Hypolipidaemic drug treatment: Yesterday is not gone yet, today is challenging and tomorrow is coming soon; let us combine them all

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 20, Issue 40, 2014, Pages 6350-6357

  Athyros, Vasilios G ^a   Tziomalos, Konstantinos ^b   Karagiannis, Asterios ^a   Mikhailidis, Dimitri P ^c  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

^b ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^c ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

ACC AHA guidelines; Anti micro RNA oligonucleotides; Familial hypercholesterolaemia; Gene repair or silencing; Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9; Statins

Indexed keywords

ALIROCUMAB; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; BOCOCIZUMAB; CHOLESTEROL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN INHIBITOR; EVOLOCUMAB; EZETIMIBE; HUMAN MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G2; LOMITAPIDE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MICRORNA; MICRORNA 33; MIPOMERSEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; HYPOLIPIDEMIC AGENTS;

APHERESIS; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; DNA REPAIR; DYSLIPIDEMIA; GENE SILENCING; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; MONOTHERAPY; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; BLOOD; DRUG EFFECTS; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; HUMANS;

CHOLESTEROL, LDL; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; HUMANS; HYPOLIPIDEMIC AGENTS;

EID: 84902293165     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140620154545     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. [1] Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a metaanalysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010; 376: 1670-81.
2. [2] Stone NJU, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol published online Nov 13 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002.
3. [3] National Cholesterol Education Panel. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. JAMA 2001;285:2486-97.
4. [4] Grundy SM, Cleeman JJ, Bairey-Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004; 110:227-39.
5. [5] Genest J, McPherson R, Frohlich J, et al. 2009 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult-2009 recommendations. Can J Cardiol 2009; 25:567-79.
6. [6] Catapano AL, Rainer Z, De Backer G. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Atherosclerosis 2011; 217:1-44
7. [7] Ridker PM, Cook NR. Statins: new American guidelines for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Lancet 2013; 382:1762-5.
8. [8] Ridker PM, PWF Wilson PWF. A trial-based approach to statin guidelines. JAMA 2013; 310:1123-4
9. [9] McAlister FA, Laupacis A, Wells GA, Sackett DL. for the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Applying Clinical Trial Results. B. Guidelines for Determining Whether a Drug Is Exerting (More Than) a Class Effect. JAMA 1999; 282:1371-7.
10. [10] Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray H, et al. Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet2010; 375:735-42.
11. [11] Leuschen J, Mortensen EM, Frei CR, Mansi EA, Panday V, Mansi I. Association of statin use with cataracts: a propensity scorematched analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol 2013; 131:1427-34.
12. [12] Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Lipidlowering agents and new onset diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11:1965-70.
13. [13] Lloyd-Jones DM, Goff D, Stone NJ. Statins, risk assessment, and the new American prevention guidelines. Lancet 2013 December 4 [Epub ahead of print] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62348-X
14. [14] Ioannidis JP. More Than a Billion People Taking Statins?: Potential Implications of the New Cardiovascular Guidelines. JAMA. 2013 Dec 2. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.284657. [Epub ahead of print]
15. [15] The Lancet [No authors listed]. The global dominance of diabetes. Lancet 2013; 382:1680.
16. [16] Fruchart JC, Sacks FM, Hermans MP, et al. Residual Risk Reduction Initiative (R3I). The Residual Risk Reduction Initiative: a call to action to reduce residual vascular risk in dyslipidaemic patients. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2008; 5:319-35.
17. [17] Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN, Amarenco P, et al. European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence and guidance for management. Eur Heart J 2011; 32:1345-61.
18. [18] Liu J, Zeng FF, Liu ZM, Zhang CX, Ling WH, Chen YM. Effects of blood triglycerides on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 61 prospective studies. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:159.
19. [19] The International Atherosclerosis Society. An International Atherosclerosis Society Position Paper: Global recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia. 2013 Full report http://www.athero.org/download/IASPPGuidelines_FullReport_2.pdf
20. [20] National Lipid Association. NLA Statement on the 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults. 2013 Nov 23 Available at https://www.lipid.org/nla/2013-accaha-guidelinetreatment-blood-cholesterol-reduce-atherosclerotic-cardiovascularrisk.
21. [21] American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Member alert re. guidelines. Available at https://www.aace.com/membership/member_alerts
22. [22] The Lancet [No authors listed]. Statins: new US guideline sparks controversy. Lancet 2013; 382:1680.
23. [23] Hambraeus K, Lindhagen L, Tydén P, Lindahl B, Lagerqvist B. Target-Attainment Rates of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Using Lipid-Lowering Drugs One Year After Acute Myocardial Infarction in Sweden. Am J Cardiol 2013 Oct 2. pii: S0002-9149(13)01924-3. doi: 10.1016/ j.amjcard.2013.09.007. [Epub ahead of print]
24. [24] Martin SS, Gosch K, Kulkarni KR, et al. Modifiable factors associated with failure to attain low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal at 6 months after acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2013; 165:26-33.
25. [25] Gitt AK, Juenger C, et al. DYSIS Study Group. Impact of a budget-restrictive (Germany) versus an incentive-driven (UK) reimbursement system on LDL goal achievement in statin-treated patients for secondary prevention: Results of DYSIS. European Society of Cardiology 2013 Congress; September 2, 2013; Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Eur Heart J 2013, 1 September, 3689. http://spo.escardio.org/SessionDetails.aspx?eevtid=60&sessId=11226#.UqblBNJbySo
26. [26] LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, et al. Treating to New Targets (TNT) Investigators. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:1425-35.
27. [27] Ridker PM, Morrow DA, Rose LM, Rifai N, Cannon CP, Braunwald E. Relative efficacy of atorvastatin 80 mg and pravastatin 40 mg in achieving the dual goals of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <70 mg/dl and C-reactive protein <2 mg/l: an analysis of the PROVE-IT TIMI-22 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45:1644-8.
28. [28] Nakano E, Sato A, Hoshi T, et al. Impacts of aggressive treatment with statin on cardiovascular events among patients whose LDLcholesterol concentration within normal range: Results from ICAS registry. European Society of Cardiology 2013 Congress; Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Eur Heart J 2013, 31 Aug http://www.escardio.org/about/press/esc-congress-2013/pressconferences/Documents.pdf
29. [29] Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. To switch (statins) or not to switch? That is the question. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11:2943-6.
30. [30] Phillips B, Roberts C, Rudolph AE, Morant S, Aziz F, O’Regan CP. Switching statins: the impact on patient outcomes. Br J Cardiol 2007; 14:280-5.
31. [31] Doumas M, Tziomalos K, Athyros VG. Pay-for-performance versus a budget-restrictive system on dyslipidaemia. Should this be implicated in arterial hypertension too? Open Hypertens J 2013; 5: 32-4.
32. [32] Sahebkar A, Watts GF. New LDL-cholesterol lowering therapies: pharmacology, clinical trials, and relevance to acute coronary syndromes. Clin Ther 2013; 35:1082-98.
33. [33] Athyros VG, Kakafika AI, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Antisense technology for the prevention or the treatment of cardiovascular disease: the next blockbuster? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:969-72.
34. [34] McGowan MP, Tardif JC, Ceska R, et al. Randomized, placebocontrolled trial of mipomersen in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia receiving maximally tolerated lipid-lowering therapy. PLoS One 2012;7:e49006.
35. [35] Gouni-Berthold I, Berthold HK. Antisense oligonucleotides for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(9):950-60.
36. [36] Robinson JG. Management of familial hypercholesterolemia: a review of the recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Manag Care Pharm 2013;19:139-49.
37. [37] Hopkins PN, Toth PP, Ballantyne CM, Rader DJ. Familial hypercholesterole-mias: prevalence, genetics, diagnosis and screening recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol 2011; 5(3):S9-S17.
38. [38] Stein EA, Dufour R, Gagne C, et al. Apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibition with mipomersen in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial to assess efficacy and safety as add-on therapy in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2012; 126:2283-92.
39. [39] McGowan MP, Tardif JC, Ceska R, et al. Randomized, placebocontrolled trial of mipomersen in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia receiving maximally tolerated lipid-lowering therapy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49006.
40. [40] Vogt A, Parhofer KG. The potential of mipomersen, an ApoB synthesis inhibitor, to reduce necessity for LDL-apheresis in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013;14:691-7.
41. [41] Thomas GS, Cromwell WC, Ali S, Chin W, Flaim JD, Davidson M. Mipomersen, an apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibitor, reduces atherogenic lipoproteins in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia at high cardiovascular risk: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62:2178-84.
42. [42] Cuchel M, Bloedon LT, Szapary PO, et al. Inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:148-56.
43. [43] Samaha FF, McKenney J, Bloedon LT, Sasiela WJ, Rader DJ. Inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein alone or with ezetimibe in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2008; 5:497-505.
44. [44] Cuchel M, Meagher EA, du Toit Theron H, et al. Phase 3 HoFH Lomitapide Study investigators. Efficacy and safety of a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a single-arm, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet 2013; 381:40-46.
45. [45] Seidah NG, Benjannet S, Wickham L, et al. The secretory proprotein convertase neural apoptosis-regulated convertase 1 (NARC-1): liver regeneration and neuronal differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100:928-33.
46. [46] Desai, N.R. et al. AMG 145, A Monoclonal Antibody Against PCSK9, Facilitates Achievement of NCEP-ATP III LDL-C Goals Among High Risk Patients: An Analysis From the LAPLACETIMI 57 Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013 Oct 11. pii: S0735-1097(13)05608-8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.09.048. [Epub ahead of print]
47. [47] Cohen JC, Boerwinkle E, Mosley TH, Hobbs HH. Sequence variations in PCSK9, low LDL, and protection against coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1264-72.
48. [48] Tarasov K, Ekroos K, Suoniemi M, et al. Molecular Lipids Identify Cardiovascular Risk and Are Efficiently Lowered by Simvastatin and PCSK9 Deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Nov 15. [Epub ahead of print]
49. [49] Lambert G, Sjouke B, Choque B, Kastelein JJ, Hovingh GK. The PCSK9 decade. J. Lipid Res 2012; 53: 2515-24.
50. [50] Graham MJ, Lemonidis KM, Whipple CP, et al. Antisense inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 reduces serum LDL in hyperlipidemic mice. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:763-7.
51. [51] Lindholm MW, Elmén J, Fisker N, et al. PCSK9 LNA antisense oligonucleotides induce sustained reduction of LDL cholesterol in nonhuman primates. Mol Ther 2012; 20: 376-81.
52. [52] Fitzgerald K, Frank-Kamenetsky M, Shulga-Morskaya S, et al. Effect of an RNA interference drug on the synthesis of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and the concentration of serum LDL cholesterol in healthy volunteers: a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial. Lancet 2013 Oct 1. pii: S0140-6736(13)61914-5. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61914-5. [Epub ahead of print]
53. [53] McKenney JM, Koren MJ, Kereiakes DJ, Hanotin C, Ferrand AC, Stein EA. Safety and efficacy of a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 serine protease, SAR236553/REGN727, in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia receiving ongoing stable atorvastatin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59: 2344-53.
54. [54] Roth EM, McKenney JM, Hanotin C, Asset G, Stein EA. Atorvastatin with or without an antibody to PCSK9 in primary hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1891-900.
55. [55] Stein EA, Gipe D, Bergeron J, et al. Effect of a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, REGN727/SAR236553, to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia on stable statin dose with or without ezetimibe therapy: a phase 2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012; 380:29-36.
56. [56] Desai NR, Kohli P, Giugliano RP, et al. AMG145, a monoclonal antibody against proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9, significantly reduces lipoprotein(a) in hypercholesterolemic patients receiving statin therapy: an analysis from the LDL-C Assessment with Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9 Monoclonal Antibody Inhibition Combined with Statin Therapy (LAPLACE)-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 57 trial. Circulation 2013; 128: 962-9.
57. [57] Stein EA, Honarpour N, Wasserman SM, Xu F, Scott R, Raal FJ. Effect of the Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin 9 Monoclonal Antibody, AMG 145, in Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 2013; 128:2113-20.
58. [58] Koren MJ, Scott R, Kim JB, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 as monotherapy in patients with hypercholesterolaemia (MENDEL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study. Lancet 2012; 380:1995-2006.
59. [59] Sullivan D, Olsson AG, Scott R, et al. Effect of a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9 on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in statin-intolerant patients: the GAUSS randomized trial. JAMA 2012; 308:2497-506.
60. [60] Raal F, Scott R, Somaratne R, et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering effects of AMG 145, a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 serine protease in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: the Reduction of LDL-C with PCSK9 Inhibition in Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia Disorder (RUTHERFORD) randomized trial. Circulation 2012; 126:2408-17.
61. [61] Koren MJ, Giugliano RP, Raal FJ, et al. for the OSLER Investigators. Efficacy and Safety of Longer-Term Administration of Evolocumab (AMG 145) in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia: 52-Week Results From the Open-Label Study of Long-Term Evaluation Against LDL-C (OSLER) Randomized Trial. Circulation. 2013 Nov 19. [Epub ahead of print]
62. [62] Mikhailidis DP, Athyros VG. Year in Review 2013: Dyslipidaemia in 2013: New statin guidelines and promising novel therapeutics. Nat Rev Cardiol advance online publication XX Month 2013; doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2013.209.
63. [63] Tall AR. CETP inhibitors to increase HDL cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:1364-6.
64. [64] Barter PJ, Caulfield M, Eriksson M, et al. ILLUMINATE Investigators. Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:2109-22.
65. [65] Joy TR, Hegele RA. The failure of torcetrapib: what have we learned? Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:1379-81.
66. [66] Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Abt M, et al. dal-OUTCOMES Investigators. Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012; 367:2089-99.
67. [67] Bloomfield D, Carlson GL, Sapre A, et al. Efficacy and safety of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor anacetrapib as monotherapy and coadministered with atorvastatin in dyslipidemic patients. Am Heart J 2009;157:352-360.
68. [68] Cannon CP, Shah S, Dansky HM, et al. Determining the Efficacy and Tolerability Investigators. Safety of anacetrapib in patients with or at high risk for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2406-15.
69. [69] Nicholls SJ, Brewer HB, Kastelein JJ, et al. Effects of the CETP inhibitor evacetrapib administered as monotherapy or in combination with statins on HDL and LDL cholesterol. JAMA 2011; 306:2099-109.
70. [70] Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 2004; 116: 281-97.
71. [71] Ambros V, Chen X. The regulation of genes and genomes by small RNAs. Development 2007; 134:1635-41.
72. [72] Winter J, Jung S, Keller S, et al. Many roads to maturity: microRNA biogenesis pathways and their regulation. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11: 228-34.
73. [73] Suarez Y, Sessa WC. MicroRNAs as novel regulators of angiogenesis. Circ Res2009; 104: 442-54.
74. [74] Filipowicz W, Bhattacharyya SN, Sonenberg N. Mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs: are the answers in sight? Nat Rev Genet 2008; 9: 102-14.
75. [75] Griffiths-Jones S, Saini HK, van Dongen S, et al. miRBase: tools for microRNA genomics. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008; 36: D154-8.
76. [76] Huang J, Liang Z, Yang B, et al. Derepression of microRNAmediated protein translation inhibition by apolipoprotein B mRNAediting enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G) and its family members. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 33632-40.
77. [77] Rana TM. Illuminating the silence: understanding the structure and function of small RNAs. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8: 23-36.
78. [78] Rotllan N, Ramírez CM, Aryal B, Esau CC, Fernández-Hernando C. Therapeutic silencing of microRNA-33 inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/-mice--brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1973-7.
79. [79] Freedman JE, Ercan B, Morin KM, et al. The distribution of circulating microRNA and their relation to coronary disease. F1000Res 2012;1: 50-62.
80. [80] Ambros V. microRNAs: tiny regulators with great potential. Cell 2001; 107: 823-6.
81. [81] Najafi-Shoushtari, SH. MicroRNAs in cardiometabolic disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011; 13:202-7.
82. [82] Eberlé D, Luk FS, Kim RY, et al. Inducible ApoE gene repair in hypomorphic Apoe mice deficient in the low-density lipoprotein receptor promotes atheroma stabilization with a human-like lipoprotein profile. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1759-67.
83. [83] Gaudreault N, Kumar N, Olivas VR, Eberlé D, Rapp JH, Raffai RL. Macrophage-specific apoE gene repair reduces diet-induced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in hypomorphic apoE mice. PLoS One 2012; 7: 35816-35826.
84. [84] Zhang H, Zhang J, Shen D, et al. Regression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice by lentivirus-mediated gene silencing of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 427:557-62.
85. [85] Mihos CG, Salas MJ, Santana O. The pleiotropic effects of the hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors in cardiovascular disease: a comprehensive review. Cardiol Rev 2010;18:298-304.
86. [86] Athyros VG, Kakafika AI, Tziomalos K, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Pleiotropic effects of statins-clinical evidence. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15:479-89.
87. [87] Kolovou GD, Mikhailidis DP, Kovar J, et al. Assessment and clinical relevance of non-fasting and postprandial triglycerides: an expert panel statement. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011; 9:258-70.
88. [88] Mihas C, Kolovou GD, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Diagnostic value of postprandial triglyceride testing in healthy subjects: a metaanalysis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011; 9:271-80.
89. [89] Sharifi F, Hojeghani N, Mazloomzadeh S, Shajari Z. The efficacy of Ezetimibe added to ongoing Fibrate-Statin therapy on postprandial lipid profile in the patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2013;12:24.
90. [90] Reyes-Soffer G, Ngai CI, Lovato L, et al. Effect of combination therapy with fenofibrate and simvastatin on postprandial lipemia in the ACCORD lipid trial. Diabetes Care 2013;36:422-8.
91. [91] Samson CE, Galia AL, Llave KI, Zacarias MB, Mercado-Asis LB. Postprandial Peaking and Plateauing of Triglycerides and VLDL in Patients with Underlying Cardiovascular Diseases Despite Treatment. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2012;10:587-93.
92. [92] Nikolic D, Katsiki N, Montalto G, Isenovic ER, Mikhailidis DP, Rizzo M. Lipoprotein subfractions in metabolic syndrome and obesity: clinical significance and therapeutic approaches. Nutrients 2013; 5:928-48.
93. [93] Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf M, Rizzo M, et al. "European panel on low density lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses": a statement on the pathophysiology, atherogenicity and clinical significance of LDL subclasses: executive summary. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011; 9:531-2.
94. [94] Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf M, Rizzo M, et al. "European panel on low density lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses": a statement on the pathophysiology, atherogenicity and clinical significance of LDL subclasses. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011; 9:533-71.
95. [95] Winkler K, Jacob S, Müller-Schewe T, Hoffmann MM, Konrad T. Ezetimibe alone and in combination lowers the concentration of small, dense low-density lipoproteins in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 2012;220:189-93.
96. [96] Fukushima Y, Hirayama S, Ueno T, et al. Small dense LDL cholesterol is a robust therapeutic marker of statin treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome and metabolic syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2011;412:1423-7.
97. [97] Otocka-Kmiecik A, Mikhailidis DP, Nicholls SJ, Davidson M, Rysz J, Banach M. Dysfunctional HDL: a novel important diagnostic and therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease? Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:314-24.
98. [98] Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP. Pharmacotherapy: statins and newonset diabetes mellitus--a matter for debate. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012; 8:133-4.
99. [99] Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, et al. The effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidaemia on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Greek atorvastatin and coronary heart disease evaluation (GREACE) study. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:728-34.
100. [100] Athyros VG, Hatzitolios AI, Karagiannis A, et al. IMPERATIVE Collaborative Group. IMproving the imPlemEntation of cuRrent guidelines for the mAnagement of major coronary hearT disease rIsk factors by multifactorial interVEntion. The IMPERATIVE renal analysis. Arch Med Sci 2011; 7:984-92.
101. [101] Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Ganotakis ES, et al. Assessing The Treatment Effect in Metabolic syndrome without Perceptible diabeTes (ATTEMPT) Collaborative Group. Association between the changes in renal function and serum uric acid levels during multifactorial intervention and clinical outcome in patients with metabolic syndrome. A post hoc analysis of the ATTEMPT study. Curr Med Res Opin 2011; 27:1659-68.
102. [102] Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Liberopoulos EN, et al. Effect of statin treatment on renal function and serum uric acid levels and their relation to vascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome: a subgroup analysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary heart disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22:118-27.
103. [103] Athyros VG, Elisaf M, Papageorgiou AA, et al. GREACE Study Collaborative Group. Effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidemia on serum uric acid levels in patients with coronary heart disease: a subgroup analysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronaryheart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) study. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43:589-99.
104. [104] Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al. CARDS Investigators. Effects of atorvastatin on kidney outcomes and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: an analysis from the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS). Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54:810-9.
105. [105] Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R, Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361:2005-16.
106. [106] Shepherd J, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V, et al. Treating to New Targets Investigators. Effect of intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2:1131-9.
107. [107] Takagi H, Umemoto T. Atorvastatin therapy reduces serum uric acid levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Cardiol 2012;157:255-7.
108. [108] Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Gossios TD, et al. GREACE Study Collaborative Group. Safety and efficacy of long-term statin treatment for cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and abnormal liver tests in the Greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study: a post-hoc analysis. Lancet 2010; 376:1916-22.
109. [109] Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Didangelos TP, et al. Effect of multifactorial treatment on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in metabolic syndrome: a randomised study. Curr Med Res Opin 2006; 22:873-83.
110. [110] Athyros VG, Katsiki N, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Are statins 'IDEAL' for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease? Curr Med Res Opin 2013 Oct 28. [Epub ahead of print]
111. [111] Kargiotis K, Katsiki N, Athyros VG, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolaemia. A preliminary report. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2013 [in press].
112. [112] Athyros VG, Katsiki N, Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP. Statins and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a bright future? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1089-1093.
113. [113] Nseir W, Mograbi J, Ghali M. Lipid-lowering agents in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis: human studies. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:1773-81.
114. [114] Tikkanen MJ, Fayyad R, Faergeman O, et al. IDEAL Investigators. Effect of intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin on cardiovascular outcomes in coronary heart disease patients with mild-tomoderate baseline elevations in alanine aminotransferase levels. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:3846-52.
115. [115] Smith RJ, Hiatt WR. Two new drugs for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: managing benefits and risks in a rare disorder. JAMA Intern Med. 2013; 173:1491-2.
116. [116] Gouni-Berthold I. Current and future options for lipid-lowering therapy beyond statins. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:3072-3.