético da vinhaça: riscos de contaminação ao solo e recursos hídricos e recuperação de energia a partir da digestão anaeróbia 2013, M.Sc. dissertation, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil, (in Portuguese).
83. Fuess L.T., Garcia M.L. Qual o valor da vinhaça? Mitigação de impacto ambiental e recuperação de energia por meio da digestão anaeróbia 2013, Cultura Acadêmica/PROGRAD-Unesp, São Paulo, (in Portuguese).
84. Fuess L.T., Garcia M.L. Anaerobic digestion of stillage to produce bioenergy in the sugarcane-to-ethanol industry. Environ. Technol. 2014, 35:333-339.
85. Furlani A.M.C., Catani R.A., Moraes F.R.P., Franco C.M. Efeitos da aplicação de cloreto e de sulfato de potássio na nutrição do cafeeiro. Bragantia 1976, 35:349-364. (in Portuguese).
86. Gariglio H.A.A. Alteraçfies físicas e químicas e mobilidade de solutos em solos submetidos à aplicação de vinhaça proveniente da fabricação de álcool carburante 2008, M.Sc. dissertation, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil, (in Portuguese).
87. Ghosh M., Ganguli A., Tripathi A.K. Treatment of anaerobically digested distillery spentwash in a two-stage bioreactor using Pseudomonas putida and Aeromonas sp. Process Biochem. 2002, 37:857-862.
88. Girardi F. Tratamento de vinhaça utilizando coagulantes naturais 2009, M.Sc. dissertation, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil, (in Portuguese).
89. Goyal S.K., Seth R., Handa B.K. Diphasic fixed-film biomethanation of distillery spentwash. Bioresour. Technol. 1996, 56:239-244.
90. Gunaseelan V.N. Anaerobic digestion of biomass for methane production: a review. Biomass Bioenergy 1997, 13:83-114.
91. Gunkel G., Kosmol J., Sobral M., Rohn H., Montenegro S., Aureliano J. Sugar cane industry as a source of water pollution - case study on the situation in Ipojuca river, Pernambuco, Brazil. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2007, 180:261-269.
92. Harada H., Uemura S., Chen A.C., Jayadevan J. Anaerobic digestion of a recalcitrant distillery wastewater by a thermophilic UASB reactor. Bioresour. Technol. 1996, 55:215-221.
93. Hartemink A.F. Chapter 3 - sugarcane for bioethanol: soil and environmental issues. Adv. Agron. 2008, 99:125-182.
94. Hati K.M., Biswas A.K., Bandyopadhyay K.K., Misra A.K. Soil properties and crop yields on a vertisol in India with application of distillery effluent. Soil Till. Res. 2007, 92:60-68.
95. Hill J., Nelson E., Tilman D., Polasky S., Tiffany D. Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006, 103:11206-11210.
96. Huang X.P., Huang L.M., Yue W.Z. The characteristics of nutrients and eutrophication in the Pearl River estuary, South China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2003, 47:30-36.
97. Jain N., Bhatia A., Kaushik R., Kumar S., Joshi H.C., Pathak H. Impact of post-methanation distillery effluent irrigation on groundwater quality. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2005, 110:243-255.
98. Jiang Z.P., Li Y.R., Wei G.P., Liao Q., Su T.M., Meng Y.C., Zhang H.Y., Lu C.Y. Effect of long-term vinasse application on physico-chemical properties of sugarcane fields soils. Sugar Tech. 2012, 14:412-417.
99. Jiménez A.M., Borja R., Martín A. Aerobic-anaerobic biodegradation of beet molasses alcoholic fermentation wastewater. Process Biochem. 2003, 38:1275-1284.
100. Joshi G.V., Naik G.R. Response of sugarcane to different types of salt stress. Plant Soil 1980, 56:255-263.
101. Kannan A., Upreti R.K. Influence of distillery effluent on germination and growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata) seeds. J.Hazard. Mater. 2008, 153:609-615.
102. Karhadkar P.P., Handa B.K., Khanna P. Pilot-scale distillery spentwash biomethanation. J.Environ. Eng. 1990, 116:1029-1045.
103. Kaushik A., Nisha R., Jagjeeta K., Kaushik C.P. Impact of long and short term irrigation of a sodic soil with distillery effluent in combination with bioamendments. Bioresour. Technol. 2005, 96:1860-1866.
104. Kaushik G., Gopal M., Thakur I.S. Evaluation of performance and community dynamics of microorganisms during treatment of distillery spent wash in three stage bioreactor. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101:4296-4305.
105. Ke C., Li Z., Liang Y., Tao W., Du M. Impacts of chloride de-icing salt on bulk soils, fungi, and bacterial populations surrounding the plant rhizosphere. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2013, 72:69-78.
106. Khanal S.K. Anaerobic Biotechnology for Bioenergy Production: principles and applications 2008, Blackwell Publishing, New Delhi. first ed.
107. Khatiwada D., Silveira S. Greenhouse gas balances of molasses based ethanol in Nepal. J.Clean. Prod. 2011, 19:1471-1485.
108. Krzywonos M., Cibis E., Lasik M., Nowak J., Miśkiewicz T. Thermo- and mesophilic aerobic batch biodegradation of high-strength distillery wastewater (potato stillage) - utilisation of main carbon sources. Bioresour. Technol. 2009, 100:2507-2514.
109. Kumar P., Chandra R. Detoxification of distillery effluent through Bacillus thuringiensis (MTCC 4714) enhanced phytoremediation potential of Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schliden. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2004, 73:903-910.
110. Kumar G.S., Gupta S.K., Singh G. Biodegradation of distillery spent wash in anaerobic hybrid reactor. Water Res. 2007, 41:721-730.
111. Lee P.H., Bae J., Kim J., Chen W.H. Mesophilic anaerobic digestion of corn thin stillage: a technical and energetic assessment of the corn-to-ethanol industry integrated with anaerobic digestion. J.Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2011, 86:1514-1520.
112. Lepsch I.F. 19 liçfies de pedologia 2011, Oficina de Textos, São Paulo, (in Portuguese). first ed.
113. Levy G.J., Torrento J.R. Clay dispersion and macroaggregate stability as affected by exchangeable K and sodium. Soil Sci. 1995, 160:352-358.
114. Liang G.Z., Wang Y., Zhou Y., Liu H., Wu Z. Variables affecting melanoidins removal from molasses wastewater by coagulation/flocculation. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2009, 68:382-389.
115. Liang G.Z., Wang Y., Zhou Y., Liu H., Wu Z. Stoichiometric relationship in the coagulation of melanoidins-dominated molasses wastewater. Desalination 2010, 250:42-48.
116. Lingle S.E., Wiegand C.L. Soil salinity and sugarcane juice quality. Field Crop. Res. 1997, 54:259-268.
117. Liu Z.L., Saha B.C., Slininger P.J. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to ethanol by Saccharomyces. Bioenergy 2008, 17-36. ASM Press, Washington DC. J.D. Wall, C.S. Harwood, A. Demain (Eds.).
118. Lopes D.D., Silva S.M.C.P., Fernandes F., Teixeira R.S., Celligoi A., Dall'Antônia L.H. Geophysical technique and groundwater monitoring to detect leachate contamination in the surrounding area of a landfill - Londrina (PR-Brazil). J.Environ. Manage. 2012, 113:481-487.
119. Luo G., Xie L., Zhou Q. Enhanced treatment efficiency of an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) for cassava stillage with high solids content. J.Biosci. Bioeng. 2009, 107:641-645.
120. Luo G., Xie L., Zou Z., Wang W., Zhou Q., Shim H. Anaerobic treatment of cassava stillage for hydrogen and methane production in continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) under high organic loading rate (OLR). Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35:11733-11737.
121. Luo G., Xie L., Zhou Q., Angelidaki I. Enhancement of bioenergy production from organic wastes by two-stage anaerobic hydrogen and methane production process. Bioresour. Technol. 2011, 102:8700-8706.
122. Lutoslawski K., Ryznar-Luty A., Cibis E., Krzywonos M., Miśkiewicz T. Biodegradation of beet molasses vinasse by a mixed culture of micro organisms: effect of aeration conditions and pH control. J.Environ. Sci. 2011, 23:1823-1830.
123. Lyra M.R.C.C., Roli M.M.M., Silva J.A.A. Toposeqüência de solos fertigados com vinhaça: contribuição para a qualidade das águas do lençol freático. Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 2003, 7:525-532. (in Portuguese).
124. Macedo I.C. Aenergia da cana-de-açúcar: doze estudos sobre a agroindústria da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil e a sustentabilidade 2005, Berlendis & Vertecchia/UNICA, São Paulo. second ed.
125. Macedo I.C., Seabra J.E.A., Silva J.E.A.R. Green house gases emissions in the production and use of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil: the 2005/2006 averages and a prediction for 2020. Biomass Bioenergy 2008, 32:582-595.
126. Madejón E., López R., Murillo J.M., Cabrera F. Agricultural use of three (sugar-beet) vinasse composts: effect on crops and chemical properties of a Cambisol soil in the Guadalquivir river valley (SW Spain). Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2001, 84:55-65.
127. Majerus V., Bertin P., Lutts S. Effects of iron toxicity on osmotic potential, osmolytes and polyamines concentrations in the African rice (Oryza glaberrina Steud.). Plant Sci. 2007, 173:96-105.
128. Mariano A.P., Crivelaro S.H.R., Angelis D.F., Bonotto D.M. The use of vinasse as an amendment to ex-situ bioremediation of soil and groundwater contaminated with diesel oil. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 2009, 52:1043-1055.
129. McCarty P.L., Bae J., Kim J. Domestic wastewater treatments as a net energy producer - can this be achieved?. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45:7100-7106.
130. Megda M.X.V., Mariano E., Leite J.M., Megda M.M., Trivelin P.C.O. Chloride ion as nitrification inhibitor and its biocidal potential in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2014, 72:84-87.
131. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse 2003, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York. fourth ed.
132. Miranda T.L., Pedrosa E.M.R., Silva E.F.F., Rolim M.M. Alteraçfies físicas e biológicas em solo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar após colheita e aplicação de vinhaça. Agrária 2012, 7:150-158. (in Portuguese).
133. Mohan K.K., Vaidya R.N., Reed M.G., Fogler H.S. Water sensitivity of sandstones containing swelling and non-swelling clays. Colloid. Surf. A 1993, 73:237-254.
134. Mohana S., Acharya B.K., Madamwar D. Distillery spent wash: treatment technologies and potential applications. J.Hazard. Mater. 2009, 163:12-25.
135. Montes-H G., Duplay J., Martinez L., Geraud Y., Rousset-Tournier B. Influence of interlayer cations on the water sorption and swelling-shrinkage of MX80 bentonite. Appl. Clay Sci. 2003, 23:309-321.
136. Moraes B.S., Junqueira T.L., Pavanello L.G., Cavalett O., Mantelatto P.E., Bonomi A., Zaiat M. Anaerobic digestion of vinasse from sugarcane biorefineries in Brazil from energy, environmental, and economic perspectives: profit or expense?. Appl. Energy 2014, 113:825-835.
137. Moreira C.A., Braga A.C.O. Decomposição de resíduos sólidos domiciliares e variaçfies na resistividade e cargabilidade. Rev. Bras. Geofis. 2009, 27:401-409. (in Portuguese).
138. Moura H.P., Malagutti Filho W. Métodos da eletrorresistividade e da polarização induzida aplicados no estudo do aterro controlado de Piracicaba-SP. Geociências 2007, 26:35-43. (in Portuguese).
139. Murphy J.D., Power N.M. How can we improve the energy balance of ethanol production from wheat?. Fuel 2008, 87:1799-1806.
140. Nandan R., Tondwalkar V., Ray P.K. Biomethanation of spent wash: heavy metal inhibition of methanogenesis in synthetic médium. J.Ferment. Bioeng. 1990, 69:276-282.
141. Nandy T., Shastry S., Kaul S.N. Wastewater management in a cane molasses distillery involving bioresource recovery. J.Environ. Manage. 2002, 65:25-38.
142. Nasr N., Elbeshbishy E., Hafez H., Nakhla G., Hesham M., El Naggar M.H. Bio-hydrogen production from thin stillage using conventional and acclimatized anaerobic digester sludge. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2011, 36:12761-12769.
143. Ni J.Q., Naveau H., Nyns E.J. Biogas: exploitation of a renewable energy in Latin America. Renew. Energy 1993, 3:763-779.
144. Nichols N.N., Monceaux D.A., Dien B.S., Bothast R.J. Production of ethanol from corn and sugarcane. Bioenergy 2008, 3-15. ASM Press, Washington DC. J.D. Wall, C.S. Harwood, A. Demain (Eds.).
145. Nudel B.C., Waehner R.S., Fraile E.R., Giulietti A.M. The use of single and mixed cultures for aerobic treatment of cane sugar stillage and SCO production. Biol. Waste 1987, 22:67-73.
146. Olguín E.J., Sánchez-Galván G., González-Portela R.E., López-Vela M. Constructed wetland mesocosms for the treatment of diluted sugarcane molasses stillage from ethanol production using Pontederia sagittata. Water Res. 2008, 42:3659-3666.
147. Oliveira B.G., Carvalho J.L.N., Cerri C.E.P., Cerri C.C., Feigl B.J. Soil greenhose gas fluxes from vinasse application in Brazilian sugarcane áreas. Geoderma 2013, 200-201:77-84.
148. Pandey R.A., Malhotra S., Tankhiwale A., Pande S., Pathe P.P., Kaul S.N. Treatment of biologically treated distillery effluent - a case study. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 2003, 60:263-275.
149. Pant D., Adholeya A. Biological approaches for treatment of distillery wastewater: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 2007, 98:2321-2334.
150. Park S.E., Robertson M., Inman-Bamber N.G. Decline in the growth of a sugarcane crop with age under high input conditions. Field Crop Res. 2005, 92:305-320.
151. Parnaudeau V., Condom N., Oliver R., Cazevieille P., Recous Vinasse organic matter quality and mineralization potential, as influenced by raw material, fermentation and concentration processes. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99:1553-1562.
152. Pathak H., Joshi H.C., Chaudhary A., Chaudhary R., Kalra N., Dwiwedi M.K. Soil amendment with distillery effluent for wheat and rice cultivation. Water Air Soil Pollut. 1999, 133:133-140.
153. Petruzzelli G. Recycling wastes in agriculture: heavy metal bioavailability. J.Environ. Manage. 1989, 27:493-503.
154. Piedras S.R.N., Oliveira J.L.R., Moraes P.R.R., Bager A. Toxicidade aguda da ammonia não ionizada e do nitrito em alevinos de Cichlasoma facetum (JENYNS, 1842). Ciênc. Agrotec. 2006, 30:1008-1012.
155. Pimentel D., Patzek T.W., Cecil G. Ethanol production: energy, economic, and environmental losses. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2007, 189:25-41.
156. Podgórska-Lesiak M., Sobkowicz P. Prevention of pea lodging by intercropping barley with peas at different nitrogen fertilization levels. Field Crop Res. 2013, 149:95-104.
157. Prada S.M., Guekezian M., Suárez-Iha M.E.V. Metodologia analítica para a determinação de sulfato em vinhoto. Quim. Nova 1998, 21:249-252. (in Portuguese).
158. Prasad K.R. Color removal from distillery spent wash through coagulation using Moringa oleífera seeds: use of optimum response surface methodology. J.Hazard. Mater. 2009, 165:804-811.
159. Previna S., Saravanan A.D. Ecofriendly utilization of treated distillery efluente (TDE) and inorganic fertilizers management on microbial population and enzymatic activities. IJSRP 2013, 3:1-6.
160. Ramalho J.F.G.P., Amaral Sobrinho N.M.B. Metais pesados em solos cultivados com cana-de-açúcar pelo uso de resíduos agroindustriais. Floresta Ambient. 2001, 8:120-129.
161. Ramana S., Biswas A.K., Kundu S., Saha J.K., Yadava R.B.R. Effect of distillery effluent on seed germination in some vegetable crops. Bioresour. Technol. 2002, 82:273-275.
162. Reali M.A.P., Paz L.P.S., Daniel L.A. Tratamento de água para consumo humano. Engenharia ambiental: conceitos, tecnologia e gestão 2013, 405-453. Elsevier, Rio de Janeiro, (in Portuguese). M.C. Calijuri, D.G.F. Cunha (Eds.).
163. Renault P., Cazevieille P., Verdier J., Lahlah J., Clara C., Favre F. Variations in the cation exchange capacity of a ferralsol supplied with vinasse, under changing aeration conditions. Geoderma 2009, 154:101-110.
164. Ribas M.M.F. Tratamento de vinhaça em reator anaeróbio operado em batelada seqüencial contendo biomassa imobilizada sob condiçfies termofílicas e mesofílicas 2006, Ph.D. thesis, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
165. Ribeiro B.T., Lima J.M., Guilherme L.R.G., Julião L.G.F. Lead sorption and leaching from an Inceptisol sample amended with sugarcane vinasse. Sci. Agric. 2010, 67:441-447.
166. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils 1954, USDA, Washington. first ed. L.A. Richards (Ed.).
167. Robbins C.W. Sodium adsorption ratio-exchangeable sodium percentage relationship in a high potassium saline-sodic soil. Irrigat. Sci. 1984, 5:173-179.
168. Robles-González V., Galíndez-Mayer J., Rinderknecht-Seijas N., Poggi-Varaldo H.M. Treatment of mezcal vinasses: a review. J.Biotechnol. 2012, 157:525-546.
169. Rodrigues I.J., Fuess L.T., Biondo L., Santesso C.A., Garcia M.L. Coagulation-flocculation of anaerobically treated sugarcane stillage. Desalin. Water Treat. 2013, 10.1080/19443994.2013.801785.
170. Rolim M.M., Lyra M.R.C.C., Duarte A.S., Medeiros P.R.F., França e Silva E.F., Pedrosa E.M.R. Influência de uma lagoa de distribuição de vinhaça na qualidade da água freática. Rev. Ambient. Água 2013, 8:155-171. (in Portuguese).
171. Russo C., Sant'Anna G.L., Pereira S.E.C. An anaerobic filter applied to the treatment of distillery wastewaters. Agr. Waste. 1985, 14:301-313.
172. Ryan D., Gadd A., Kavanagh J., Zhou M., Barton G. Acomparison of coagulant dosing options for the remediation of molasses process water. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2008, 58:347-352.
173. Sánchez Riera F., Valz-Gianinet S., Callieri D., Siñeriz F. Use of a packed-bed reactor for anaerobic treatment of stillage of sugar cane molasses. Biotechnol. Lett. 1982, 4:127-132.
174. Sánchez Riera F., Cordoba P., Siñeriz F. Use of the UASB reactor for the anaerobic treatment of stillage from sugar cane molasses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1985, 27:1710-1716.
175. Sangave P.C., Pandit A.B. Ultrasound pre-treatment for enhanced biodegradability of the distillery wastewater. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2004, 11:197-203.
176. Sangave P.C., Pandit A.B. Ultrasound and enzyme assisted biodegradation of distillery wastewater. J.Environ. Manage. 2006, 80:36-46.
177. Sangave P.C., Gogate P.R., Pandit A.B. Combination of ozonation with conventional aerobic oxidation for distillery wastewater treatment. Chemosphere 2007, 68:32-41.
178. Santana V.S., Machado N.R.C.F. Photocatalytic degradation of the vinasse under solar radiation. Catal. Today 2008, 133:606-610.
179. Santana M.J., Carvalho J.A., Souza K.J., Souza A.M.G., Vasconcelos C.L., Andrade L.A.B. Efeitos da salinidade da água de irrigação na brotação e desenvolvimento inicial da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp) e em solos com diferentes níveis texturais. Ciênc. Agrotec. 2007, 31:1470-1476. (in Portuguese).
180. Santos J.D., Silva A.L.L., Cosata J.L., Scheidt G.N., Novak A.C., Sydney E.B., Soccol C.R. Development of a vinasse nutritive solution for hydroponics. J.Environ. Manage. 2013, 114:8-12.
181. São Paulo, 1976. Decreto n. 8468, de 08 de setembro de 1976. Aprova o Regulamento da Lei n. 997, de 31 de maio de 1976, que dispfie sobre a prevenção e controle da poluição do meio ambiente.
182. Satyawali Y., Balakrishnan M. Wastewater treatment in molasses-based alcohol distilleries for COD and color removal: a review. J.Environ. Manage. 2008, 86:481-497.
183. Schaefer S.H., Sung S. Retooling the ethanol industry: thermophilic anaerobic digestion of thin stillage for methane production and pollution prevention. Water Environ. Res. 2008, 80:101-108.
184. Seth R., Goyal S.K., Handa B.K. Fixed film biomethanation of distillery spentwash using low cost porous media. Resour. Conserv. Recyc. 1995, 14:79-89.
185. Sheehan G.J., Greenfield P.F. Utilisation, treatment and disposal of distillery wastewater. Water Res. 1980, 14:257-277.
186. Shivayogimath C.B., Ramanujam T.K. Treatment of distillery spentwash by hybrid UASB reactor. Bioprocess Eng. 1999, 21:255-259.
187. Shrihari S., Tare V. Anaerobic-aerobic treatment of distillery wastes. Water Air Soil Pollut. 1989, 43:95-108.
188. Siles J.A., García-García I., Martín A., Martín M.A. Integrated ozonation and biomethanization treatments of vinasse derived from ethanol manufacturing. J.Hazard. Mater. 2011, 188:247-253.
189. Silva W.P., Almeida C.D.G.C., Rolim M.M., Silva E.F.F., Pedrosa E.M.R., Silva V.G.F. Monitoramento da salinidade de águas subterrâneas em várzea cultivada com cana-de-açúcar fertirrigada com vinhaça. Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient 2014, 18:394-401.
190. Singh S.S., Dikshit A.K. Optimization of the parameters for decolourization by Aspergillus niger of anaerobically digested distillery spentwash pretreated with polyaluminium chloride. J.Hazard. Mater. 2010, 176:864-869.
191. Singh N.K., Pandey G.C., Rai U.N., Tripathi R.D., Singh H.B., Gupta D.K. Metal accumulation and ecophysiological effects of distillery effluent on Potamogeton pectinatus L. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2005, 74:857-863.
192. Sivaloganathan P., Murugaiyan B., Appavou S., Dharmaraj L. Effect of dilution of treated distillery effluent (TDE) on soil properties and yield of sugarcane. Am. J. Plant Sci. 2013, 4:1811-1814.
193. Smeets E., Junginger M., Faaij A., Walter A., Dolzan P., Turkenburg W. The sustainability of Brazilian ethanol: an assessment of the possibilities of certified production. Biomass Bioenergy 2008, 32:781-813.
194. Sohsalam P., Sirianuntapiboon S. Feasibility of using constructed wetland treatment for molasses wastewater treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99:5610-5616.
195. Souza R.P. Redução da toxicidade da vinhaça: tratamento combinado coagulação/floculação/fotocatálise 2010, M.Sc. dissertation, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil, (in Portuguese).
196. Souza M.E., Fuzaro G., Polegato A.R. Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of vinasse in pilot plant UASB reactor. Water Sci. Technol. 1992, 25:213-222.
197. Stover E.L., Gomathinayagam G., Gonzalez R. Use of methane gas from anaerobic treatment of stillage for fuel alcohol production. Proceedings of the 39th Industrial Waste Conference. West Lafayette, May. 8-10, Purdue University, Boston Butterworth 1984, 57-63.
198. Strong P.J., Burgess J.E. Treatment methods for wine-related and distillery wastewaters: a review. Biorem. J. 2008, 12:70-87.
199. Syaichurrozi I., Budiyono, Sumardiono S. Predicting kinetic model of biogas production and biodegradability organic materials: biogas production from vinasse at variation of COD/N ratio. Bioresour. Technol. 2013, 149:390-397.
200. Tasso L.G., Marques M.O., Franco A., Nogueira G.A., Nobile F.O., Camilotti F., Silva A.R. Produtividade e qualidade de cana-de-açúcar cultivada em solo tratado com lodo de esgoto, vinhaça e adubos minerais. Eng. Agríc. 2007, 27:276-283.
201. Tejada M., Gonzalez J.L. Beet vinasse applied to wheat under dryland conditions affects soil properties and yield. Eur. J. Agron. 2005, 23:336-347.
202. Tejada M., Gonzalez J.L. Effects on two beet vinasse forms on soil physical properties and soil loss. Catena 2006, 68:41-50.
203. Tejada M., Moreno J.L., Hernandez M.T., Garcia C. Application of two beet vinasse forms in soil restoration: effects on soil properties in an arid environment in southern Spain. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2007, 119:289-298.
204. Tondee T., Sirianuntapiboon S., Ohmono S. Decolorization of molasses wastewater by yeast strain, Issatchenkia orientalis No. SF9-246. Bioresour. Technol. 2008, 99:5511-5519.
205. USEPA Multimedia Technical Support Document for the Ethanol-for-fuel Industry 1986, EPA 440/1-86/093, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
206. USEPA 2004 Guidelines for Water Reuse 2004, EPA 625/R-04/108, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati.
207. Valderrama L.T., Del Campo C.M., Rodriguez C.M., de-Bashan L.E., Bashan Y. Treatment of recalcitrant wastewater from ethanol and citric acid production using microalga Chlorella vulgaris and the macrophyte Lemna minuscule. Water Res. 2002, 36:4185-4192.
208. Vlissidis A., Zouboulis A.I. Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of alcohol distillery wastewaters. Bioresour. Technol. 1993, 43:131-140.
209. von Sperling M. Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal 2007, IWA Publishin, London.
210. Wahid A., Rao A.R., Rasul E. Identification of salt tolerance traits in sugarcane lines. Field Crop Res. 1997, 54:9-17.
211. Watkins C.H., Hammerschlag R.S. The toxicity of chlorine to a common vascular aquatic plant. Water Res. 1984, 18:1037-1043.
212. WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater 2006, World Health Organization, Geneva.
213. Wiegand C., Anderson G., Lingle S., Escobar D. Soil salinity effects on crop growth and yield - illustration of an analysis and mapping methodology for sugarcane. J.Plant Physiol. 1996, 148:418-424.
214. Wiegant W.M., Claassen J.A., Lettinga G. Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of high strength wastewaters. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1985, 27:1374-1381.
215. Wilkie A.C. Biomethane from biomass, biowaste and biofuels. Bioenergy 2008, 195-205. ASM Press, Washington DC. J.D. Wall, C.S. Harwood, A. Demain (Eds.).
216. Wilkie A.C., Riedesel K.J., Owens J.M. Stillage characterization and anaerobic treatment of ethanol stillage from conventional and cellulosic feedstocks. Biomass Bioenergy 2000, 19:63-102.
217. Wilkinson A. Anaerobic Digestion of Corn Ethanol Thin Stillage for Biogas Production in Batch and by Down-flow Fixed Film Reactor 2011, M.Sc. dissertation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
218. Willington I.P., Marten G.G. Options for handling stillage waste from sugar-based fuel ethanol production. Resour. Conserv. 1982, 8:111-129.
219. Withers P.J.A., Jarvie H.P., Stoate C. Quantifying the impact of septic tank systems on eutrophication risk in rural headwaters. Environ. Int. 2011, 37:644-653.
220. Xing G.X., Zhang S.F., Ju B.Z., Yang J.Z. Recent advances in modified starch as flocculant. The Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Functional Molecules, Dalian 2005, 13-18.
221. Yavuz Y. EC and EF processes for the treatment of alcohol distillery wastewater. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2007, 53:135-140.
222. Yen H.W., Yang Y.C., Yu Y.H. Using crude glycerol and thin stillage for the production of microbial lipids through the cultivation of Rhodotorula glutinis. J.Biosci. Bioeng. 2012, 114:453-456.
223. Yeoh B.G. Two-phase anaerobic treatment of cane-molasses alcohol stillage. Water Sci. Technol. 1997, 6:441-448.
224. Yruela I. Copper in plants. Braz. J. Plant. Physiol. 2005, 17:145-156.
225. o Nacional de Ciencias Ambientales, UAEM, Oaxtepec Morelos 2006, 1-7. (in Spanish).
226. Zayas T., Romero V., Salgado L., Meraz M., Morales U. Applicability of coagulation/flocculation and electrochemical processes to the purification of biologically treated vinasse effluent. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2007, 57:270-276.
227. Zhang J., Li G., Song Y., Liu Z., Yang C., Tang S., Zheng C., Wang S., Ding Y. Lodging resistance characteristics of high-yielding rice populations. Field Crop Res. 2014, 161:64-74.
228. Zolim C.A., Paulino J., Bertonha A., Freitas P.S.L., Folegatti M.V. Estudo exploratório do uso da vinhaça ao longo do tempo. I. Características do solo. Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 2011, 15:22-28.