Acute phase proteins and their use in the diagnosis of diseases in ruminants: A review

Veterinarni Medicina

Volumn 59, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 163-180

  Tothova, Csilla ^a   Nagy, O ^a   Kovac, G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE   (Slovakia)

Author keywords

Acute phase proteins; Biomarkers; Cattle; Diagnostics; Small ruminants

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902602196     PISSN: 03758427     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.17221/7478-VETMED     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Adlerova L, Bartoskova A, Faldyna M (2008): Lactoferrin: a review. Veterinarni Medicina 53, 457-468
2. Akerstedt M, Waller KP, Larsen LB, Forsback L, Sternesjo A (2008): Relationship between haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in milk and milk quality. International Dairy Journal 18, 669-674
3. Aldred AR, Schreiber G (1993): The negative acute phase protein. In: Mackiewicz I, Kushner I, Baumann H (eds.): Acute Phase Proteins. Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Clinical Applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 21-37
4. Alsemgeest SPM, Lambooy IE, Wierenga HK, Dieleman SJ, Meerkerk B, van Ederen AM, Niewold TA (1995): Influence of physical stress on the plasma concentration of serum-amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) in calves. Veterinary Quarterly 17, 9-12
5. Ametaj B (2005): A new understanding of the causes of fatty liver in dairy cows. Advances in Dairy Technology 17, 97-112
6. Arthington J, Qiu X, Cooke R, Vendramini J, Araujo D, Chase CC, Coleman SW (2008): Effects of preshipping management on measures of stress and performance of beef steers during feedlot receiving. Journal of Animal Science 86, 2016-2023
7. Beck FK, Rosenthal TC (2002): Prealbumin: a marker for nutritional evaluation. American Family Physician 65, 1575-1578
8. Bence LM, Addie DD, Eckersall PD (2005): An immunoturbidimetric assay for rapid quantitative measure ment of feline alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in serum and peritoneal fluid. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 34, 335-340
9. Bernabucci U, Ronchi B, Lacetera N, Nardone A (2005): Influence of body condition score on relationships between metabolic status and oxidative stress in periparturient dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 2017-2026
10. Bochsler PN, Slauson DO (2002): Inflammation and repair of tissue. In: Bochcler PN, Slauson DO (eds.): Mechanism of Disease. A Textbook of Comparative General Pathology. 3rd ed., Mosby, St. Louis. 140-245
11. Brock JH (1980): Lactoferrin in human milk: Its role in iron absorption and protection against enteric infection in the newborn infant. Archives of Disease in Childhood 55, 417-421
12. Campbell FM, Waterston M, Andersen LO, Sorensen NS, Heegaard PMH, Eckersall PD (2005): The negative acute phase response of serum transthyretin following Streptococcus suis infection in the pig. Veterinary Research 36, 657-664
13. Carter JN, Meredith GL, Montelongo M, Gill DR, Krehbiel CR, Payton ME, Confer AW (2002): Relationship of vitamin E supplementation and antimicrobial treatment with acute-phase protein responses in cattle affected by naturally acquired respiratory tract disease. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63, 1111-1117
14. Ceciliani F, Giordano A, Spagnolo V (2002): The systemic reaction during inflammation: the acute phase proteins. Protein Peptide Letters 9, 211-223
15. Ceciliani F, Ceron JJ, Eckersall PD, Sauerwein H (2012): Acute phase proteins in ruminants. Journal of Proteomics 75, 4207-4231
16. Ceron JJ, Eckersall PD, Martinez-Subiela S (2005): Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: current knowledge and future perspectives. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 34, 85-99
17. Chalmeh A, Badiei K, Poujafar M, NazifiS (2013): Acute phase response in experimentally Escherichia coli serotype O55:B5 induced endotoxemia and its comparative treatment with dexamethasone and flunixin in Iranian fat-tailed sheep. Veterinarski Arhiv 83, 301-312
18. Chan JPW, Chu CC, Fung HP, Chuang ST, Lin YC, Chu RM, Lee SL (2004): Serum haptoglobin concentration in cattle. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 66, 43-46
19. Chan JPW, Chang CC, Hsu WI, Liu WB, Chen TH (2010): Association of increased serum acute-phase protein concentrations with reproductive performance in dairy cows with postpartum metritis. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 39, 72-78
20. Chassagne M, Barnouin J, Chacornac JP (1998): Biological predictors of early clinical mastitis occurence in Holstein cows under field conditions in France. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 35, 29-38
21. Coelho T (1996): Familial amyloid polyneuropathy: new developments in genetics and treatment. Current Opinion in Neurology 9, 355-359
22. Conner JG, Eckersall PD, Doherty M, Douglas TA (1986): Acute phase response and mastitis in the cow. Research in Veterinary Science 41, 126-128
23. Conner JG, Eckersall PD, Wiseman TC, Aitchison TC, Douglas TA (1988): Bovine acute phase response following turpentine injection. Research in Veterinary Science 44, 82-88
24. Conner JG, Eckersall PD, Wiseman A, Bain RK, Douglas TA (1989): Acute phase response in calves following infection with Pasteurella haemolytica, Ostertagia ostertagi and endotoxin administration. Research in Veterinary Science 47, 203-207
25. Cray C, Zaias J, Altman NH (2009): Acute phase response in animals: a review. Comparative Medicine 59, 517-526
26. Davalos D, Akassoglou K (2012): Fibrinogen as a key regulator of inflammation in disease. Seminars in Immunopathology 34, 43-62
27. Deans C, Wigmore SJ (2005): Systemic inflammation, cachexia, and prognosis in patients with cancer. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition Metabolic Care 8, 265-269
28. De Beer MC, Yuan T, Kindy MS, Asztalos BF, Roheim PS, de Beer FC (1995): Characterization of constitutive human serum amyloid A protein (SAA4) as an apolipoprotein. Journal of Lipid Research 36, 526-534
29. Deignan T, Alwan A, Kelly J, McNair J, Warrens T, O'Farrelli C (2000): Serum haptoglobin: an objective indicator of experimentally-induced Salmonella infection in calves. Research in Veterinary Science 69, 153-158
30. Don BR, Kaysen G (2004): Serum albumin: Relationship to inflammation and nutrition. Seminars in Dialysis 17, 432-437
31. Eckersall PD (2000): Recent advances and future prospects for the use of acute phase proteins as markers of disease in animals. Revue Medicine Veterinarie 151, 577-584
32. Eckersall PD, Bell R (2010): Acute phase proteins: Biomarkers of infection and inflammation in veterinary medicine. Veterinary Journal 185, 23-27
33. Eckersall PD, Young FJ, McComb C, Hogarth CJ, SafiS, Weber A, McDonald T, Nolan AM, Fitzpatrick JL (2001): Acute phase proteins in serum and milk from dairy cows with clinical mastitis. Veterinary Record 148, 35-41
34. Eckersall PD, Lawson FP, Bence L, Waterston MM, Lang TL, Donachie W, Fontaine MC (2007): Acute phase protein response in an experimental model of ovine caseous lymphadenitis. BMC Veterinary Research 3, 35-40
35. Eidelman RS, Hennekens CH (2003): Fibrinogen: a predictor of stroke and marker of atherosclerosis. European Heart Journal 24, 499-500
36. El-Deeb WM (2012): Novel biomarkers for pregnancy toxemia in ewes: Acute phase proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Open Access Scientific Reports 1, 243-246
37. Emmanuel DGV, Dunn SM, Ametaj BN (2008): Feeding high proportion of barley grain stimulates an inflammatory response in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 606-614
38. Fagliari JJ, Weiss DJ, McClenanhan D, Evanson OA (2003): Serum protein concentrations in calves with experimentally induced pneumonic pasteurellosis. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia 55, 4
39. Fairbanks KD, Tavill AS (2008): Liver disease in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency: a review. American Journal of Gastroenterology 103, 2136-2141
40. Foss TR, Wiseman RL, Kelly JW (2005): The pathway by which the tetrameric protein transthyretin dissociates. Biochemistry 44, 15525-15533
41. Fournier T, Medjoubi N, Porquet D (2000): Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1482, 306-311
42. Gabay C, Kushner I (1999): Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. New England Journal of Medicine 340, 448-454
43. Ganheim C, Alenius S, Waller KP (2007): Acute phase proteins as indicators of calf herd health. Veterinary Journal 173, 645-651
44. Gatzka C, Bremerich D, Kaufmann M, Ahr A (2002): Isolated decrease in haptoglobin during pregnancy: diagnosis by chance or pathological? Zentralblatt fur Gynakologie 124, 120-122
45. Gentry PA (1999): Acute phase proteins. In: Loeb WF, Quimby FW (eds.): Clinical Chemistry of Laboratory Animals. Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia. 336-398
46. Godson DL, Campos M, Attah-Poku SK, Redmond MJ, Cordeiro DM, Sethi MS, Harland RJ, Babiuk LA (1996): Serum haptoglobin as an indicator of the acute phase response in bovine respiratory disease. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 51, 277-302
47. GoffJP (2006): Major advances in our understanding of nutritional influences on bovine health. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 1292-1301
48. Gomme PT, McCann KB (2005): Transferrin: structure, function and potential therapeutic actions. Drug Discovery Today 10, 267-273
49. Gonzalez FHD, Tecles F, Martinez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Soler L, Ceron JJ (2008): Acute phase protein response in goats. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 20, 580-584
50. Gonzalez FHD, Ruiperez FH, Sanchez JM, Souza JC, Martinez-Subiela S, Ceron JJ (2010): Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in subacute ruminal acidosis in goats. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia 57, 159-167
51. Gonzalez FHD, Hernandez F, Madrid J, Martinez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Ceron JJ, Tecles F (2011): Acute phase proteins in experimentally induced pregnancy toxemia in goats. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 23, 57-62
52. Gozho GN, Plaizier JC, Krause DO, Kennedy AD, Wittenberg KM (2005): Subacute ruminal acidosis induces ruminal lipopolysaccharide release and triggers and inflammatory response. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 1399-1403
53. Gozho GN, Krause DO, Plaizier JC (2007): Ruminal lipopolysaccharide concentration and inflammatory response during grain-induced subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 856-866
54. Gronlund U, Sandgren CH, Persson Waller K (2005): Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in milk from dairy cows with chronic sub-clinical mastitis. Veterinary Research 36, 191-198
55. Gruys E, Toussaint MJM, Niewold TA, Koopmans SJ (2005): Acute phase reaction and acute phase proteins. Journal of Zhejiang University Science 6B, 1045-1056
56. Gymnich S, Hiss S, Sauerwein H, Petersen B (2003): Haptoglobin in sows at parturition. In: Proceedings of the Fourth European Colloquium on Acute Phase Proteins, Segovia, Spain, 136
57. Hagiwara S, Kawai K, Anri A, Nagahata H (2003): Lactoferrin concentrations in milk from normal and subclinical mastitic cows. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 65, 319-323
58. Harmon RJ, Schanbacher FL, Ferguson LC, Smith KL (1975): Concentration of lactoferrin in milk of normal lactating cows and changes occurring during mastitis. American Journal of Veterinary research 36, 1001-1007
59. Hashemnia M, Khodakaram-Tafti A, Razavi SM, NazifiS (2011): Changing patterns of acute phase proteins and inflammatory mediators in experimental caprine coccidiosis. Korean Journal of Parasitology 49, 213-219
60. Heegaard PMH, Godson DL, Toussaint MJM, Tjornehoj K, Larsen LE, ViuffB, Ronsholt L (2000): The acute phase response of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A (SAA) in cattle undergoing experimental infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 77, 151-159
61. Hirvonen J, Pyorala S (1998): Acute-phase response in dairy cows with surgically treated abdominal disorders. Veterinary Journal 155, 53-61
62. Hirvonen J, Pyorala S, Jousimies-Somer H (1996): Acute phase response in heifers with experimentally induced mastitis. Journal of Dairy Research 63, 31-36
63. Hirvonen J, Eklund K, Teppo AM, Huszenicza G, Kulcsar M, Saloniemi H, Pyorala S (1999): Acute phase response in dairy cows with experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 40, 35-46
64. Horadagoda NU, Eckersall PD (1994): Immediate response in TNF-a and acute phase protein concentrations to infection with Pasteurella haemolytica A1 in calves. Research in Veterinary Science 57, 129-132
65. Horadagoda NU, Knox KM, Gibbs HA, Reid SW, Horadagoda A, Edwards SE, Eckersall PD (1999): Acute phase proteins in cattle: Discrimination between acute and chronic inflammation. Veterinary Record 144, 437-441
66. Huang Z, Ung T (2013): Effect of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein binding on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Current Drug Metabolism 14, 226-238
67. Huebers HA, Finch CA (1987): The physiology of transferrin and transferring receptors. Physiological Reviews 67, 520-582
68. Huzzey JM, Duffield TF, LaBlanc SJ, Veira DM, Weary DM, Keyserlingk MAG (2009): Haptoglobin as an early indicator of metritis. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 621-625
69. Ingenbleek Y, Young V (1994): Transthyretin (prealbumin) in health and disease: nutritional implications. Annual Review of Nutrition 14, 495-533
70. Jacobsen S, Niewold TA, Kornalijnslijper E, Toussaint MJM, Gruys E (2005): Kinetics of local and systemic isoforms of serum amyloid A in bovine mastitic milk. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 104, 21-31
71. Jafarzadeh SR, Nowrouzian I, Khaki Z, Ghamsari SM, Adibhashemi F (2004): The sensitivities and specificities of total plasma protein and plasma fibrinogen for the diagnosis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 6, 1-7
72. Janciauskiene SM, Bals R, Koczulla R, Vogelmeier C, Köhnlein T, Welte T (2011): The discovery of a1-antitrypsin and its role in health and disease. Respiratory Medicine 105, 1129-1139
73. Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, Schlomschik MJ (2001): Immunobiology. 5th ed. Taylor and Francis, London. 732 pp
74. Jawor P, Stefaniak T (2006): Acute phase proteins in treatment of calves with respiratory tract inflammation. Folia Universitatis Agriculturae Stetinensis Zootechnica 48, 51-56
75. Jawor P, Steiner S, Stefaniak T, Baumgartner W, Rzasa A (2008): Determination of selected acute phase proteins during the treatment of limb diseases in dairy cows. Veterinarni Medicina 53, 173-183
76. Jawor P, Stefaniak T, Steiner S, Baumgartner W (2009): Dynamics of selected acute phase proteins in surgical abomasal reposition in cows. Folia Veterinaria 53 (Suppl. LIII), 18-21
77. Jensen LE, Whitehead AS (1998): Regulation of serum amyloid A protein expression during the acute phase response. Biochemical Journal 334, 489-503
78. Kaplan J, Jordan I, Sturrock A (1991): Regulation of the transferrin-independent iron transport system in cultured cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, 2997-3004
79. Kawai K, Hagiwara S, Anri A, Nagahata H (1999): Lactoferrin concentration in milk of bovine clinical mastitis. Veterinary Research Communications 23, 391-398
80. Kent J (1992): Acute phase proteins: their use in veterinary diagnosis. British Veterinary Journal 148, 279-281
81. Khafipour E, Krause DO, Plaizier JC (2009): A grainbased subacute ruminal acidosis challenge causes translocation of lipopolysaccharide and triggers inflammation. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 1060-1070
82. Kovac G, Tothova Cs, Nagy O, Seidel H (2011): Milk amyloid A and selected serum proteins in cows suffering from mastitis. Acta Veterinaria Brno 80, 3-9
83. Krause MK, Oetzel GR (2006): Understanding and preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 126, 215-236
84. Kujala M, Orro T, Soveri T (2010): Serum acute phase proteins as a marker of inflammation in dairy cattle with hoof diseases. Veterinary Record 166, 240-241
85. Kutila T, Pyorala S, Kaartinen L (2003): Lactoferrin and citrate concentrations at drying-offand during early mammary involution in dairy cows. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 50, 350-353
86. Laven RA, Livesey CT, May SA (2004): Relationship between acute phase proteins and hoof horn haemorrhages in postpartum first-lactation heifers. Veterinary Record 154, 135-138
87. Lee NY, Kawai K, Nakamura I, Tanaka T, Kumura H, Shimazaki K (2004): Susceptibilities against bovine lactoferrin with microorganisms isolated from mastitic milk. Journal of Veterinary Medical Sciences 66, 1267-1269
88. Legrand D, Elass E, Carpentier M, Mazurier J (2005): Lactoferrin: a modulator of immune and inflammatory responses. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 62, 2549-2559
89. Lepherd M, Canfield P, Hunt G, Bosward K (2009): Haematological, biochemical and selected acute phase protein reference intervals for weaned female Merino lambs. Australian Veterinary Journal 87, 5-11
90. Levay PF, Viljoen M (1995): Lactoferrin: a general review. Haematologica 80, 252-267
91. Lomas DA (2006): The selective advantage of a1-antitrypsin deficiency. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 173, 1072-1077
92. Lomborg SR, Nielsen LR, Heegaard PMH, Jacobsen S (2008): Acute phase proteins in cattle after exposure to complex stress. Veterinary Research Communication 32, 575-582
93. Lovstad RA (2006): A kinetic study on the phenothiazine dependent oxidation of NADH by bovine ceruloplasmin. Biometals 19, 1-5
94. Mack DR, McDonald TL, Larson MA, Wei S, Weber A (2003): The conserved TFLK motif of mammary-associated serum amyloid A is responsible for up-regulation of intestinal MUC3 mucin expression in vitro. Pediatric Research 53, 137-142
95. Mackiewicz A (1997): Acute phase proteins and transformed cells. International Review of Cytology 170, 225-300
96. Martinez-Subiela S, Tecles F, Ceron JJ (2007): Comparison of two automated spectrophotometric methods for ceruloplasmin measurement in pigs. Research in Veterinary Science 83, 12-19
97. Mazurier J, Spik G (1980): Comparative study of the ironbinding properties of human transferrins. 1. Complete and sequential iron saturation and desaturation of the lactotransferrin. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 629, 399-408
98. McDonald TL, Larson MA, Mack DR, Weber A (2001): Elevated extrahepatic expression and secretion of mammary-associated serum amyloid A 3 (M-SAA3) into colostrum. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 83, 203-211
99. McSherry BJ, Horney FD, deGroot JJ (1970): Plasma fibrinogen levels in normal and sick cows. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 34, 191-197
100. Medcalf RL (2007): Fibrinolysis, inflammation and regulation of the plasminogen activating system. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 5 (Suppl. 1), 132-142
101. Metz-Boutigue MH, Jolles J, Mazurier J, Schoentgen F, Legrand D, Spik G, Montreuil J, Jolles P (1984): Human lactotransferrin: amino acid sequence and structural comparisons with other transferrins. European Journal of Biochemistry 145, 659-676
102. Moore SA, Anderson BF, Groom CR, Haridas M, Baker EN (1997): Three-dimensional structure of diferric bovine lactoferrin at 2.8 A resolution. Journal of Molecular Biology 274, 222-236
103. Mordak R (2008): Usefulness of haptoglobin for monitoring the efficiency of therapy of fetal membrane retention in cows. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 64, 434-437
104. Morimatsu M, Syuto B, Shimada N, Fujinaga T, Yamamoto S, Saito M, Naiki M (1991): Isolation and characterisation of bovine haptoglobin from acute phase sera. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, 11833-11837
105. Moser M, Pfister H, Bruckmaier RM, Rehage J, Blum JW (1994): Blood serum transferrin concentration in cattle in various physiological states, in veal calves fed different amounts of iron, and in cattle affected by infectious and non-infectious diseases. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin A 41, 413-420
106. Moshage H (1997): Cytokines and the hepatic acute phase response. Journal of Pathology 181, 257-266
107. Muller-Doblies D, Arquint A, Schaller P, Heegaard PM, Hilbe M, Albini S, Abril C, Tobler K, Ehrensperger F, Peterhans E, Ackermann M, Metzler A (2004): Innate immune responses of calves during transient infection with a noncytopathic strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, 302-312
108. Murata H, Miyamoto T (1993): Bovine haptoglobin as a possible immunomodulator in the sera of transported calves. British Veterinary Journal 149, 277-283
109. Murata H, Shimada N, Yoshioka M (2004): Current research on acute phase proteins in veterinary diagnosis: an overview. Veterinary Journal 168, 28-40
110. NazifiS, Khoshvaghti A, Gheisari HR (2008): Evaluation of serum and milk amyloid A in some inflammatory diseases of cattle. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 9, 222-226
111. NazifiS, Rezakhani A, Moaddeli A, ZarifiM, Gheisari HR (2009): Study on diagnostic values of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A concentration in bovine heart diseases. Comparative Clinical Pathology 18, 47-51
112. Nielsen BH, Jacobsen S, Andersen PH, Niewold TA, Heegaard PMH (2004): Acute phase protein concentrations in serum and milk from healthy cows, cows with clinical mastitis and cows with extramammary inflammatory conditions. Veterinary Record 154, 361-365
113. Niewold TA, Toussaint MJM, Gruys E (2003): Monitoring health by acute phase proteins. In: Proceedings of the Fourth European Colloquium on Acute Phase Proteins, Segovia, Spain, 57-67
114. Pedersen LH, Aalboek B, Røntved CM, Ingvartsen KL, Sørensen NS, Heegaard PMH, Jensen HE (2003): Early pathogenesis and inflammatory response in experimental bovine mastitis due to Streptococcus uberis. Journal of Comparative Pathology 128, 156-164
115. Petersen HH, Nielsen JP, Heegaard PMH (2004): Application of acute phase protein measurements in veterinary clinical chemistry. Veterinary Research 35, 136-187
116. Piercy DWT (1979): Acute phase responses to experimental salmonellosis in calves and colibacillosis in chicken: serum iron and caeruloplasmin. Journal of Comparative Pathology 89, 309-319
117. Plaizier JC, Krause DO, Gozho GN, McBride BW (2008): Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows: the physiological causes, incidence and consequences. Veterinary Journal 176, 21-31
118. Regassa F, Noakes DE (1999): Acute phase protein response of ewes and the release of PGFM in relation to uterine involution and the presence of intrauterine bacteria. Veterinary Record 144, 502-506
119. Ridker PM (2007): Inflammatory biomarkers and risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, and total mortality: implications for longevity. Nutrition Review 65, S253-S259
120. Samols D, Agrawal A, Kushner I (2002): Acute phase proteins. In: Oppenheim JJ, Feldman M (eds.): Cytokine Reference on-line. Academic Press, Harcourt, London. 2000 pp
121. Scott PR, Murray LD, Penny CD (1992): A preliminarystudy of serum haptoglobin concentration as a prognostic indicator of ovine dystocia cases. British Veterinary Journal 148, 351-355
122. Sevelius E, Andersson M, Jonsson L (1994): Hepatc accumulation of alpha-1-antitrypsin in chronic liver disease in the dog. Journal of Comparative Pathology 111, 401-402
123. Sheldon IM, Noakes DE, Rycroft AN, Dobson H (2002): Effect of pospartum manual examination of the vagina on uterine bacterial contamination in cows. Veterinary Record 151, 531-534
124. Skinner JG (2001): International standardization of acute phase proteins. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 30, 2-7
125. Skinner JG, Brown RAL, Roberts L (1991): Bovine haptoglobin response in clinically defined field conditions. Veterinary Record 128, 147-149
126. Smith BI, Donovan GA, Risco CA, Young CR, Stanker LR (1998): Serum haptoglobin concentrations in Holstein dairy cattle with toxic puerperal metritis. Veterinary Record 142, 83-85
127. Smith BI, Kauffold J, Sherman L (2010): Serum haptoglobin concentrations in dairy cattle with lameness due to claw disorders. Veterinary Journal 186, 162-165
128. Sordillo LM, Contreras GA, Aitken SL (2009): Metabolic factors affecting the inflammatory response of periparturient dairy cows. Animal Health Research Review 10, 53-63
129. Stelwagen K, Carpenter E, Haigh B, Hodgkinson A, Wheeler TT (2009): Immune components of bovine colostrums and milk. Journal of Animal Science 87, 3-9
130. Szczubial M, Dabrowski R, Kankofer M, Bochniarz M, Albera E (2008): Concentration of serum amyloid A and activity of ceruloplasmin in milk from cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute Pulawy 52, 391-395
131. Thomas JS (2000): Overview of plasma proteins. In: Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC (eds.): Schalm's Veterinary Hematology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. 891-898
132. Tothova Cs, Nagy O, Seidel H, Konvicna J, Farkasova Z, Kovac G (2008): Acute phase proteins and variables of protein metabolism in dairy cows during the pre-and postpartal period. Acta Veterinaria Brno 77, 51-57
133. Tothova Cs, Nagy O, Seidel H, Kovac G (2010): The effect of chronic respiratory diseases on acute phase proteins and selected blood parameters of protein metabolism in calves. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 123, 307-313
134. Tothova Cs, Nagy O, Seidel H, Paulikova I, Kovac G (2011): The influence of hoof diseases on the concentrations of some acute phase proteins and other variables of the protein profile in heifers. Acta Veterinaria (Beograd) 61, 141-150
135. Tothova Cs, Nagy O, Seidel H, Kovac G (2012): Acute phase proteins in relation to various inflammatory diseases of calves. Comparative Clinical Pathology 21, 1037-1042
136. Tothova Cs, Nagy O, Kovac G (2013): Changes in the concentrations of selected acute phase proteins and variables of energetic profile in dairy cows after parturition. Journal of Applied Animal Science, doi: 10.1080/09712119.2013.842485
137. Trevisi E, D'Angelo A, Gaviraghi A, Noe L, Bertoni G (2005): Blood inflammatory indices in goats around kidding. Italian Journal of Animal Sciences 4 (Suppl. 2), 404
138. Tuder RM, Janciauskiene SM, Petrache I (2010): Lung disease associated with a1-antitrypsin deficiency. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 7, 381-386
139. Uchida E, Katoh N, Takahashi K (1993): Appearance of haptoglobin in serum from cows at parturition. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 55, 893-894
140. Uhlar CM, Burgess CJ, Sharp PM, Whitehead AS (1994): Evolution of the serum amyloid A (SAA) protein superfamily. Genomics 19, 228-235
141. Valenti P, Antonini G (2005): Lactoferrin: an important host defense against microbial and viral attack. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 62, 2576-2587
142. Wagener FA, Eggernt A, Boerman OC, Oyen WJ, Verhofstad A, Abraham NG, Adema G, van Kooyk Y, de Witte T, Figdor CG (2002): Heme is a potent inducer of inflammation in mice and is countected by heme oxygenase. Blood 98, 1802-1811
143. Ward PP, Uribe-Luna S, Conneely OM (2002): Lactoferrin and host defense. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80, 95-102
144. Weber A, Weber AT, McDonald TL, Larson MA (2006): Staphylococcus aureus lipotechoic acid induces differential expression of bovine serum amyloid A3 (SAA3) by mammary epithelial cells: Implications of early diagnosis of mastitis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 109, 79-83
145. Yang FM, Haile DJ, Berger FG, Herbert DC, Van Beveren E, Ghio AJ (2003): Haptoglobin reduces lung injury associated with exposure to blood. American Journal of Physiology and Lung Cell Molecular Physiology 284, L402-L409
146. Yaqoob P, Calder PC (2007): Fatty acids and immune functions: new insights into mechanisms. British Journal of Nutrition 98, S41-S45