A review of arsenic trioxide and acute promyelocytic Leukemia

International Journal of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Research

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 44-54

  Alimoghaddam, Kamran ^a  

^a TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

APL; Arsenic Trioxide; Biology and treatment

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED PROTHROMBIN COMPLEX; ARSENIC TRIOXIDE; ASCORBIC ACID; CD11B ANTIGEN; CD33 ANTIGEN; D DIMER; GEMTUZUMAB OZOGAMICIN; IDARUBICIN; PADGEM PROTEIN; PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PROTEIN; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

ALLOTRANSPLANTATION; ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; BODY WEIGHT DISORDER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER REGRESSION; CELL MATURATION; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CONJUNCTIVITIS; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG MECHANISM; FEVER; FLUID RETENTION; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY; KIDNEY FAILURE; LEUKEMIA CELL; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LIVER TOXICITY; LUNG HEMORRHAGE; LUNG INFILTRATE; MACULOPAPULAR RASH; MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; PATHOGENESIS; POLYSEROSITIS; PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; QT PROLONGATION; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; SKIN DISCOLORATION; SUMOYLATION; TORSADE DES POINTES; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; UPREGULATION; XERODERMA;

EID: 84903727990     PISSN: 17351243     EISSN: 20082207     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Geoffroy M-C, Jaffray EG, Walker KJ, Hay RT. Arsenic-induced SUMO-dependent recruitment of RNF4 into PML nuclear bodies. Molecular biology of the cell. 2010;21(23):4227-39.
2. Chen Z, Wang ZY, Chen SJ. Acute promyelocytic leukemia: cellular and molecular basis of differentiation and apoptosis. Pharmacology & therapeutics. 1997;76(1-3):141-9.
3. Chen GQ, Zhu J, Shi XG, Ni JH, Zhong HJ, Si GY, et al. In vitro studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: As2O3 induces NB4 cell apoptosis with downregulation of Bcl-2 expression and modulation of PML-RAR alpha/PML proteins. Blood. 1996;88(3):1052-61.
4. Quignon F, De Bels F, Koken M, Feunteun J, Ameisen JC, de The H. PML induces a novel caspase-independent death process. Nature genetics. 1998;20(3):259-65.
5. Dai J, Weinberg RS, Waxman S, Jing Y. Malignant cells can be sensitized to undergo growth inhibition and apoptosis by arsenic trioxide through modulation of the glutathione redox system. Blood. 1999;93(1):268-77.
6. Jing Y, Dai J, Chalmers-Redman RM, Tatton WG, Waxman S. Arsenic trioxide selectively induces acute promyelocytic leukemia cell apoptosis via a hydrogen peroxide-dependent pathway. Blood. 1999;94(6):2102-11.
7. Ghaffari SH, Shayan-Asl N, Jamialahmadi AH, Alimoghaddam K, Ghavamzadeh A. Telomerase activity and telomere length in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: indicative of proliferative activity, disease progression, and overall survival. Annals of oncology: official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO. 2008;19(11):1927-34.
8. Tarkanyi I, Dudognon C, Hillion J, Pendino F, Lanotte M, Aradi J, et al. Retinoid/arsenic combination therapy of promyelocytic leukemia: induction of telomerase-dependent cell death. Leukemia. 2005;19(10):1806-11.
9. Estrov Z, Manna SK, Harris D, Van Q, Estey EH, Kantarjian HM, et al. Phenylarsine oxide blocks interleukin-1beta-induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB, inhibits proliferation, and induces apoptosis of acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Blood. 1999;94(8):2844-53.
10. Cai X, Shen YL, Zhu Q, Jia PM, Yu Y, Zhou L, et al. Arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis and differentiation are associated respectively with mitochondrial transmembrane potential collapse and retinoic acid signaling pathways in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia. 2000;14(2):262-70.
11. Kitamura K, Minami Y, Yamamoto K, Akao Y, Kiyoi H, Saito H, et al. Involvement of CD95-independent caspase 8 activation in arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis. Leukemia. 2000;14(10):1743-50.
12. Park JW, Choi YJ, Jang MA, Baek SH, Lim JH, Passaniti T, et al. Arsenic trioxide induces G2/M growth arrest and apoptosis after caspase-3 activation and bcl-2 phosphorylation in promonocytic U937 cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2001;286(4):726-34.
13. Hossain K, Akhand AA, Kawamoto Y, Du J, Takeda K, Wu J, et al. Caspase activation is accelerated by the inhibition of arsenite-induced, membrane rafts-dependent Akt activation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2003;34(5):598-606.
14. Zhu J, Okumura H, Ohtake S, Nakamura S, Nakao S. Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis in leukemia/lymphoma cell lines via the CD95/CD95L system. Oncology reports. 2003;10(3):705-9.
15. Cai X, Yu Y, Huang Y, Zhang L, Jia PM, Zhao Q, et al. Arsenic trioxide-induced mitotic arrest and apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Leukemia. 2003;17(7):1333-7.
16. Davison K, Mann KK, Waxman S, Miller WH, Jr. JNK activation is a mediator of arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Blood. 2004;103(9):3496-502.
17. Alimoghaddam K, Shariftabrizi A, Tavangar SM, Sanaat Z, Rostami S, Jahani M, et al. Anti-leukemic and anti-angiogenesis efficacy of arsenic trioxide in new cases of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia & lymphoma. 2006;47(1):81-8.
18. Teng ZP, Zhang P, Zhu HH, Hao HY, Qin XY, Hao L, et al. [Mechanism of tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide in inducing apoptosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells]. Beijing da xue xue bao Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University Health sciences. 2006;38(3):236-8.
19. Joe Y, Jeong JH, Yang S, Kang H, Motoyama N, Pandolfi PP, et al. ATR, PML, and CHK2 play a role in arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2006;281(39):28764-71.
20. Glienke W, Chow KU, Bauer N, Bergmann L. Down-regulation of wt1 expression in leukemia cell lines as part of apoptotic effect in arsenic treatment using two compounds. Leukemia & lymphoma. 2006;47(8):1629-38.
21. Dbaibo GS, Kfoury Y, Darwiche N, Panjarian S, Kozhaya L, Nasr R, et al. Arsenic trioxide induces accumulation of cytotoxic levels of ceramide in acute promyelocytic leukemia and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells through de novo ceramide synthesis and inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase activity. Haematologica. 2007;92(6):753-62.
22. Woo SH, Park IC, Park MJ, Lee HC, Lee SJ, Chun YJ, et al. Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis through a reactive oxygen species-dependent pathway and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in HeLa cells. International journal of oncology. 2002;21(1):57-63.
23. Hassani S, Ghaffari SH, Zaker F, Mirzaee R, Mardani H, Bashash D, et al. Azidothymidine hinders arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells by induction of p21 and attenuation of G2/M arrest. Annals of hematology. 2013;92(9):1207-20.
24. Sun H, Ma L, Hu X, Zhang T. Ai-Lin I treated 32 cases of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Chin J Integrat Chin West Med. 1992;12:170-2.
25. Shen ZX, Chen GQ, Ni JH, Li XS, Xiong SM, Qiu QY, et al. Use of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): II. Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics in relapsed patients. Blood. 1997;89(9):3354-60.
26. Soignet SL, Maslak P, Wang ZG, Jhanwar S, Calleja E, Dardashti LJ, et al. Complete remission after treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide. The New England journal of medicine. 1998;339(19):1341-8.
27. Soignet SL, Frankel SR, Douer D, Tallman MS, Kantarjian H, Calleja E, et al. United States multicenter study of arsenic trioxide in relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2001;19(18):3852-60.
28. Alimoghaddam K, Ghavamzadeh A, Jahani M, Mousavi A, Iravani M, Rostami S, et al. Treatment of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia by arsenic trioxide in Iran. Archives of Iranian medicine. 2011;14(3):167-9.
29. Kwong YL, Au WY, Chim CS, Pang A, Suen C, Liang R. Arsenic trioxide-and idarubicin-induced remissions in relapsed acute promyelocytic leukaemia: clinicopathological and molecular features of a pilot study. American journal of hematology. 2001;66(4):274-9.
30. Au WY, Chim CS, Lie AK, Liang R, Kwong YL. Combined arsenic trioxide and all-trans retinoic acid treatment for acute promyelocytic leukaemia recurring from previous relapses successfully treated using arsenic trioxide. British journal of haematology. 2002;117(1):130-2.
31. Raffoux E, Rousselot P, Poupon J, Daniel MT, Cassinat B, Delarue R, et al. Combined treatment with arsenic trioxide and all-trans-retinoic acid in patients with relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003;21(12):2326-34.
32. Aribi A, Kantarjian HM, Estey EH, Koller CA, Thomas DA, Kornblau SM, et al. Combination therapy with arsenic trioxide, all-trans retinoic acid, and gemtuzumab ozogamicin in recurrent acute promyelocytic leukemia. Cancer. 2007;109(7):1355-9.
33. Ghavamzadeh A, Alimoghaddam K, Ghaffari SH, Rostami S, Jahani M, Hosseini R, et al. Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide without ATRA and/or chemotherapy. Annals of oncology: official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO. 2006;17(1):131-4.
34. Yan H, Wang YC, Li D, Wang Y, Liu W, Wu YL, et al. Arsenic trioxide and proteasome inhibitor bortezomib synergistically induce apoptosis in leukemic cells: the role of protein kinase Cdelta. Leukemia. 2007;21(7):1488-95.
35. Shigeno K, Naito K, Sahara N, Kobayashi M, Nakamura S, Fujisawa S, et al. Arsenic trioxide therapy in relapsed or refractory Japanese patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: updated outcomes of the phase II study and postremission therapies. International journal of hematology. 2005;82(3):224-9.
36. Niu C, Yan H, Yu T, Sun HP, Liu JX, Li XS, et al. Studies on treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide: remission induction, follow-up, and molecular monitoring in 11 newly diagnosed and 47 relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia patients. Blood. 1999;94(10):3315-24.
37. Ghavamzadeh A, Alimoghaddam K, Rostami S, Ghaffari SH, Jahani M, Iravani M, et al. Phase II study of single-agent arsenic trioxide for the front-line therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2011;29(20):2753-7.
38. Mathews V, George B, Lakshmi KM, Viswabandya A, Bajel A, Balasubramanian P, et al. Single-agent arsenic trioxide in the treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia: durable remissions with minimal toxicity. Blood. 2006;107(7):2627-32.
39. Zhao YZ, Li HQ, Li DP, Li R, Qi JY, Wan CC, et al. [Preliminary observation of the combination of arsenic trioxide and all-trans retinoic acid for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia]. Zhonghua xue ye xue za zhi = Zhonghua xueyexue zazhi. 2003;24(1):32-4.
40. Liu YF, Shen ZX, Chen X, Wang AH, Cao Q, Zhu YM, et al. [Clinical observation of the short-term efficacy of the treatment with combination of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)]. Zhonghua xue ye xue za zhi = Zhonghua xueyexue zazhi. 2003;24(1):25-7.
41. Ravandi F, Estey E, Jones D, Faderl S, O'Brien S, Fiorentino J, et al. Effective treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-trans-retinoic acid, arsenic trioxide, and gemtuzumab ozogamicin. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2009;27(4):504-10.
42. Estey E, Garcia-Manero G, Ferrajoli A, Faderl S, Verstovsek S, Jones D, et al. Use of all-trans retinoic acid plus arsenic trioxide as an alternative to chemotherapy in untreated acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood. 2006;107(9):3469-73.
43. Zhang X, Zhou H, Song S, Qiao Z, Yang L, Hu Y. [The impact of arsenic trioxide or all-trans retinoic acid treatment on coagulopathy in acute promyelocytic leukemia]. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi. 2001;40(12):829-33.
44. Guo W, Wang H, Zhao W. [Effects of all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide on tissue factor expression of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells]. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi. 2000;80(5):327-31.
45. Wu F, Wang X, Zhao W, Wang H, Shen Z. [A study of tissue factor expression and hemostatic molecular markers in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia]. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi. 2001;40(1):36-9.
46. Guo W, Wang H, Zhao W, Zhu J, Ju B, Wang X. Effect of all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide on tissue factor expression in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Chinese medical journal. 2001;114(1):30-4.
47. Tallman MS, Abutalib SA, Altman JK. The double hazard of thrombophilia and bleeding in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis. 2007;33(4):330-8.
48. Alimoghaddam K, Ghavamzadeh A, Jahani M. Use of Novoseven for arsenic trioxide-induced bleeding in PML. American journal of hematology. 2006;81(9):720.
49. Shen ZX, Shi ZZ, Fang J, Gu BW, Li JM, Zhu YM, et al. All-trans retinoic acid/As2O3 combination yields a high quality remission and survival in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004;101(15):5328-35.
50. Wang G, Li W, Cui J, Gao S, Yao C, Jiang Z, et al. An efficient therapeutic approach to patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia using a combination of arsenic trioxide with low-dose all-trans retinoic acid. Hematological oncology. 2004;22(2):63-71.
51. Wang GJ, Li W, Cui JW, Gao SJ, Yao C, Jiang ZY, et al. [Therapeutic effects of combination of arsenic trioxide with low-dose all-trans retinoic acid on induction of remission acute promyeloeytic leukemia]. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi. 2005;85(16):1093-6.
52. Lo-Coco F, Avvisati G, Vignetti M, Thiede C, Orlando SM, Iacobelli S, et al. Retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide for acute promyelocytic leukemia. The New England journal of medicine. 2013;369(2):111-21.
53. McClellan JS, Kohrt HE, Coutre S, Gotlib JR, Majeti R, Alizadeh AA, et al. Treatment advances have not improved the early death rate in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Haematologica. 2012;97(1):133-6.
54. Park JH, Qiao B, Panageas KS, Schymura MJ, Jurcic JG, Rosenblat TL, et al. Early death rate in acute promyelocytic leukemia remains high despite all-trans retinoic acid. Blood. 2011;118(5):1248-54.
55. Camacho LH, Soignet SL, Chanel S, Ho R, Heller G, Scheinberg DA, et al. Leukocytosis and the retinoic acid syndrome in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with arsenic trioxide. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2000;18(13):2620-5.
56. Sanz MA, Montesinos P. How we prevent and treat differentiation syndrome in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood. 2014;123(18):2777-82.
57. Westervelt P, Brown RA, Adkins DR, Khoury H, Curtin P, Hurd D, et al. Sudden death among patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with arsenic trioxide. Blood. 2001;98(2):266-71.
58. Lo Coco F, Ammatuna E, Noguera N. Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with gemtuzumab ozogamicin. Clinical advances in hematology & oncology: H&O. 2006;4(1):57-62, 76-7.
59. Takeshita A, Shinjo K, Naito K, Matsui H, Sahara N, Shigeno K, et al. Efficacy of gemtuzumab ozogamicin on ATRA-and arsenic-resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells. Leukemia. 2005;19(8):1306-11.
60. Petti MC, Pinazzi MB, Diverio D, Romano A, Petrucci MT, De Santis S, et al. Prolonged molecular remission in advanced acute promyelocytic leukaemia after treatment with gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg CMA-676). British journal of haematology. 2001;115(1):63-5.
61. Ghaffari SH, Rostami S, Bashash D, Alimoghaddam K, Ghavamzadeh A. Real-time PCR analysis of PML-RAR alpha in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukaemia patients treated with arsenic trioxide as a front-line therapy. Annals of oncology: official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO. 2006;17(10):1553-9.
62. Santamaria C, Chillon MC, Fernandez C, Martin-Jimenez P, Balanzategui A, Garcia Sanz R, et al. Using quantification of the PML-RARalpha transcript to stratify the risk of relapse in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Haematologica. 2007;92(3):315-22.
63. Powell BL. Effect of consolidation with arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) among patients with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): North American Intergroup Protocol C9710. ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2007;25(18_suppl):2.
64. Iland HJ, Bradstock K, Supple SG, Catalano A, Collins M, Hertzberg M, et al. All-trans-retinoic acid, idarubicin, and IV arsenic trioxide as initial therapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML4). Blood. 2012;120(8):1570-80; quiz 752.
65. Asou N, Adachi K, Tamura J, Kanamaru A, Kageyama S, Hiraoka A, et al. Analysis of prognostic factors in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with all-trans retinoic acid and chemotherapy. Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1998;16(1):78-85.
66. Sanz MA, Lo Coco F, Martin G, Avvisati G, Rayon C, Barbui T, et al. Definition of relapse risk and role of nonanthracycline drugs for consolidation in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: a joint study of the PETHEMA and GIMEMA cooperative groups. Blood. 2000;96(4):1247-53.
67. Tallman MS, Andersen JW, Schiffer CA, Appelbaum FR, Feusner JH, Woods WG, et al. All-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia: long-term outcome and prognostic factor analysis from the North American Intergroup protocol. Blood. 2002;100(13):4298-302.
68. Hu J, Shen ZX, Sun GL, Chen SJ, Wang ZY, Chen Z. Long-term survival and prognostic study in acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with all-trans-retinoic acid, chemotherapy, and As2O3: an experience of 120 patients at a single institution. International journal of hematology. 1999;70(4):248-60.
69. Xin L, Wan-jun S, Zeng-jun L, Yao-zhong Z, Yun-tao L, Yan L, et al. A survival study and prognostic factors analysis on acute promyelocytic leukemia at a single center. Leukemia research. 2007;31(6):765-71.
70. Gupta V, Yib QL, Brandwein J, Chun K, Lipton JH, Messner H, et al. Clinico-biological features and prognostic significance of PML/RARalpha isoforms in adult patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and chemotherapy. Leukemia & lymphoma. 2004;45(3):469-80.
71. Pantic M, Novak A, Marisavljevic D, Djordjevic V, Elezovic I, Vidovic A, et al. Additional chromosome aberrations in acute promyelocytic leukemia: characteristics and prognostic influence. Medical oncology. 2000;17(4):307-13.
72. Avvisati G, Tallman MS. All-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Best practice & research Clinical haematology. 2003;16(3):419-32.
73. Mathews V, Thomas M, Srivastava VM, George B, Srivastava A, Chandy M. Impact of FLT3 mutations and secondary cytogenetic changes on the outcome of patients with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with a single agent arsenic trioxide regimen. Haematologica. 2007;92(7):994-5.
74. Mathews V, George B, Chendamarai E, Lakshmi KM, Desire S, Balasubramanian P, et al. Single-agent arsenic trioxide in the treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia: long-term follow-up data. Journal of clinical oncology: official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2010;28(24):3866-71.
75. Stock W, Moser B, Powell BL, Appelbaum FR, Tallman MS, Larson RA, et al. Prognostic significance of initial clinical and molecular genetic features of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): Results from the North American Intergroup Trial, C9710. ASCO Meeting Abstracts. 2007;25(18_suppl):7016.
76. Lo-Coco F, Ammatuna E. The biology of acute promyelocytic leukemia and its impact on diagnosis and treatment. Hematology / the Education Program of the American Society of Hematology American Society of Hematology Education Program. 2006:156-61, 514.
77. Diverio D, Pandolfi PP, Biondi A, Avvisati G, Petti MC, Mandelli F, et al. Absence of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detectable residual disease in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia in long-term remission. Blood. 1993;82(12):3556-9.
78. Levine K, DeBlasio A, Miller WH, Jr. Molecular diagnosis and monitoring of acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with retinoic acid. Leukemia. 1994;8 Suppl 1:S116-20.
79. Fukutani H, Naoe T, Ohno R, Yoshida H, Kiyoi H, Miyawaki S, et al. Prognostic significance of the RT-PCR assay of PML-RARA transcripts in acute promyelocytic leukemia. The Leukemia Study Group of the Ministry of Health and Welfare (Kouseisho). Leukemia. 1995;9(4):588-93.
80. Wu X, Lin J, Yang Z, Wang X, Qian X, Ying J, et al. Detection of PML-RAR alpha in patients with APL during follow-up period. Chinese medical journal. 1996;109(4):295-9.
81. Hu J, Yu T, Zhao W, Gu B, Shen Z, Li X, et al. Impact of RT-PCR monitoring on the long-term survival in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Chinese medical journal. 2000;113(10):899-902.
82. Tobal K, Liu Yin JA. RT-PCR method with increased sensitivity shows persistence of PML-RARA fusion transcripts in patients in long-term remission of APL. Leukemia. 1998;12(9):1349-54.
83. Gameiro P, Vieira S, Carrara P, Silva AL, Diamond J, Botelho de Sousa A, et al. The PML-RAR alpha transcript in long-term follow-up of acute promyelocytic leukemia patients. Haematologica. 2001;86(6):577-85.
84. Tobal K, Moore H, Macheta M, Yin JA. Monitoring minimal residual disease and predicting relapse in APL by quantitating PML-RARalpha transcripts with a sensitive competitive RT-PCR method. Leukemia. 2001;15(7):1060-5.
85. Grimwade D. The significance of minimal residual disease in patients with t(15;17). Best practice & research Clinical haematology. 2002;15(1):137-58.
86. Zheng L, Xue Y, Li J, Guo Y, Xie X, Wang Y, et al. [Application of Metaphase-Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization to the Diagnosis of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia and the Detection of Minimal Residual Disease]. Zhongguo shi yan xue ye xue za zhi / Zhongguo bing li sheng li xue hui = Journal of experimental hematology / Chinese Association of Pathophysiology. 2000;8(3):180-4.
87. Douer D. New advances in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. International journal of hematology. 2002;76 Suppl 2:179-87.
88. Thomas X, Dombret H, Cordonnier C, Pigneux A, Gardin C, Guerci A, et al. Treatment of relapsing acute promyelocytic leukemia by all-trans retinoic acid therapy followed by timed sequential chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. APL Study Group. Acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia. 2000;14(6):1006-13.
89. Au WY, Lie AK, Chim CS, Liang R, Ma SK, Chan CH, et al. Arsenic trioxide in comparison with chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Annals of oncology: official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO. 2003;14(5):752-7.
90. Alimoghaddam K, Ghavamzadeh A, Jahani M, Jalali A, Jorjani H, Iravani M, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in acute promyelocytic leukemia, experience in Iran. Archives of Iranian Medicine (AIM). 2011;14(5).
91. Knipp S, Gattermann N, Schapira M, Kaferstein H, Germing U. Arsenic in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient receiving arsenic trioxide for relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia with CNS involvement. Leukemia research. 2007;31(11):1585-7.
92. Helwig A, Klemm M, Schuttig R, Rollig C, Wassilew N, Ehninger G, et al. Arsenic-induced APL differentiation in cerebrospinal fluid. Leukemia research. 2007;31(5):703-5.
93. Kai T, Kimura H, Shiga Y, Ogawa K, Sato H, Maruyama Y. Recurrent extramedullary relapse of acute promyelocytic leukemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: successful treatment by arsenic trioxide in combination with local radiotherapy. International journal of hematology. 2006;83(4):337-40.
94. Jacomo RH, Melo RA, Souto FR, de Mattos ER, de Oliveira CT, Fagundes EM, et al. Clinical features and outcomes of 134 Brazilians with acute promyelocytic leukemia who received ATRA and anthracyclines. Haematologica. 2007;92(10):1431-2.
95. Rego EM, Kim HT, Ruiz-Arguelles GJ, Undurraga MS, Uriarte Mdel R, Jacomo RH, et al. Improving acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) outcome in developing countries through networking, results of the International Consortium on APL. Blood. 2013;121(11):1935-43.