Principles and operational parameters to optimize poison removal with extracorporeal treatments

Seminars in Dialysis

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 371-380

  Bouchard, Josée ^a   Roberts, Darren M ^b,c   Roy, Louise ^d   Ouellet, Georges ^e   Decker, Brian S ^f   Mueller, Bruce A ^g   Desmeules, Simon ^h   Ghannoum, Marc ⁱ  

^a HÔPITAL DU SACRÉ COEUR DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^c ADDENBROOKE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d CENTRE HOSPITALIER DE L UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^e MAISONNEUVE ROSEMONT HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^f INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^h LAVAL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

ⁱ UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HUMAN; INTOXICATION; NEPHROLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROCEDURES; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; STANDARDS; THERAPY;

HUMANS; NEPHROLOGY; POISONING; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; RENAL DIALYSIS;

EID: 84904056594     PISSN: 08940959     EISSN: 1525139X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12247     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Mandolfo S, Malberti F, Imbasciati E, Cogliati P, Gauly A: Impact of blood and dialysate flow and surface on performance of new polysulfone hemodialysis dialyzers. Int J Artif Organs 26:113-120, 2003
2. Allen R, Frost TH, Hoenich NA: The influence of the dialysate flow rate on hollow fiber hemodialyzer performance. Artif Organs 19:1176-1180, 1995
3. Leypoldt JK, Cheung AK, Agodoa LY, Daugirdas JT, Greene T, Keshaviah PR: Hemodialyzer mass transfer-area coefficients for urea increase at high dialysate flow rates. The Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study. Kidney Int 51:2013-2017, 1997
4. Ouseph R, Ward RA: Increasing dialysate flow rate increases dialyzer urea mass transfer-area coefficients during clinical use. Am J Kidney Dis 37:316-320, 2001
5. Borzou SR, Gholyaf M, Zandiha M, Amini R, Goodarzi MT, Torkaman B: The effect of increasing blood flow rate on dialysis adequacy in hemodialysis patients. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 20:639-642, 2009
6. Munshi R, Ahmad S: Comparison of urea clearance in low-efficiency low-flux vs. high-efficiency high-flux dialyzer membrane with reduced blood dialysate flow An in vitro analysis. Hemodial Int 18:172-174, 2014
7. Gutzwiller JP, Schneditz D, Huber AR, Schindler C, Garbani E, Zehnder CE: Increasing blood flow increases kt/V(urea) and potassium removal but fails to improve phosphate removal. Clin Nephrol 59:130-136, 2003
8. Ward RA: Blood flow rate: an important determinant of urea clearance and delivered Kt/V. Adv Ren Replace Ther 6:75-79, 1999
9. Hauk M, Kuhlmann MK, Riegel W, Kohler H: In vivo effects of dialysate flow rate on Kt/V in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 35:105-111, 2000
10. Bhimani JP, Ouseph R, Ward RA: Effect of increasing dialysate flow rate on diffusive mass transfer of urea, phosphate and beta2-microglobulin during clinical haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25: 3990-3995, 2010
11. Davenport A, Will EJ, Davison AM: Effect of the direction of dialysate flow on the efficiency of continuous arteriovenous haemodialysis. Blood Purif 8:329-336, 1990
12. Relton S, Greenberg A, Palevsky PM: Dialysate and blood flow dependence of diffusive solute clearance during CVVHD. ASAIO J 38:M691-M696, 1992
13. Brunet S, Leblanc M, Geadah D, Parent D, Courteau S, Cardinal J: Diffusive and convective solute clearances during continuous renal replacement therapy at various dialysate and ultrafiltration flow rates. Am J Kidney Dis 34:486-492, 1999
14. Gong D, Ji D, Xie H, Xu B, Liu Y, Li L: The effects of dialysate and ultrafiltration flow rate on solute clearance during continuous renal replacement therapy. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 40:183-186, 2001
15. Churchwell MD, Pasko DA, Smoyer WE, Mueller BA: Enhanced clearance of highly protein-bound drugs by albumin-supplemented dialysate during modeled continuous hemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24:231-238, 2009
16. Bonnardeaux A, Pichette V, Ouimet D, Geadah D, Habel F, Cardinal J: Solute clearances with high dialysate flow rates and glucose absorption from the dialysate in continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 19:31-38, 1992
17. Wilson FP, Bachhuber MA, Caroff D, Adler R, Fish D, Berns J: Low cefepime concentrations during high blood and dialysate flow continuous venovenous hemodialysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:2178-2180, 2012
18. Meyer TW, Leeper EC, Bartlett DW, Depner TA, Lit YZ, Robertson CR, Hostetter TH: Increasing dialysate flow and dialyzer mass transfer area coefficient to increase the clearance of protein-bound solutes. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:1927-1935, 2004
19. Luo FJ, Patel KP, Marquez IO, Plummer NS, Hostetter TH, Meyer TW: Effect of increasing dialyzer mass transfer area coefficient and dialysate flow on clearance of protein-bound solutes: a pilot crossover trial. Am J Kidney Dis 53:1042-1049, 2009
20. Sirich TL, Luo FJ, Plummer NS, Hostetter TH, Meyer TW: Selectively increasing the clearance of protein-bound uremic solutes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:1574-1579, 2012
21. Roberts DM, Buckley NA: Pharmacokinetic considerations in clinical toxicology: clinical applications. Clin Pharmacokinet 46:897-939, 2007
22. Franssen EJ, van Essen GG, Portman AT, de Jong J, Go G, Stegeman CA, Uges DR: Valproic acid toxicokinetics: serial hemodialysis and hemoperfusion. Ther Drug Monit 21:289-292, 1999
23. Lanese DM, Alfrey PS, Molitoris BA: Markedly increased clearance of vancomycin during hemodialysis using polysulfone dialyzers. Kidney Int 35:1409-1412, 1989
24. Bosl R, Shideman JR, Meyer RM, Buselmeier TJ, von Hartitzsch B, Kjellstrand CM: Effects and complications of high efficiency dialysis. Nephron 15:151-160, 1975
25. Voiculescu A, Hefter H, Falck M, Kutkuhn B, Grabensee B: Hemodialysis in severe lithium intoxication [German]. Intensivmed Notfallmed 32:433-437, 1995
26. Lee CS, Peterson JC, Marbury TC: Comparative pharmacokinetics of theophylline in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. J Clin Pharmacol 23:274-280, 1983
27. Pond SM: Extracorporeal techniques in the treatment of poisoned patients. Med J Aust 154:617-622, 1991
28. Holubek WJ, Hoffman RS, Goldfarb DS, Nelson LS: Use of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion in poisoned patients. Kidney Int 74:1327-1334, 2008
29. Fertel BS, Nelson LS, Goldfarb DS: Extracorporeal removal techniques for the poisoned patient: a review for the intensivist. J Intensive Care Med 25:139-148, 2010
30. Manley HJ, Bridwell DL, Elwell RJ, Bailie GR: Influence of peritoneal dialysate flow rate on the pharmacokinetics of cefazolin. Perit Dial Int 23:469-474, 2003
31. Ullian ME, Parker H, Sibbald LD, Peabody AM, Schattner P, Jensen JF: Effect of increasing dialysate flow rates on adequacy of peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 20:571-574, 2000
32. Rubin J, Adair C, Barnes T, Bower J: Dialysate flow rate and peritoneal clearance. Am J Kidney Dis 4:260-267, 1984
33. Robson M, Oreopoulos DG, Izatt S, Ogilvie R, Rapoport A, deVeber GA: Influence of exchange volume and dialysate flow rate on solute clearance in peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 14:486-490, 1978
34. Freida P, Issad B: Continuous flow peritoneal dialysis: assessment of fluid and solute removal in a high-flow model of "fresh dialysate single pass". Perit Dial Int 23:348-355, 2003
35. Ronco C, Dell'Aquila R, Bonello M, Gloukhoff A, Amerling R, Cruz C, Levin N: Continuous flow peritoneal dialysis: a new double lumen catheter. Int J Artif Organs 26:984-990, 2003
36. Szepietowski T, Weyde W, Stefanska-Bac E: Methanol elimination in peritoneal dialysis [Polish]. Pol Tyg Lek 30 (22):933-935, 1975
37. Kan G, Jenkins I, Rangan G, Woodroffe A, Rhodes H, Joyce D: Continuous haemodiafiltration compared with intermittent haemodialysis in the treatment of methanol poisoning. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:2665-2667, 2003
38. Brandes JC, Packard WJ, Watters SK, Fritsche C: Optimization of dialysate flow and mass transfer during automated peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 25:603-610, 1995
39. Aasarod K, Wideroe TE, Flakne SC: A comparison of solute clearance and ultrafiltration volume in peritoneal dialysis with total or fractional (50%) intraperitoneal volume exchange with the same dialysate flow rate. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:2128-2132, 1997
40. Eloot S, de Vos JY, de Vos F, Hombrouckx R, Verdonck P: Middle molecule removal in low-flux polysulfone dialyzers: impact of flows and surface area on whole-body and dialyzer clearances. Hemodial Int 9:399-408, 2005
41. Leypoldt JK, Cheung AK: Removal of high-molecular-weight solutes during high-efficiency and high-flux haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:329-335, 1996
42. Trerotola SO, Shah H, Johnson M, Namyslowski J, Moresco K, Patel N, Kraus M, Gassensmith C, Ambrosius WT: Randomized comparison of high-flow versus conventional hemodialysis catheters. J Vasc Interv Radiol 10:1032-1038, 1999
43. Szabo J, Locking-Cusolito H: The impact of increased blood flow rates on recirculation in central venous hemodialysis catheters. Nephrol Nurs J 28:639-641, 2001
44. Pannu N, Jhangri GS, Tonelli M: Optimizing dialysis delivery in tunneled dialysis catheters. ASAIO J 52:157-162, 2006
45. Wizemann V, Kulz M, Techert F, Nederlof B: Efficacy of haemodiafiltration. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16(Suppl 4):27-30, 2001
46. Azar AT: Increasing dialysate flow rate increases dialyzer urea clearance and dialysis efficiency: an in vivo study. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 20:1023-1029, 2009
47. Wolter K, Claus M, Wagner K, Fritschka E: Teicoplanin pharmacokinetics and dosage recommendations in chronic hemodialysis patients and in patients undergoing continuous veno-venous hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 42:389-397, 1994
48. Eknoyan G, Beck GJ, Cheung AK, Daugirdas JT, Greene T, Kusek JW, Allon M, Bailey J, Delmez JA, Depner TA, Dwyer JT, Levey AS, Levin NW, Milford E, Ornt DB, Rocco MV, Schulman G, Schwab SJ, Teehan BP, Toto R; Hemodialysis Study G: Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 347: 2010-2019, 2002
49. Matzke GR: Status of hemodialysis of drugs in 2002. J Pharm Pract 15:405-418, 2002
50. Schuerer DJ, Brophy PD, Maxvold NJ, Kudelka T, Bunchman TE: High-efficiency dialysis for carbamazepine overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 38:321-323, 2000
51. Lesaffer G, De Smet R, Lameire N, Dhondt A, Duym P, Vanholder R: Intradialytic removal of protein-bound uraemic toxins: role of solute characteristics and of dialyser membrane. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:50-57, 2000
52. Powers KM, Wilkowski MJ, Helmandollar AW, Koenig KG, Bolton WK: Improved urea reduction ratio and Kt/V in large hemodialysis patients using two dialyzers in parallel. Am J Kidney Dis 35:266-274, 2000
53. Fritz BA, Doss S, McCann LM, Wrone EM: A comparison of dual dialyzers in parallel and series to improve urea clearance in large hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 41:1008-1015, 2003
54. Panzer U, Kluge S, Kreymann G, Wolf G: Combination of intermittent haemodialysis and high-volume continuous haemofiltration for the treatment of severe metformin-induced lactic acidosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:2157-2158, 2004
55. Friesecke S, Abel P, Kraft M, Gerner A, Runge S: Combined renal replacement therapy for severe metformin-induced lactic acidosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21:2038-2039, 2006
56. Ouseph R, Hutchison CA, Ward RA: Differences in solute removal by two high-flux membranes of nominally similar synthetic polymers. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23:1704-1712, 2008
57. Maduell F, Navarro V, Cruz MC, Torregrosa E, Garcia D, Simon V, Ferrero JA: Osteocalcin and myoglobin removal in on-line hemodiafiltration versus low- and high-flux hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 40:582-589, 2002
58. Sen S, Ratnaraj N, Davies NA, Mookerjee RP, Cooper CE, Patsalos PN, Williams R, Jalan R: Treatment of phenytoin toxicity by the molecular adsorbents recirculating system (MARS). Epilepsia 44:265-267, 2003
59. Askenazi DJ, Goldstein SL, Chang IF, Elenberg E, Feig DI: Management of a severe carbamazepine overdose using albumin-enhanced continuous venovenous hemodialysis. Pediatrics 113:406-409, 2004
60. Peszynski P, Klammt S, Peters E, Mitzner S, Stange J, Schmidt R: Albumin dialysis: single pass vs. recirculation (MARS). Liver 22(Suppl 2):40-42, 2002
61. Drexler K, Baustian C, Richter G, Ludwig J, Ramlow W, Mitzner S: Albumin dialysis molecular adsorbents recirculating system: impact of dialysate albumin concentration on detoxification efficacy. Ther Apher Dial 13:393-398, 2009
62. Krisper P, Stadlbauer V, Stauber RE: Clearing of toxic substances: are there differences between the available liver support devices? Liver Int 31(Suppl 3):5-8, 2011
63. Ward RA: Protein-leaking membranes for hemodialysis: a new class of membranes in search of an application? J Am Soc Nephrol 16:2421-2430, 2005
64. Ward RA, Schmidt B, Hullin J, Hillebrand GF, Samtleben W: A comparison of on-line hemodiafiltration and high-flux hemodialysis: a prospective clinical study. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:2344-2350, 2000
65. Bammens B, Evenepoel P, Verbeke K, Vanrenterghem Y: Removal of the protein-bound solute p-cresol by convective transport: a randomized crossover study. Am J Kidney Dis 44:278-285, 2004
66. Troyanov S, Cardinal J, Geadah D, Parent D, Courteau S, Caron S, Leblanc M: Solute clearances during continuous venovenous haemofiltration at various ultrafiltration flow rates using Multiflow-100 and HF1000 filters. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:961-966, 2003
67. Gong X: Evaluation of Hemperfusion in early treatment of acute organophosphoris pesticide poisoning. Acta Acad Med Nantong 24(2):201-202, 2004
68. Yamashita AC: Mechanisms of solute and fluid removal in hemodiafiltration. Contrib Nephrol 158:50-56, 2007
69. Ahrenholz PG, Winkler RE, Michelsen A, Lang DA, Bowry SK: Dialysis membrane-dependent removal of middle molecules during hemodiafiltration: the beta2-microglobulin/albumin relationship. Clin Nephrol 62:21-28, 2004
70. Maduell F, del Pozo C, Garcia H, Sanchez L, Hdez-Jaras J, Albero MD, Calvo C, Torregrosa I, Navarro V: Change from conventional haemodiafiltration to on-line haemodiafiltration. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:1202-1207, 1999
71. Panich A, Tiranathanagul K, Praditpornsilpa K, Eiam-Ong S: The effectiveness of on-line hemodiafiltration on beta-2 microglobulin clearance in end stage renal disease. J Med Assoc Thai 89(Suppl 2):S1-S8, 2006
72. Churchwell MD, Pasko DA, Mueller BA: Daptomycin clearance during modeled continuous renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif 24:548-554, 2006
73. Lau AH, Kronfol NO: Effect of continuous hemofiltration on phenytoin elimination. Ther Drug Monit 16:53-57, 1994
74. Penne EL, van der Weerd NC, Bots ML, van den Dorpel MA, Grooteman MP, Levesque R, Nube MJ, Ter Wee PM, Blankestijn PJ; investigators C: Patient- and treatment-related determinants of convective volume in post-dilution haemodiafiltration in clinical practice. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 3493-3499, 2009
75. Gashti CN, Rodby RA, Huang Z, Gao D, Zhang W: Effects of high blood flow and high pre-dilution replacement fluid rates on small solute clearances in hemofiltration. Blood Purif 32:266-270, 2011
76. Altieri P, Sorba G, Bolasco P, Asproni E, Ledebo I, Cossu M, Ferrara R, Ganadu M, Cadinu F, Serra G, Cabiddu G, Sau G, Casu D, Passaghe M, Bolasco F, Pistis R, Ghisu T; Second Sardinian Multicentre S: Predilution haemofiltration-the Second Sardinian Multicentre Study: comparisons between haemofiltration and haemodialysis during identical Kt/V and session times in a long-term cross-over study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:1207-1213, 2001
77. Colussi G, Frattini G: Quantitative analysis of convective dose in hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration: "predilution" vs. "postdilution" reinfusion. Hemodial Int 11:76-85, 2007
78. Tattersall JE, Ward RA; Group E: Online haemodiafiltration: definition, dose quantification and safety revisited. Nephrol Dial Transplant 28:542-550, 2013
79. Clark WR, Ronco C: Determinants of haemodialyser performance and the potential effect on clinical outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16(Suppl 5):56-60, 2001
80. Jeffrey RF, Khan AA, Prabhu P, Todd N, Goutcher E, Will EJ, Davison AM: A comparison of molecular clearance rates during continuous hemofiltration and hemodialysis with a novel volumetric continuous renal replacement system. Artif Organs 18:425-428, 1994
81. Ratanarat R, Brendolan A, Volker G, Bonello M, Salvatori G, Andrikos E, Yavuz A, Crepaldi C, Ronco C: Phosphate kinetics during different dialysis modalities. Blood Purif 23:83-90, 2005
82. Cheung AK, Leypoldt JK: The hemodialysis membranes: a historical perspective, current state and future prospect. Semin Nephrol 17:196-213, 1997
83. Pellicano R, Polkinghorne KR, Kerr PG: Reduction in beta2-microglobulin with super-flux versus high-flux dialysis membranes: results of a 6-week, randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Am J Kidney Dis 52:93-101, 2008
84. Martin-Reyes G, Toledo-Rojas R, Torres-de Rueda A, Sola-Moyano E, Blanca-Martos L, Fuentes-Sanchez L, Martinez-Esteban MD, Diez-de los Rios MJ, Bailen-Garcia A, Gonzalez-Molina M, Garcia-Gonzalez I: Haemodialysis using high cut-off dialysers for treating acute renal failure in multiple myeloma. Nefrologia 32:35-43, 2012
85. Matzke GR, Frye RF, Joy MS, Palevsky PM: Determinants of ceftriaxone clearance by continuous venovenous hemofiltration and hemodialysis. Pharmacotherapy 20:635-643, 2000
86. Joy MS, Matzke GR, Frye RF, Palevsky PM: Determinants of vancomycin clearance by continuous venovenous hemofiltration and continuous venovenous hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 31:1019-1027, 1998
87. Stevenson JM, Patel JH, Churchwell MD, Vilay AM, Depestel DD, Sorgel F, Kinzig M, Jakob V, Mueller BA: Ertapenem clearance during modeled continuous renal replacement therapy. Int J Artif Organs 31:1027-1034, 2008
88. Patel JH, Churchwell MD, Seroogy JD, Barriere SL, Grio M, Mueller B: Telavancin and hydroxy propyl-beta-cyclodextrin clearance during continuous renal replacement therapy: an in vitro study. Int J Artif Organs 32:745-751, 2009
89. Choi G, Gomersall CD, Lipman J, Wong A, Joynt GM, Leung P, Ramsay SJ, Ho OM: The effect of adsorption, filter material and point of dilution on antibiotic elimination by haemofiltration an in vitro study of levofloxacin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 24:468-472, 2004
90. Davies JG, Kingswood JC, Sharpstone P, Street MK: Drug removal in continuous haemofiltration and haemodialysis. Br J Hosp Med 54:524-528, 1995
91. De Vriese AS, Colardyn FA, Philippe JJ, Vanholder RC, De Sutter JH, Lameire NH: Cytokine removal during continuous hemofiltration in septic patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:846-853, 1999
92. Kronfol NO, Lau AH, Colon-Rivera J, Libertin CL: Effect of CAVH membrane types on drug-sieving coefficients and clearances. ASAIO Trans 32:85-87, 1986
93. Birk HW, Kistner A, Wizemann V, Schutterle G: Protein adsorption by artificial membrane materials under filtration conditions. Artif Organs 19:411-415, 1995
94. Boyle M, Wyndham K, Jacobs S, Torda TA: Comparative clearance performance of two dialyser units used in the CVVHD mode. Aust Crit Care 8:20-25, 1995
95. Pasko DA, Churchwell MD, Salama NN, Mueller BA: Longitudinal hemodiafilter performance in modeled continuous renal replacement therapy. Blood Purif 32:82-88, 2011
96. Hazouard E, Ferrandiere M, Rateau H, Doucet O, Perrotin D, Legras A: Continuous veno-venous haemofiltration versus continuous veno-venous haemodialysis in severe lithium self-poisoning: a toxicokinetics study in an intensive care unit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:1605-1606, 1999
97. Lornoy W, De Meester J, Becaus I, Billiouw JM, Van Malderen PA, Van Pottelberge M: Impact of convective flow on phosphorus removal in maintenance hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 16:47-53, 2006
98. Madore F: Plasmapheresis technical aspects and indications. Crit Care Clin 18(2):375-392, 2002
99. Tan HK, Hart G: Plasma filtration. Ann Acad Med Singapore 34:615-624, 2005
100. Jones JS, Dougherty J: Current status of plasmapheresis in toxicology. Ann Emerg Med 15:474-482, 1986
101. Shelat SG: Practical considerations for planning a therapeutic apheresis procedure. Am J Med 123:777-784, 2010
102. Szczepiorkowski ZM, Winters JL, Bandarenko N, Kim HC, Linenberger ML, Marques MB, Sarode R, Schwartz J, Weinstein R, Shaz BH; Apheresis Applications Committee of the American Society for A: Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice-evidence-based approach from the Apheresis Applications Committee of the American Society for Apheresis. J Clin Apher 25:83-177, 2010
103. Treysman L, Meehan TJ, Schlieben DJ, Ducre B, Erickson TB: Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Lithium Elimination During 67 Continuous Hours of High Flux Hemodialysis (abstract). Clin Toxicol 48:647, 2010
104. Parienti JJ, Megarbane B, Fischer MO, Lautrette A, Gazui N, Marin N, Hanouz JL, Ramakers M, Daubin C, Mira JP, Charbonneau P, du Cheyron D; Cathedia Study G: Catheter dysfunction and dialysis performance according to vascular access among 736 critically ill adults requiring renal replacement therapy: a randomized controlled study. Crit Care Med 38:1118-1125, 2010
105. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group: KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl 2: 1-138, 2012
106. Kelber J, Delmez JA, Windus DW: Factors affecting delivery of high-efficiency dialysis using temporary vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis 22:24-29, 1993
107. Leblanc M, Fedak S, Mokris G, Paganini EP: Blood recirculation in temporary central catheters for acute hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 45:315-319, 1996
108. Little MA, Conlon PJ, Walshe JJ: Access recirculation in temporary hemodialysis catheters as measured by the saline dilution technique. Am J Kidney Dis 36:1135-1139, 2000
109. Okafor C, Kalantarinia K: Vascular access considerations for therapeutic apheresis procedures. Semin Dial 25:140-144, 2012
110. Schonermarck U, Bosch T: Vascular access for apheresis in intensive care patients. Ther Apher Dial 7:215-220, 2003
111. McGill RL, Blas A, Bialkin S, Sandroni SE, Marcus RJ: Clinical consequences of heparin-free hemodialysis. Hemodial Int 9:393-398, 2005
112. Martin PY, Chevrolet JC, Suter P, Favre H: Anticoagulation in patients treated by continuous venovenous hemofiltration: a retrospective study. Am J Kidney Dis 24:806-812, 1994
113. Uchino S, Fealy N, Baldwin I, Morimatsu H, Bellomo R: Pre-dilution vs. post-dilution during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration: impact on filter life and azotemic control. Nephron Clin Pract 94:c94-c98, 2003
114. van der Voort PH, Gerritsen RT, Kuiper MA, Egbers PH, Kingma WP, Boerma EC: Filter run time in CVVH: pre- versus post-dilution and nadroparin versus regional heparin-protamine anticoagulation. Blood Purif 23:175-180, 2005