Management of familial hypercholesterolemia: A review of the recommendations from the national lipid association expert panel on familial hypercholesterolemia

Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 139-149

  Robinson, Jennifer G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALIROCUMAB; AMG 145; APOLIPOPROTEIN B; ATORVASTATIN; COLESEVELAM; COLESTIPOL; COLESTYRAMINE; EZETIMIBE; FLUINDOSTATIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; LOMITAPIDE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; MEVINOLIN; MIPOMERSEN; NICOTINIC ACID; PITAVASTATIN; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; SUBTILISIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; APHERESIS; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; COMPETITIVE INHIBITION; CORONARY ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DIET; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; EXERCISE; FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; FAMILY HISTORY; FATTY LIVER; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LIPID METABOLISM; LIVER TOXICITY; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MONOTHERAPY; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; MYOPATHY; NOTE; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK REDUCTION; SCREENING TEST; SIDE EFFECT; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; WEIGHT CONTROL;

EID: 84874956296     PISSN: 10834087     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2013.19.2.139     Document Type: Note

References (105)

1. Hopkins PN, Toth PP, Ballantyne CM, Rader DJ. Familial hypercholesterolemias: prevalence, genetics, diagnosis and screening recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5(3 Suppl):S9-S17.
2. Liyanage KE, Burnett JR, Hooper AJ, van Bockxmeer FM. Familial hypercholesterolemia: epidemiology, Neolithic origins and modern geographic distribution. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2011;48(1):1-18.
3. Goldberg AC, Hopkins PN, Toth PP, et al. Familial hypercholesterolemia: screening, diagnosis and management of pediatric and adult patients: clinical guidance from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5(3 Suppl):S1-S8.
4. Wierzbicki AS, Humphries SE, Minhas R. Familial hypercholesterolaemia: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2008;337:a1095.
5. Hobbs HH, Brown MS, Russell DW, Davignon J, Goldstein JL. Deletion in the gene for the low-density-lipoprotein receptor in a majority of French Canadians with familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(12):734-37.
6. Moorjani S, Roy M, Gagne C, et al. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia among French Canadians in Quebec Province. Arteriosclerosis. 1989;9(2):211-16.
7. Yuan G, Wang J, Hegele RA. Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: an underrecognized cause of early cardiovascular disease. CMAJ. 2006;174(8):1124-29.
8. Zeegers MP, van Poppel F, Vlietinck R, Spruijt L, Ostrer H. Founder mutations among the Dutch. Eur J Hum Genet. 2004;12(7):591-600.
9. Kolansky DM, Cuchel M, Clark BJ, et al. Longitudinal evaluation and assessment of cardiovascular disease in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102(11):1438-43.
10. Naoumova RP, Thompson GR, Soutar AK. Current management of severe homozygous hypercholesterolaemias. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2004;15(4):413-22.
11. Alonso R, Mata N, Castillo S, et al. Cardiovascular disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia: inf luence of low-density lipoprotein receptor mutation type and classic risk factors. Atherosclerosis. 2008;200(2):315-21.
12. Jansen AC, van Aalst-Cohen ES, Tanck MW, et al. The contribution of classical risk factors to cardiovascular disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia: data in 2400 patients. J Intern Med. 2004;256(6):482-90.
13. Banaszak LJ, Ranatunga WK. The assembly of apoB-containing lipopro-teins: a structural biology point of view. Ann Med. 2008;40(4):253-67.
14. Walldius G, Jungner I, Holme I, Aastveit AH, Kolar W, Steiner E. High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotein A-I, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS study): a prospective study. Lancet. 2001;358(9298):2026-33.
15. Sundaram M, Yao Z. Recent progress in understanding protein and lipid factors affecting hepatic VLDL assembly and secretion. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2010;7:35.
16. Horton JD, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH. PCSK9: a convertase that coordinates LDL catabolism. J Lipid Res. 2009;50(Suppl):S172-S177.
17. Cohen JC, Boerwinkle E, Mosley TH Jr, Hobbs HH. Sequence variations in PCSK9, low LDL, and protection against coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(12):1264-72.
18. Garcia CK, Wilund K, Arca M, et al. Autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia caused by mutations in a putative LDL receptor adaptor protein. Science. 2001;292(5520):1394-98.
19. Tada H, Kawashiri MA, Ohtani R, et al. A novel type of familial hypercholesterolemia: double heterozygous mutations in LDL receptor and LDL receptor adaptor protein 1 gene. Atherosclerosis. 2011;219(2):663-66.
20. Liyanage KE, Hooper AJ, Defesche JC, Burnett JR, van Bockxmeer FM. High-resolution melting analysis for detection of familial ligand-defective apolipoprotein B-100 mutations. Ann Clin Biochem. 2008;45(Pt 2):170-76.
21. Ito MK, McGowan MP, Moriarty PM. Management of familial hypercholesterolemias in adult patients: recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5(3 Suppl):S38-S45.
22. Mant D. Commentary: What’s so special about familial hypercholesterolaemia? Br J Gen Pract. 2009;59(567):777-78.
23. Goldberg AC, Robinson JG, Cromwell WC, Ross JL, Ziajka PE. Future issues, public policy, and public awareness of familial hypercholesterolemias: recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5(3 Suppl):S46-S51.
24. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106(25):3143-421.
25. Hoadley JF, Merrell K, Hargrave E, Summer L. In Medicare Part D plans, low or zero copays and other features to encourage the use of generic statins work, could save billions. Health Affairs (Millwood). 2012;31(10):2266-75.
26. Goldberg AC. Novel therapies and new targets of treatment for familial hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2010;4(5):350-56.
27. Bertolini S, Cantafora A, Averna M, et al. Clinical expression of familial hypercholesterolemia in clusters of mutations of the LDL receptor gene that cause a receptor-defective or receptor-negative phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20(9):E41-52.
28. Ferrieres J, Lambert J, Lussier-Cacan S, Davignon J. Coronary artery disease in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia patients with the same LDL receptor gene mutation. Circulation. 1995;92(3):290-95.
29. Hill JS, Hayden MR, Frohlich J, Pritchard PH. Genetic and environmental factors affecting the incidence of coronary artery disease in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb. 1991;11(2):290-97.
30. Miname MH, Ribeiro MS, 2nd, Parga Filho J, et al. Evaluation of sub-clinical atherosclerosis by computed tomography coronary angiography and its association with risk factors in familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 2010;213(2):486-91.
31. Neil HA, Seagroatt V, Betteridge DJ, et al. Established and emerging coronary risk factors in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Heart. 2004;90(12):1431-37.
32. Real JT, Chaves FJ, Martinez-Uso I, Garcia-Garcia AB, Ascaso JF, Carmena R. Importance of HDL cholesterol levels and the total /HDL cholesterol ratio as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in molecularly defined heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Eur Heart J. 2001;22(6):465-71.
33. Skoumas I, Masoura C, Pitsavos C, et al. Evidence that non-lipid cardiovascular risk factors are associated with high prevalence of coronary artery disease in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or familial combined hyperlipidemia. Int J Cardiol. 2007;121(2):178-83.
34. Neil A, Cooper J, Betteridge J, et al. Reductions in all-cause, cancer, and coronary mortality in statin-treated patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a prospective registry study. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(21):2625-33.
35. Nenseter MS, Lindvig HW, Ueland T, et al. Lipoprotein(a) levels in coronary heart disease-susceptible and-resistant patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 2011;216(2):426-32.
36. Robinson JG, Goldberg AC. Treatment of adults with familial hypercholesterolemia and evidence for treatment: recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5(3 Suppl):S18-S29.
37. Utermann G, Hoppichler F, Dieplinger H, Seed M, Thompson G, Boerwinkle E. Defects in the low density lipoprotein receptor gene affect lipoprotein (a) levels: multiplicative interaction of two gene loci associated with premature atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989;86(11):4171-74.
38. Soska V, Freiberger T, Cif kova R, et al. Plasma HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels in familial hypercholesterolemia: data from the MedPed CZ database and the Czech population. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412(11-12):920-24.
39. Williams RR, Hunt SC, Schumacher MC, et al. Diagnosing heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia using new practical criteria validated by molecular genetics. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72(2):171-76.
40. Minhas R, Humphries SE, Qureshi N, Neil HA. Controversies in familial hypercholesterolaemia: recommendations of the NICE Guideline Development Group for the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia. Heart. 2009;95(7):584-87; discussion 587-91.
41. Watts GF, Lewis B, Sullivan DR. Familial hypercholesterolemia: a missed opportunity in preventive medicine. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2007;4(8):404-05.
42. Marks D, Wonderling D, Thorogood M, Lambert H, Humphries SE, Neil HA. Cost effectiveness analysis of different approaches of screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia. BMJ. 2002;324(7349):1303.
43. Nherera L, Marks D, Minhas R, Thorogood M, Humphries SE. Probabilistic cost-effectiveness analysis of cascade screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia using alternative diagnostic and identification strategies. Heart. 2011;97(14):1175-81.
44. Jones P, Kafonek S, Laurora I, Hunninghake D. Comparative dose efficacy study of atorvastatin versus simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, and f luvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia (the CURVES study). Am J Cardiol. 1998;81(5):582-87.
45. Patel TN, Shishehbor MH, Bhatt DL. A review of high-dose statin therapy: targeting cholesterol and inf lammation in atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(6):664-72.
46. Versmissen J, Oosterveer DM, Yazdanpanah M, et al. Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a long term cohort study. BMJ. 2008;337:a2423.
47. Davidson MH, Robinson JG. Safety of aggressive lipid management. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(17):1753-62.
48. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(21):2195-207.
49. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: ongoing safety review of high-dose Zocor (simvastatin) and increased risk of muscle injury. March 19, 2010. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm204882.htm. Accessed February 17, 2013.
50. Armitage J, Bowman L, Wallendszus K, et al. Intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol with 80 mg versus 20 mg simvastatin daily in 12,064 survivors of myocardial infarction: a double-blind randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9753):1658-69.
51. Waters DD, Ho JE, Boekholdt SM, et al. Cardiovascular event reduction versus new-onset diabetes during atorvastatin therapy: effect of baseline risk factors for diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(2):148-52.
52. Ridker PM, Pradhan A, MacFadyen JG, Libby P, Glynn RJ. Cardiovascular benefits and diabetes risks of statin therapy in primary prevention: an analysis from the JUPITER trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9841):565-71.
53. Hamilton-Craig I, Kostner K, Colquhoun D, Woodhouse S. Combination therapy of statin and ezetimibe for the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2010;6:1023-37.
54. Kastelein JJ, Akdim F, Stroes ES, et al. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(14):1431-43.
55. Avellone, G., Di Garbo, V., Guarnotta, V., Scaglione, R., Parrinello, G., Purpura, L., Torres, D., Campisi, D. Efficacy and safety of long-term ezetimibe/simvastatin treatment in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, International Angiology, Volume 29, Issue 6, December 2010, Pages 514-524.
56. Gagne C, Gaudet D, Bruckert E. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe coadministered with atorvastatin or simvastatin in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Circulation. 2002;105(21):2469-75.
57. Robinson JG, Davidson MH. Combination therapy with ezetimibe and simvastatin to achieve aggressive LDL reduction. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2006;4(4):461-76.
58. Holme I, Boman K, Brudi P, et al. Observed and predicted reduction of ischemic cardiovascular events in the simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosis trial. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105(12):1802-08.
59. Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. 2011;377(9784):2181-92.
60. Cannon CP, Giugliano RP, Blazing MA, et al. Rationale and design of IMPROVE-IT (IMProved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial): comparison of ezetimbe/simvastatin versus simvastatin monotherapy on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J. 2008;156(5):826-32.
61. Ijioma N, Robinson JG. Current and emerging therapies in hypercholesterolemia: focus on colesevelam. Clin Med Rev Vasc Health. 2010;2:21-40.
62. Huijgen R, Abbink EJ, Bruckert E, et al. Colesevelam added to combination therapy with a statin and ezetimibe in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: a 12-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Clin Ther. 2010;32(4):615-25.
63. Lipid Research Clinics. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1984;251(3):351-64.
64. Guyton JR, Brown BG, Fazio S, Polis A, Tomassini JE, Tershakovec AM. Lipid-altering efficacy and safety of ezetimibe/simvastatin coadministered with extended-release niacin in patients with type IIa or type IIb hyperlipidemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(16):1564-72.
65. Guyton JR, Capuzzi DM. Treatment of hyperlipidemia with combined niacin-statin regimens. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82(12A):82U-84U; discussion 85-86U.
66. Robinson JG. Management of complex lipid abnormalities with a fixed dose combination of simvastatin and extended release niacin. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2009;5(1):31-43.
67. Niaspan (niacin extended-release) [package insert]. Abbott Laboratories. Revised December 2010. Available at: http://www.rxabbvie.com/pdf/niaspan.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2013.
68. No author listed. Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease. JAMA. 1975;231(4):360-81.
69. AIM-HIGH Investigators, Boden WE, Probstfield JL, et al. Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(24):2255-67.
70. Merck. Merck Announces HPS2-THRIVE study of TREDAPTIVE (extended-release niacin/laropiprant) did not achieve primary endpoint. December 20, 2012. Available at: http://www.mercknewsroom.com/press-release/prescription-medicine-news/merck-announces-hps2-thrive-study-tredaptive-extended-relea. Accessed February 17, 2013.
71. Welchol (colesevelam hydrochloride) [package insert]. Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. 2011. Available at: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2006/021176s014lbl.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2013.
72. Ballantyne CM, Bertolami M, Hernandez Garcia HR, et al. Achieving LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B target levels in high-risk patients: Measuring Effective Reductions in Cholesterol Using Rosuvastatin therapY (MERCURY) II. Am Heart J. 2006;151(5):975. e1-9.
73. Jones PH, Davidson MH, Stein EA, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin across doses (STELLAR* Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(2):152-60.
74. Moga C, Hastall C. Low density lipoprotein apheresis for the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. Health Technology Assessment. IP-18 Information Paper. Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research. April 2004. Available at: www.ihe.ca/documents/ip18.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2013.
75. Stoffel W, Borberg H, Greve V. Application of specific extracorporeal removal of low density lipoprotein in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Lancet. 1981;2(8254):1005-07.
76. Thompson GR. LDL apheresis. Atherosclerosis. 2003;167(1):1-13.
77. Thompson GR, Catapano A, Saheb S, et al. Severe hypercholesterolaemia: therapeutic goals and eligibility criteria for LDL apheresis in Europe. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2010;21(6):492-98.
78. Marais AD, Naoumova RP, Firth JC, Penny C, Neuwirth CK, Thompson GR. Decreased production of low density lipoprotein by atorvastatin after apheresis in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res. 1997;38(10):2071-78.
79. Masaki N, Tatami R, Kumamoto T, et al. Ten-year follow-up of familial hypercholesterolemia patients after intensive cholesterol-lowering therapy. Int Heart J. 2005;46(5):833-43.
80. Moriarty PM. LDL-apheresis therapy: current therapeutic practice and potential future use. Future Medicine. 2006;1(3):299-308.
81. Schettler V, Neumann CL, Hulpke-Wette M, Hagenah GC, Schulz EG, Wieland E. Current view: indications for extracorporeal lipid apheresis treatment. Clin Res Cardiol Suppl. 2012;7(Suppl 1):S15-S19.
82. Szczepiorkowski ZM, Bandarenko N, Kim HC, et al. Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice: evidence-based approach from the Apheresis Applications Committee of the American Society for Apheresis. J Clin Apher. 2007;22(3):106-75.
83. Buchwald H, Rudser KD, Williams SE, Michalek VN, Vagasky J, Connett JE. Overall mortality, incremental life expectancy, and cause of death at 25 years in the program on the surgical control of the hyperlipidemias. Ann Surg. 2010;251(6):1034-40.
84. Buchwald H, Varco RL, Matts JP, et al. Effect of partial ileal bypass surgery on mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Report of the Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH). N Engl J Med. 1990;323(14):946-55.
85. Malatack JJ. Liver transplantation as treatment for familial homozygous hypercholesterolemia: too early or too late. Pediatr Transplant. 2011;15(2):123-25.
86. Shrotri M, Fernando BS, Sudhindran S, et al. Long-term outcome of liver transplantation for familial hypercholesterolemia. Transplant Proc. 2003;35(1):381-82.
87. Raal F, Scott R, Somaratne R, et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering effects of AMG 145, a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 serine protease in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: the reduction of LDL-C with PCSK9 inhibition in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia disorder (RUTHERFORD) randomized trial. Circulation. 2012;126(20):2408-17.
88. Stein EA, Gipe D, Bergeron J, et al. Effect of a monoclonal antibody to PCSK9, REGN727/SAR236553, to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia on stable statin dose with or without ezetimibe therapy: a phase 2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9836):29-36.
89. KYNAMRO (mipomersen sodium) injection [package insert]. Genzyme Corporation. January 2013.
90. Kastelein JJ, Wedel MK, Baker BF, et al. Potent reduction of apolipoprotein B and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by short-term administration of an antisense inhibitor of apolipoprotein B. Circulation. 2006;114(16):1729-35.
91. Raal FJ, Santos RD, Blom DJ, et al. Mipomersen, an apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibitor, for lowering of LDL cholesterol concentrations in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;375(9719):998-1006.
92. Cuchel M, Bloedon LT, Szapary PO, et al. Inhibition of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(2):148-56.
93. Aegerion Pharmaceuticals. FDA approves Aegerion Pharmaceuticals’ JUXTAPID (lomitapide) capsules for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH). December 24, 2012. Available at: http://ir.aegerion.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=728650. Accessed February 17, 2013.
94. Daniels SR, Gidding SS, de Ferranti SD. Pediatric aspects of familial hypercholesterolemias: recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5(3 Suppl):S30-S37.
95. Maiorana A, Nobili V, Calandra S, et al. Preemptive liver transplantation in a child with familial hypercholesterolemia. Pediatr Transplant. 2010;15(2):E25-E29.
96. Kamath BM, Olthoff KM. Liver transplantation in children: update 2010. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2010;57(2):401-14.
97. Etemad LR, McCollam PL. Total first-year costs of acute coronary syndrome in a managed care setting. J Manag Care Pharm. 2005;11(4):300-06.
98. Margolis J, Barron JJ, Grochulski WD. Health care resources and costs for treating peripheral artery disease in a managed care population: results from analysis of administrative claims data. J Manag Care Pharm. 2005;11(9):727-34.
99. O’Sullivan AK, Rubin J, Nyambose J, Kuznik A, Cohen DJ, Thompson D. Cost estimation of cardiovascular disease events in the US. Pharmacoeconomics. 2011;29(8):693-704.
100. Radensky PW, Berliner E, Archer JW, Dournaux SF. Inpatient costs of major cardiovascular events. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2001;1(3):205-17.
101. Conly J, Clement F, Tonelli M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of the use of low-and high-potency statins in people at low cardiovascular risk. CMAJ. 2011;183(16):E1180-E1188.
102. Nherera L, Calvert NW, Demott K, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the use of a high-intensity statin compared to a low-intensity statin in the management of patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26(3):529-36.
103. Goldberg AC, Robinson JG, Cromwell WC, Ross JL, Ziajka PE. Future issues, public policy, and public awareness of familial hypercholesterolemias: recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5(3 Suppl):S46-S51.
104. Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G, et al. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J. 2011;32(14):1769-818.
105. Ito MK, McGowan MP, Moriarty PM. Management of familial hypercholesterolemias in adult patients: recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5(3 Suppl 1):S38-S45.