The paediatric airway: Basic principles and current developments

European Journal of Anaesthesiology

Volumn 31, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 293-299

  Schmidt, Alexander R ^a   Weiss, Markus ^a   Engelhardt, Thomas ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^b ROYAL ABERDEEN CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; CARBON DIOXIDE;

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; AIRWAY RESISTANCE; ALGORITHM; ANATOMY; ANESTHESIA; ANESTHESIA LEVEL; ASPIRATION; BREATHING; BRONCHOSPASM; BURN; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; COMORBIDITY; DETERIORATION; ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION; ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE; FACE MASK; FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; HEART ARREST; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPOXEMIA; INFECTION; LARYNGEAL MASK; LARYNGOSCOPY; LARYNX SPASM; MANDIBULOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS; MEDIASTINUM MASS; MUSCLE RELAXATION; MUSCLE RIGIDITY; OXYGENATION; PARALYSIS; PIERRE ROBIN SYNDROME; PULMONARY ASPIRATION; RECOGNITION; RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE; RESERVOIR BAG; RESPIRATION CONTROL; RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL NERVE; SUPRAGLOTTIC AIRWAY DEVICE; SWELLING; TRACHEOTOMY; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT OBSTRUCTION; ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; ANESTHESIOLOGY; CHILD; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; PEDIATRICS; PROCEDURES; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM;

AIRWAY MANAGEMENT; ANESTHESIA; ANESTHESIOLOGY; CHILD; HUMANS; PEDIATRICS; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM;

EID: 84902215336     PISSN: 02650215     EISSN: 13652346     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000023     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Adewale L. Anatomy and assessment of the pediatric airway. Paediatr Anaesth 2009; 19 (Suppl 1):1-8.
2. Fayoux P, Anderson B, Bosenberg B, et al. Pediatric anesthesia: basic principles, state of the art, future. PMPH-USA 2011.
3. Litman RS, Weissend EE, Shibata D, Westesson PL. Developmental changes of laryngeal dimensions in unparalyzed, sedated children. Anesthesiology 2003; 98:41-45. (Pubitemid 36043407)
4. Weiss M, Gerber AC. [Safe use of cuffed tracheal tubes in children]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2012; 47:232-237.
5. Hunyady AI, Pieters B, Johnston TA, Jonmarker C. Front teeth-to-carina distance in children undergoing cardiac catheterization. Anesthesiology 2008; 108:1004-1008.
6. Weiss M, Balmer C, Dullenkopf A, et al. Intubation depth markings allow an improved positioning of endotracheal tubes in children. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52:721-726. (Pubitemid 41644167)
7. Weiss M, Gerber AC, Dullenkopf A. Appropriate placement of intubation depth marks in a new cuffed paediatric tracheal tube. Br J Anaesth 2005; 94:80-87. (Pubitemid 40074912)
8. Jin-Hee K, Ro YJ, Seong-Won M, et al. Elongation of the trachea during neck extension in children: implications of the safety of endotracheal tubes. Anesth Analg 2005; 101:974-977.
9. Jordi Ritz EM, Von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Keller K, et al. The impact of head position on the cuff and tube tip position of preformed oral tracheal tubes in young children. Anaesthesia 2008; 63:604-609. (Pubitemid 351677321)
10. Weiss M, Knirsch W, Kretschmar O, et al. Tracheal tube-tip displacement in children during head-neck movement - a radiological assessment. Br J Anaesth 2006; 96:486-491.
11. Sands SA, Edwards BA, Kelly VJ, et al. A model analysis of arterial oxygen desaturation during apnea in preterm infants. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5:e1000588.
12. Hardman JG, Wills JS. The development of hypoxaemia during apnoea in children: a computational modelling investigation. Br J Anaesth 2006; 97:564-570. (Pubitemid 44419974)
13. Nishino T, Isono S, Tanaka A, Ishikawa T. Laryngeal inputs in defensive airway reflexes in humans. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2004; 17:377-381. (Pubitemid 39572479)
14. Hampson-Evans D, Morgan P, Farrar M. Pediatric laryngospasm. Paediatr Anaesth 2008; 18:303-307. (Pubitemid 351328772)
15. Anton-Pacheco JL, Luna Paredes C, Martinez Gimeno A, et al. The role of bronchoscopy in the management of patients with severe craniofacial syndromes. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47:1512-1515.
16. Frawley G, Fuenzalida D, Donath S, et al. A retrospective audit of anesthetic techniques and complications in children with mucopolysaccharidoses. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22:737-744.
17. Sims C, von Ungern-Sternberg BS. The normal and the challenging pediatric airway. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22:521-526.
18. Woodall NM, Cook TM. National census of airway management techniques used for anaesthesia in the UK: first phase of the Fourth National Audit Project at the Royal College of Anaesthetists. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106:266-271.
19. de Graaff JC, Bijker JB, Kappen TH, et al. Incidence of intraoperative hypoxemia in children in relation to age. Anesth Analg 2013; 117:169- 175.
20. Bhananker SM, Ramamoorthy C, Geiduschek JM, et al. Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children: update from the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest Registry. Anesth Analg 2007; 105:344-350.
21. van der Griend BF, Lister NA, McKenzie IM, et al. Postoperative mortality in children after 101,885 anesthetics at a tertiary pediatric hospital. Anesth Analg 2011; 112:1440-1447.
22. Cook TM, Woodall N, Harper J, Benger J. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106:632- 642.
23. Engelhardt T, Weiss M. A child with a difficult airway: what do I do next? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2012; 25:326-332.
24. Weiss M, Engelhardt T. Proposal for the management of the unexpected difficult pediatric airway. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20:454-464.
25. Habre W. Neonatal ventilation. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2010; 24:353-364.
26. von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Hammer J, Schibler A, et al. Decrease of functional residual capacity and ventilation homogeneity after neuromuscular blockade in anesthetized young infants and preschool children. Anesthesiology 2006; 105:670-675. (Pubitemid 44477311)
27. Weiss M, Engelhardt T. Cannot ventilate - paralyze!. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22:1147-1149.
28. Tong DC, Beus J, Litman RS. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Difficult Intubation Registry. Anesthesiology 2007;A1637.
29. Schmidt J, Koch T. Incidence of a difficult airway in 19,500 children aged 0 to 17 years. Anesthesiology 2008; A1244.
30. Heinrich S, Birkholz T, Ihmsen H, et al. Incidence and predictors of difficult laryngoscopy in 11,219 pediatric anesthesia procedures. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22:729-736.
31. Asai T. Videolaryngoscopes: do they truly have roles in difficult airways? Anesthesiology 2012; 116:515-517.
32. Weiss M, Mauch J, Becke K, et al. [Fibre optic-assisted endotracheal intubation through the laryngeal mask in children]. Anaesthesist 2009; 58:716-721.
33. Walker RW. The laryngeal mask airway in the difficult paediatric airway: an assessment of positioning and use in fibreoptic intubation. Paediatr Anaesthesia 2000; 10:53-58. (Pubitemid 30056019)
34. Johr M, Berger TM. Fiberoptic intubation through the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) as a standardized procedure. Paediatr Anaesth 2004; 14:614. (Pubitemid 38869937)
35. Jagannathan N, Sohn LE, Sawardekar A, et al. A randomized trial comparing the Ambu (R) Aura-i with the air-Q intubating laryngeal airway as conduits for tracheal intubation in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22:1197- 1204.
36. Gencorelli FJ, Fields RG, Litman RS. Complications during rapid sequence induction of general anesthesia in children: a benchmark study. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20:421-424.
37. Neuhaus D, Schmitz A, Gerber A, Weiss M. Controlled rapid sequence induction and intubation - an analysis of 1001 children. Paediatr Anaesth 2013; 23:734-740.
38. Fields RG, Gencorelli FJ, Litman RS. Anesthetic management of the pediatric bleeding tonsil. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20:982-986.
39. Eich C, Weiss M, Neuhaus D, et al. Incidence of complications associated with rapid sequence induction (RSI) in children - it is a matter of age and technique. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20:898-899.
40. Cook TM, Woodall N, Frerk C. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 1: anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2011; 106:617-631.
41. Holm-Knudsen RJ, Rasmussen LS, Charabi B, et al. Emergency airway access in children - transtracheal cannulas and tracheotomy assessed in a porcine model. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22:1159-1165.
42. Stacey J, Heard AM, Chapman G, et al. The 'Can't Intubate Can't Oxygenate' scenario in pediatric anesthesia: a comparison of different devices for needle cricothyroidotomy. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22:1155- 1158.
43. Eslamy HK, Newman B. Imaging of the pediatric airway. Paediatr Anaesth 2009; 19 (Suppl 1):9-23.
44. Marciniak B, Fayoux P, Hebrard A, et al. Airway management in children: ultrasonography assessment of tracheal intubation in real time? Anesth Analg 2009; 108:461-465.
45. Schramm C, Knop J, Jensen K, Plaschke K. Role of ultrasound compared to age-related formulas for uncuffed endotracheal intubation in a pediatric population. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22:781-786.
46. Shibasaki M, Nakajima Y, Ishii S, et al. Prediction of pediatric endotracheal tube size by ultrasonography. Anesthesiology 2010; 113:819-824.
47. Goyal R, Shukla RN, Kumar G. Comparison of size 2 i-gel supraglottic airway with LMA-ProSeal and LMA-Classic in spontaneously breathing children undergoing elective surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22:355-359.
48. Hughes C, Place K, Berg S, Mason D. A clinical evaluation of the I-gel supraglottic airway device in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22:765-771.
49. Jagannathan N, Sohn LE, Chang E, Sawardekar A. A cohort evaluation of the laryngeal mask airway-Supreme in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22:759-764.
50. White MC, Cook TM, Stoddart PA. A critique of elective pediatric supraglottic airway devices. Paediatr Anaesth 2009; 19 (Suppl 1):55-65.
51. Von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Wallace CJ, Sticks S, et al. Fibreoptic assessment of paediatric sized laryngeal mask airways. Anaesth Intensive Care 2010; 38:50-54.
52. Barch B, Rastatter J, Jagannathan N. Difficult pediatric airway management using the intubating laryngeal airway. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 76:1579-1582.
53. von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Boda K, Chambers NA, et al. Risk assessment for respiratory complications in paediatric anaesthesia: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2010; 376:773-783.
54. Weiss M, Dullenkopf A, Fischer JE, et al., and European Paediatric Endotracheal Intubation Study Group. Prospective randomized controlled multicentre trial of cuffed or uncuffed endotracheal tubes in small children. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103:867-873.
55. Campbell S, Wilson G, Engelhardt T. Equipment and monitoring - what is in the future to improve safety? Paediatr Anaesth 2011; 21:815-824.
56. Raman V, Tobias JD, Bryant J, et al. Effect of cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes on the oropharyngeal oxygen and volatile anesthetic agent concentration in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 76:842-844.
57. Tobias JD, Schwartz L, Rice J, et al. Cuffed endotracheal tubes in infants and children: should we routinely measure the cuff pressure? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 76:61-63.
58. Weiss M, Dave M, Bailey M, et al. Endoscopic airway findings in children with or without prior endotracheal intubation. Paediatr Anaesth 2013; 23:103-110.
59. Litman RS, Maxwell LG. Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes in pediatric anesthesia: the debate should finally end. Anesthesiology 2013; 118:500-501.
60. Calder A, Hegarty M, Davies K, von Ungern-Sternberg BS. The difficult airway trolley in pediatric anesthesia: an international survey of experience and training. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22:1150-1154.