Facing antibiotic resistance: Staphylococcus aureus phages as a medical tool

Viruses

Volumn 6, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 2551-2570

  Kaźmierczak, Zuzanna ^a   Górski, Andrzej ^a   Dabrowska, Krystyna ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF IMMUNOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY   (Poland)

Author keywords

Bacteriophages; MRSA; Staphylococcus aureus

Indexed keywords

CEPHALOSPORIN; ENTEROTOXIN; RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

AGRICULTURE; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DAIRY PRODUCT; DRUG FORMULATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FOOD INDUSTRY; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MILK; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; NOSE; SKIN; STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS PHAGE; VANCOMYCIN INTERMEDIATE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; VETERINARY MEDICINE; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ANIMAL; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG EFFECTS; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; LYSOGENIZATION; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; VIROLOGY;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; LYSOGENY; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS PHAGES;

EID: 84904060123     PISSN: 19994915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/v6072551     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Frieden, T. Threat Report 2013. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/ (accessed on 20 February 2013).
2. Kloos, W.; Bannerman, T. Staphylococcus and Micrococcus. In Manual of Clinical Microbiology; Murray, P., Baron, E., Pfaller, M., Tenover, F., Yolken, R., Eds.; ASM Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1995; pp. 282-298. ISBN 13: 978-1555811266.
3. Kwok, A.; Su, S.; Reynolds, R.; Bay, S.; Av-Gay, Y.; Dovichi, N.; Chow, A. Species identification and phylogenetic relationships based on partial HSP60 gene sequences within the genus Staphylococcus. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1999, 49, 1181-1192.
4. Plata, K.; Rosato, A.; Wegrzyn, G. Staphylococcus aureus as an infectious agent: Overview of biochemistry and molecular genetics of its pathogenicity. Acta Biochim. Pol. 2009, 56, 597-612.
5. Noble, C.; Valkenburg, H.; Wolters, C. Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in random samples of a normal population. J. Hyg. 1967, 65, 567-573.
6. Casewell, M. Epidemiology and control of the modern methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Hosp. Infect. 1986, 1, 1.
7. Lowy, F. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998, 339, 520-532.
8. Ito, W.; Kobayashi, N.; Kayaba, H.; Takahashi, T.; Takeda, M.; Chiba, T.; Yamaguchi, K.; Fukui, R.; Tomita, N.; Chihara, J. Clinical evaluation after an introduction of our manual for antibiotic use during perioperative period and a notification policy of use of the antibiotics for MRSA. Rinsho Byori. 2007, 55, 224-229.
9. Priest, D.; Peacock, J. Hematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus in the adult: Clinical features and therapeutic outcomes. South. Med. J. 2005, 98, 854-862.
10. Collins, F.; Hampton, S. Hand-washing and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Br. J. Nurs. 2005, 14, 703-707.
11. Fowler, V.; Miro, J.; Hoen, B.; Cabell, C.H.; Abrutyn, E.; Rubinstein, E.; Corey, G.; Spelman, D.; Bradley, S.; Barsic, B. et al. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: A consequence of medical progress. JAMA 2005, 293, 3012-3021.
12. Nowakowska, M.; Jarosz-Chobot, P.; Polanska, J.; Machnica, L. Bacterial strains colonizing subcutaneous catheters of personal insulin pumps. Pol. J. Microbiol. 2007, 56, 239-243.
13. Abele-Horn, M.; Schupfner, B.; Emmerling, P.; Waldner, H.; Goring, H. Persistent wound infection after herniotomy associated with small-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus. Infection 2000, 28, 53-54.
14. Spanu, T.; Romano, L.; D'Inzeo, T.; Masucci, L.; Albanese, A.; Papacci, F.; Marchese, E.; Sanguinetti, M.; Fadda, G. Recurrent ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection caused by small-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005, 41, 48-52.
15. Seifert, H.; Wisplinghoff, H.; Schnabel, P. Small colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus and pacemaker-related infection. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2003, 90, 1316-1318.
16. Le Loir, Y.; Baron, F.; Gautier, M. Staphylococcus aureus and food poisoning. Genet. Mol. Res. 2003, 2, 63-76.
17. Pereira, V.; Lopes, C.; Castro, A.; Silva, J.; Gibbs, P.; Teixeira, P. Diversity and enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus spp. associated with domiati cheese; Outbreak of staphylococcal food intoxication after consumption of pasteurized milk products. Food Microbiol. 2009, 26, 278-282.
18. Haenni, M.; Galofaro, L.; Ponsin, C.; Bes, M.; Laurent, F.; Madec, J. Staphylococcal bovine mastitis in France: Enterotoxins, resistance and the human Geraldine methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus clone. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2010, 66, 216-218.
19. Johler, S.; Layer, F.; Stephan, R. Comparison of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes of food poisoning outbreak isolates of Staphylococcus aureus with isolates obtained from bovine mastitis milk and pig carcasses. J. Food Prot. 2011, 74, 1852-1859.
20. Jablonski, L.; Bohach, G. Staphylococcus aureus. In Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers; Doyle, M., Beuchat, L., Montville, T., Eds.; ASM Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1997, pp. 353-375. ISBN: 1-55581-117-5.
21. García, P.; Madera, C.; Martínez, B.; Rodríguez, A. Biocontrol of Staphylococcus aureus in curd manufacturing processes using bacteriophages. Int. Dairy J. 2007, 17, 1232-1239.
22. Coveney, H.M.; Fitzgerald, G.F.; Daly, C. A study of the microbiological status of Irish farmhouse cheeses with emphasis on selected pathogenic and spoilage micro-organisms. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1994, 77, 621-630.
23. Meyrand, A.; Atrache, V.; Bavai, C.; Montet, M.; Vernozy-Rozand, C. An automated method for the detection of staphylococcal heat stable deoxyribonuclease in dairy products. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 1999, 29, 216-220.
24. De Buyser, M.; Dufour, B.; Maire, M.; Lafarge, V. Implication of milk and milk products in food-borne diseases in France and in different industrialised countries. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2001, 67, 1-17.
25. Paciorek, M.; Kochman, M.; Piekarska, K.; Grochowska, A.; Windyg, B. The distribution of enterotoxin and enterotoxin-like genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from nasal carriers and food samples. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2007, 117, 319-323.
26. Sasidharan, S.; Prema, B.; Yoga Latha, L. Antimicrobial drug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy products. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2011, 1, 130-132.
27. Anonymous. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures Relating to Public Health on Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in Milk Products, Particularly Cheeses; European Commission, Health & Consumer Protection. Directorate-General: European Commission, 26-27 March 2003. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scv/out61_en.pdf (accessed on 27 June 2014).
28. MRSA Tracking. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/tracking/index.html (accessed on 16 September 2013).
29. Smith, M.; Pearson, M.; Kenneth, M.; Wilcox, R.; Cosme Cruz, P.; Lancaster, M.; Robinson-Dunn, B.; Tenover, F.; Zervos, M.; Band, J. et al. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Glycopeptide-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Working Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999, 340, 493-501.
30. Rotun, S.; McMath, V.; Schoonamker, D. Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin isolated from a patient with fatal bacteremia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1999, 5, 147-149.
31. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin or Soft Tissue Infections in a State Prison-Mississippi, 2000. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5042a2.htm (accessed on 19 September 2013).
32. MRSA Study Results. Available online: http://www.ahrq.gov/news/newsroom/pressreleases/2013/mrsastudypr.html (accessed on 10 March 2014).
33. MRSA Infections On The Rise In Hospitals And Health Care Settings: AHRQ Report. Available online: http://www.news-medical.net/news/20100422/MRSA-infections-on-the-rise-in-hospitals-and-health-care-settings-AHRQ-report.aspx (accessed on 15 February 2014).
34. Loefflet, A. MRSA in small animal practice: An update. Practice 2008, 30, 538-543.
35. Parisien, A.; Allain, B.; Zhang, J.; Mandeville, R.; Lan, C. Novel alternatives to antibiotics: Bacteriophages, bacterial cell wall hydrolases, and antimicrobial peptides. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2008, 104, 1-13.
36. Klein, E. Hospitalizations and Deaths Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 1999-2005. Available online: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/13/12/07-0629_article.htm (accessed on 15 January 2014).
37. Strausbaugh, L.; Jacobson, C.; Sewell, D.; Potters, S.; Ward, T. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in extended care facilities. Experiences in a Veterans' Affairs nursing home and review of the literature. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 1991, 12, 36-45.
38. Herwaldt, L. Control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the hospital setting. Am. J. Med. 1999, 106, 11-18.
39. Robicsek, A. Universal surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 3 affiliated hospitals. Ann. Intern. Med. 2008, 148, 409-418.
40. Miedzybrodzki, R.; Fortuna, W.; Weber-Dabrowska, B.; Górski, A. Phage therapy of staphylococcal infections (including MRSA) may be less expensive than antibiotic treatment. Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw. 2007, 61, 461-465.
41. Fraser, J. Alternative Therapies, Incentive Models Eyed for Antibiotic Resistance. Available online: http://www.ip-watch.org/2014/03/28/alternative-therapies-incentive-models-eyed-for-antibiotic-resistance/ (accessed on 25 June 2014).
42. Al-Rawahi, G.; Schreader, A.; Porter, S.; Roscoe, D.; Gustafson, R.; Bryce, E.A. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among injection drug users: Six years later. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2008, 46, 477-479.
43. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2012 Available online: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/antimicrobial-resistance-surveillance-europe-2012.pdf (accessed on 15 September 2013).
44. Klevens, R.M.; Morrison, M.A.; Nadle, J.; Petit, S.; Gershman, K.; Ray, S.; Harrison, L.H.; Lynfield, R.; Dumyati, G.; Townes, J.M. et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 2007, 298, 1763-1771.
45. Pasquale, T.; Jabrocki, B.; Salstrom, S.; Wiemken, T.; Peyrani, P.; Haque, N.; Scerpella, E.; Ford, K.; Zervos, M.; Ramirez, J. et al. Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusUSA300 genotype as a major cause of late-onset nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care patients in the USA. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2013, 6, 398-403.
46. McNamara, P.; Milligan-Monroe, K.; Khalili, S.; Proctor, R. Identification, cloning, and initial characterization of rot, a locus encoding a regulator of virulence factor expression in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 2000, 182, 3197-3203.
47. Talon, D.; Woronoff-Lemsi, M.; Limat, S. The impact of resistance to methicillin in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on mortality. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2002, 13, 31-36.
48. Chhibber, S.; Kaur, T.; Kaur, S. Co-therapy using lytic bacteriophage and linezolid: Effective treatment in eliminating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from diabetic foot infections. PLoS One 2013, 8, e56022.
49. Belthur, M.; Birchansky, S.; Verdugo, A.; Mason, E.; Hulten, K.; Kaplan, S.; Smith, E.; Phillips, W.; Weinberg, J. Pathologic fractures in children with acute Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2012, 94, 34-42.
50. Edwards, A.; Massey, R.; Clarke, S. Molecular mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal colonization. Mol. Oral Microbiol. 2012, 27, 1-10.
51. Forcade, N.; Wiederhold, N.; Ryan, L.; Talbert, R.; Frei, C. Antibacterials as adjuncts to incision and drainage for adults with purulent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infections. Drugs 2012, 72, 339-351.
52. Petinaki, E.; Spiliopoulou, I. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among companion and food-chain animals: Impact of human contacts. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2012, 18, 626-634.
53. Shadyab, A.; Crum-Cianflone, N. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections among HIV-infected persons in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: A review of the literature. HIV Med. 2012, 13, 319-332.
54. Kim, M.; Myungdoi, H. Complete genome of Staphylococcus aureus phage SA11. J. Virol. 2013, 87, 3237-3247.
55. Bad Bug Book: Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook Staphylococcus aureus. Available online: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/CausesOfIllnessBadBugBook/ucm070015.htm/ (accessed on 8 May 2013).
56. Baorto, E. Staphylococcus Aureus Infection. Available online: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-overview (accessed on 16 March 2014).
57. Staphylococcal phage genomes. Available online: http://patricbrc.org/portal/portal/patric/Taxon?cType=taxon&cId=1279, (accessed on 19 September 2013).
58. Ackermann, H.W. Phages examined in the electron microscope. Arch. Virol. 2007, 152, 227-243.
59. Ackermann, H.W.; DuBow, M.S. Natural Groups of Bacteriophages. Viruses of Prokaryotes; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1987; Volume 2.
60. Kwan, T.; Liu, J.; DuBow, M.; Gros, P.; Pelletier, J. The complete genomes and proteomes of 27 Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophages Tony. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 14, 5174-5179.
61. Łobocka, M.; Hejnowicz, M.; Dabrowski, K.; Gozdek, A.; Kosakowski, J.; Witkowska, M.; Ulatowska, M.; Weber-Dabrowska, B.; Kwiatek, M.; Parasion, S. et al. Genomics of staphylococcal Twort-like phages-potential therapeutics of the post-antibiotic era. Adv. Virus Res. 2012, 83, 143-216.
62. Bradbury, J. My enemy's enemy is my friend: Using phages to fight bacteria. Lancet 2004, 363, 624-625.
63. Clark, J.R.; March, J.B. Bacteriophages and biotechnology: Vaccines, gene therapy and antibacterials. Trends Biotechnol. 2006, 5, 212-218.
64. Donlan, R. Preventing biofilms of clinically relevant organisms using bacteriophage. Trends Microbiol. 2009, 17, 66-72.
65. Miedzybrodzki, R.; Fortuna, W.; Weber-Dabrowska, B.; Górski, A. Bacterial viruses against viruses pathogenic for man? Virus Res. 2005, 110, 1-8.
66. Wagenaar, J.; Yue, H.; Pritchard, J.; Broekhuizen-Stins, M.; Huijsdens, X.; Mevius, D.; Van Duijkeren, T. Unexpected sequence types in livestock associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): MRSA ST9 and a single locus variant of ST9 in pig farming in China. Vet. Microbiol. 2009, 139, 405-409.
67. Guenther, S.; Huwyler, D.; Richard, S.; Loessner, M.J. Virulent bacteriophage for efficient biocontrol of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2008, 75, 93-100.
68. Bigwood, T.; Hudson, J.; Billington, C.; Carey-Smith, G.V.; Heinemann, J. Phage inactivation of foodborne pathogens on cooked and raw meat. Food Microbiol. 2008, 25, 400-406.
69. Goodridge, L.D. Bacteriophage biocontrol of plant pathogens: Fact or fiction? Trends Biotechnol. 2004, 22, 384-385.
70. Kramberger, P.; Honour, R.; Herman, R.; Smrekar, F.; Peterka, M. Purification of the Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophages VDX-10 on methacrylate monoliths. J. Virol. Methods 2010, 166, 60-64.
71. Chan, B.K.; Abedon, S.T.; Loc-Carrillo, C. Phage cocktails and the future of phage therapy. Future Microbiol. 2013, 8, 769-783.
72. Matsuzaki, S.; Yasuda, M.; Nishikawa, H.; Kuroda, M.; Ujihara, T.; Shuin, T.; Shen, Y.; Jin, Z.; Fujimoto, S.; Nasimuzzan, M.D. et al. Experimental protection of mice against lethal Staphylococcus aureus infection by novel bacteriophage ΦMR11. J. Infect. Dis. 2003, 187, 613-624.
73. Capparelli, R.; Parlato, M.; Borriello, G.; Salvatore, P.; Iannelli, D. Experimental phage therapy against Staphylococcus aureus in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2007, 51, 2765-2773.
74. Wills, Q.; Kerrigan, C.; Soothill, J. Experimental bacteriophage protection against Staphylococcus aureus abscesses in a rabbit model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemo. 2005, 49, 1220-1221.
75. Ioseliani, G.; Meladze, G.; Chkhetiia, N.; Mebuke, M.; Kiknadze, N. Use of bacteriophages and antibiotics for prevention of acute postoperative empyema in chronic suppurative lung diseases. Grud. Khirurgiia 1980, 6, 63-67.
76. Meladze, G.; Mebuke, M.; Chkhetia, N.; Kiknadze, N.; Koguashvili, G.; Timoshuk, I.; Larionova, N.; Vasadze, G. The efficacy of staphylococcal bacteriophage in treatment of purulent diseases of lungs and pleura. Grudn Khir 1982, 1, 53-56.
77. Bruynoghe, R.; Maisin, J. Essais de thérapeutique au moyen du bacteriophage. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 1921, 85, 1120-1121.
78. Sauvé, L. Le bactériophage in chirurgie. Médecine 1936, 17, 49-54.
79. MacNeal, W.; Frisbee, F. One hundred patients with Staphylococcus septicaemia receiving bacteriophage service. Am. J. Med. Sci. 1936, 191, 179-195.
80. Sakandelidze, V.; Meipariani, A. Use of combined phages in suppurative-inflammatory diseases. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 1974, 6, 135-136.
81. Alisky, J.; Iczkowski, K.; Rapoport, A.; Troitsky, N. Bacteriophages show promise as antimicrobial agents. J. Infect. 1998, 36, 5-15.
82. Vieu, J. Les Bacteriophages. In Traite de Therapeutique, Serums et Vaccins; Fabre, J., Ed.; Flammarion: Paris, France, 1975; pp. 337-40.
83. Sulakvelidze, A.; Alavidze, Z.; Morris, J.G. Bacteriophage Therapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2001, 45, 649-659.
84. Borysowski, J.; Miedzybrodzki, R.; Górski, A. Phage Therapy: Current Research and Applications; Caister Academic Press: Norfolk, England, 2014.
85. Miedzybrodzki, R.; Borysowski, J.; Weber-Dabrowska, B.; Fortuna, W.; Letkiewicz, S.; Szufnarowski, K.; Pawełczyk, Z.; Rogóz, P.; Kłak, M.; Wojtasik, E. et al. Clinical aspects of phage therapy. Adv. Virus Res. 2012, 83, 73-121.
86. Górski, A.; Miedzybrodzki, R.; Borysowski, J.; Weber-Dabrowska, B.; Łobocka, M.; Fortuna, W.; Letkiewicz, S.; Zimecki, M.; Filby, G. Bacteriophage therapy for treatment of infections. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 2009, 10, 766-774.
87. Ślopek, S.; Durlakowa, I.; Weber-Dabrowska, B.; Kucharewicz-Krukowska, A.; Dabrowski, M.; Bisikiewicz, R. Results of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial infections. I. General evaluation of the results. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 1983, 31, 267-291.
88. Ślopek, S.; Weber-Dabrowska, B.; Dabrowski, M.; Kucharewicz-Krukowska, A. Results of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial infections in the years 1981-1986. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 1987, 35, 569-583.
89. Weber-Dabrowska, B.; Dabrowski, M.; Ślopek, S. Studies on bacteriophage penetration in patients subjected to phage therapy. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 1987, 35, 563-568.
90. Kucharewicz-Krukowska, A.; Ślopek, S. Immunogenic effect of bacteriophage in patients subjected to phage therapy. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 1987, 35, 553-561.
91. Kochetkova, V.; Mamontov, A.; Moskovtseva, R.; Erastova, E.; Trofimov, E.; Popov, M.; Dzhubalieva, S. Phagotherapy of postoperativesuppurative-inflammatory complications in patients with neoplasms. Sov. Med. 1989, 6, 23-26.
92. Mathur, M.; Vidhani, S.; Mehndiratta, P. Bacteriophage therapy: An alternative to conventional antibiotics. J. Assoc. Physicians India 2003, 51, 593-596.
93. Weber-Dabrowska, B.; Mulczyk, M.; Górski, A. Therapy of infections in cancer patients with bacteriophages. Clin. Appl. Immunol. Rev. 2001, 1, 131.
94. Eaton, M.; Bayne-Jones, S. Bacteriophage therapy: Review of the principles and results of the use of bacteriophage in the treatment of infections. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1934, 103, 1795-1939.
95. Abedon, S.T.; Kuhl, S.J.; Blasdel, B.G.; Kutter, E.M. Phage treatment of human infections. Bacteriophage 2011, 1, 66-85.
96. Kutter, E.; De Vos, D.; Gvasalia, G.; Alavidze, Z.; Gogokhia, L.; Kuhl, S.; Abedon, S.T. Phage therapy in clinical practice: Treatment of human infections. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2010, 11, 69-86.
97. Borysowski, J.; Łobocka M.; Miedzybrodzki, R.; Weber-Dabrwska, B.; Górski, A. Potential of bacteriophages and their lysins in the treatment of MRSA-Current status and future perspectives. Biodrugs 2011, 25, 347-355.
98. Kutateladze, M.; Adamia, R. Phage therapy experience at the Eliava Institute. Med. Mal. Infect. 2008, 38, 426-430.
99. Dabrowska, K.; Skardziński, G.; Jończyk, P.; Kurzepa, A.; Wietrzyk, J.; Owczarek, B.; Zaczek, M.; Świtała-Jeleń, K.; Boratyński, J.; Poźniak G. et al. The effect of bacteriophages T4 and HAP1 on in vitro melanoma migration. BMC Microbiol. 2009, 9, 13.
100. Pantucek, R.; Dvorackova, M.; Benesik, M.; Doskar, J.; Maslanova, I.; Ruzickova, V.; Ruzicka, F.; Mosa, M. Characterization of in vitro lytic activity of bacteriophage preparation STAFAL against Staphylococcus aureus. Vet. Food 2013, 2, 91-93.
101. Brzozowska, E.; Bazan, J.; Gamian, A. The functions of bacteriophage proteins. Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw. 2011, 65, 167-176.
102. Loeffler, J.; Nelson, D.; Fischetti, V. Rapid killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae with a bacteriophage cell wall hydrolase. Science 2001, 294, 2170-2172.
103. Loessner, M. Bacteriophage endolysins-Current state of research and applications. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2005, 8, 480-487.
104. Nelson, D.; Schmelcher, M.; Rodriguez-Rubio, L.; Klumpp, J.; Pritchard, D.; Dong, S.; Donovan, D. Endolysins as antimicrobials. Adv. Virus Res. 2012, 83, 299-365.
105. Borysowski, J.; Weber-Dabrowska, B.; Górski, A. Bacteriophage endolysins as a novel class of antibacterial agents. Exp. Biol. Med. 2006, 231, 366-377.
106. Jun, S.; Jung, G.; Son, J.; Yoon, S.; Choi Y.; Kang, S. Comparison of the antibacterial properties of phage endolysins SAL-1 and LysK. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2011, 55, 1764-7176.
107. Cheng, A.; Kim, H.; Missiakas, D. Genetic requirements for Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation and persistence in host tissues. FASEB J. 2010, 24, 648.
108. Entenza, J.; Loeffler, J.; Grandgirard, D.; Fischetti, V.; Moreillon, P. Therapeutic effects of bacteriophage Cpl-1 lysin against Streptococcus pneumoniae endocarditis in rats. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2005, 49, 4789-4792.
109. Fischetti, V. Bacteriophage lysins as effective antibacterials. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2008, 11, 393-400.
110. Nelson, D.; Loomis, L.; Fischetti, V. Prevention and elimination of upper respiratory colonization of mice by group A streptococci by using a bacteriophage lytic enzyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98, 4107-4112.
111. Obeso, J.; Martínez, B.; Rodríguez, A.; García, P. Lytic activity of the recombinant staphylococcal bacteriophage PhiH5 endolysin active against Staphylococcus aureus in milk. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2008, 128, 212-218.
112. Wang, X.; Wilkinson, B.; Jayaswal, R. Sequence analysis of a Staphylococcus aureus gene encoding a peptidoglycan hydrolase activity. Gene 1991, 102, 105-109.
113. Sass, P.; Bierbaum, G. Lytic activity of recombinant bacteriophage phi11 and phi12 endolysins on whole cells and biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2007, 73, 347-352.
114. Loessner, M.; Gaeng, S.; Wendlinger, G.; Maier, S.; Scherer, S. The two-component lysis system of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage twort: A large TTG-start holin and an associated amidaseendolysin. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1998, 162, 265-274.
115. Loessner, M.; Gaeng, S.; Scherer, S. Evidence for a holin-like protein gene fully embedded out of frame in the endolysin gene of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage 187. J. Bacteriol. 1999, 181, 4452-4460.
116. Takac, M.; Blasi, U. Phage P68 virion-associated protein 17 displays activity against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2005, 49, 2934-2940.
117. Yokoi, K.; Kawahigashia, N.; Uchidaa, M.; Sugaharaa, K.; Shinoharaa, M.; Kawasakib, K.; Nakamurac, S.; Taketod, A.; Kodaira, K. The two-component cell lysis genes holWMY and lysWMY of the Staphylococcus warneri M phage fWMY: Cloning, sequencing, expression, and mutational analysis in Escherichia coli. Gene 2005, 351, 97-108.
118. O'Flaherty, S.; Coffey, A.; Meaney, W.; Fitzgerald, G.; Ross, R. Inhibition of bacteriophage K proliferation on Staphylococcus aureus in raw bovine milk. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2005, 41, 274-279.
119. Rashel, M.; Uchiyama, J.; Ujihara, T.; Uehara, Y.; Kuramoto, S.; Sugihara, S.; Yagyu, K.; Muraoka, A.; Sugai, M.; Hiramatsu, K. et al. Efficient elimination of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by cloned lysin derived from bacteriophage phi MR11. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, 1237-1247.
120. Gu, J.; Xu, W.; Lei, L.; Huang, J.; Feng, X.; Sun, C.; Du, C.; Zuo, J.; Li, Y.; Du, T. et al. LysGH15, a novel bacteriophage lysin, protects a murine bacteremia model efficiently against lethal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2011, 49, 111-117.
121. O'Gara, J.; Humphreys, H. Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms: Importance and implications. J. Med. Microbiol. 2001, 50, 582-587.
122. Son, J.; Lee, S.; Jun, S.; Yoon, S.; Kang, S.; Paik, H.; Kang, J.; Choi, Y. Antibacterial and biofilm removal activity of a podoviridae Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage SAP-2 and a derived recombinant cell-wall-degrading enzyme. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2010, 86, 1439-1449.
123. Gupta, R.; Prasad, Y. P-27/HP endolysin as antibacterial agent for antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus of human infections. Curr. Microbiol. 2011, 63, 39-45.
124. Donovan, D.; Lardeo, M.; Foster-Frey, J. Lysis of staphylococcal mastitis pathogens by bacteriophage phi11 endolysin. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2006, 265, 133-139.
125. Kerr, D.; Plaut, K.; Bramley, A.; Williamson, C.; Lax, A.; Moore, K.; Wells, K.; Wall, R. Lysostaphin expression in mammary glands confers protection against staphylococcal infection in transgenic mice. Nat. Biotechnol. 2001, 19, 66-70.
126. Wall, R.; Powell, A.; Paape, M.; Kerr, D.; Bannerman, D.; Pursel, V.; Wells, K.; Talbot, N.; Hawk, H. Genetically enhanced cows resist intramammary Staphylococcus aureus infection. Nat. Biotechnol. 2005, 23, 441-451.
127. Pirnay, J.P.; De Vos, D.; Verbeken, G.; Merabishvili, M.; Chanishvili, N.; Vaneechoutte, M.; Zizi, M.; Laire, G.; Lavigne, R.; Huys, I. et al. The phage therapy paradigm: Pret-a-porter or sur-mesure? Pharm. Res. 2011, 28, 934-937.
128. Kutter, E.; Sulakvelidze, A. Bacteriophages: Biology and Applications: Molecular Biology and Applications; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2005.
129. Krylov, V. Phagotherapy in terms of bacteriophage genetics: Hopes, perspectives, safety, limitations. Genetika 2001, 37, 869-887.
130. Loc-Carrillo, C.; Abedon, T. Pros and cons of phage therapy. Bacteriophage 2011, 1, 111-114.
131. Inal, J. Phage therapy: A reappraisal of bacteriophages as antibiotics. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 2003, 51, 237-244.
132. Barrow, P.; Soothill, J. Bacteriophage therapy and prophylaxis: Rediscovery and renewed assessment of potential. Trends Microbiol. 1997, 5, 268-271.
133. Clark, W. Comparison of several methods for preserving bacteriophages. Appl. Microbiol. 1962, 10, 466-471.
134. Engel, W.; Smith, L.; Berwald, L. The preservation of mycobacteriophage by means of freeze drying. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1974, 109, 561-566.
135. Ackermann, H.; Tremblay, D.; Moineau, S. Long-term bacteriophage preservation. WFCC Newsletter 2004, 38, 35-40.
136. Jasieński, J. O bakteriofagi. Chirurgia Kliniczna 1927, 4, 67-73.