Management of acute stroke in patients taking novel oral anticoagulants

International Journal of Stroke

Volumn 9, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 627-632

  Hankey, Graeme J ^a   Norrving, Bo ^b   Hacke, Werner ^c   Steiner, Thorsten ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL FRANKFURT   (Germany)

Author keywords

Acute stroke; Anticoagulants; Intracerebral hemorrhage; Secondary prevention; Thrombolytic therapy

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ANTICOAGULATION; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; DRUG EFFECT; HUMAN; LABORATORY TEST; PATIENT CARE; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PROCEDURES; STROKE;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ANTICOAGULANTS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; HUMANS; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; STROKE; THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY;

EID: 84902084942     PISSN: 17474930     EISSN: 17474949     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ijs.12295     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH 2013. Pradaxa® (dabigatran etexilate) summary of product characteristics. Available at http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000829/WC500041059.pdf (accessed 15 January 2014).
2. Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer EEIG 2013. Eliquis® (apixaban) summary of product characteristics. Available at http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/002148/WC500107728.pdf (accessed 15 January 2014).
3. Bayer Pharma AG 2013. Xarelto® (rivaroxaban) summary of product characteristics. Available at http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000944/WC500057108.pdf (accessed 13 August 2013).
4. Dentali F, Riva N, Crowther M, Turpie AG, Lip GY, Ageno W. Efficacy and safety of the novel oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Circulation 2012; 126:2381-2391.
5. Ntaios G, Papavasileiou V, Diener HC, Makaritsis K, Michel P. Nonvitamin-K-antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke 2012; 43:3298-3304.
6. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S etal. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1139-1151.
7. Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ etal. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:981-992.
8. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J etal. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:883-891.
9. The EINSTEIN-PE Investigators. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1287-1297.
10. The EINSTEIN Investigators. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:2499-2510.
11. Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH 2011. Actilyse® (Alteplase) summary of product characteristics. Available at http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/308#PRODUCTINFO (accessed 22 August 2013).
12. De Keyser J, Gdovinova Z, Uyttenboogaart M, Vroomen PC, Luijckx GJ. Intravenous alteplase for stroke: beyond the guidelines and in particular clinical situations. Stroke 2007; 38:2612-2618.
13. Miedema I, Luijckx GJ, De Keyser J, Koch M, Uyttenboogaart M. Thrombolytic therapy for ischaemic stroke in patients using warfarin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012; 83:537-540.
14. Mazya MV, Lees KR, Markus R etal. Safety of intravenous thrombolysis for ischemic stroke in patients treated with warfarin. Ann Neurol 2013; 74:266-274.
15. Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr etal. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2013; 44:870-947.
16. Diener H-C, Foerch C, Riess H, Röther J, Schroth G, Weber R. Treatment of acute ischaemic stroke with thrombolysis or thrombectomy in patients receiving anti-thrombotic treatment. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12:677-688.
17. van Ryn J, Stangier J, Haertter S etal. Dabigatran etexilate - a novel, reversible, oral direct thrombin inhibitor: interpretation of coagulation assays and reversal of anticoagulant activity. Thromb Haemost 2010; 103:1116-1127.
18. Palladino M, Thomson L, Swift B, Merli GJ. Implementing the new oral anticoagulants into the hospital formulary. Am J Hematol 2012; 87(Suppl. 1):S127-132.
19. Hawes EM, Deal AM, Funk-Adcock D etal. Performance of coagulation tests in patients on therapeutic doses of dabigatran: a cross-sectional pharmacodynamic study based on peak and trough plasma levels. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:1493-1502.
20. Fenyvesi T, Jorg I, Harenberg J. Monitoring of anticoagulant effects of direct thrombin inhibitors. Semin Thromb Hemost 2002; 28:361-368.
21. Mueck W, Stampfuss J, Kubitza D, Becka M. Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of rivaroxaban. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 53:1-16.
22. Barrett YC, Wang Z, Frost C, Shenker A. Clinical laboratory measurement of direct Factor Xa inhibitors: anti-Xa assay is preferable to prothrombin time assay. Thromb Haemost 2010; 104:1263-1271.
23. Samama MM, Contant G, Spiro TE etal. Evaluation of the prothrombin time for measuring rivaroxaban plasma concentrations using calibrators and controls: results of a multicenter field trial. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2012; 18:150-158.
24. Steiner T, Böhm M, Dichgans M etal. Recommendations for the emergency management of complications associated with the new direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban. Clin Res Cardiol 2013; 102:399-412.
25. Samama MM, Contant G, Spiro TE etal. Evaluation of the anti-Factor Xa chromogenic assay for the measurement of rivaroxaban plasma concentrations using calibrators and controls. Thromb Haemost 2012; 107:379-387.
26. Samama MM, Guinet C. Laboratory assessment of new anticoagulants. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:761-772.
27. Harenberg J, Erdle S, Marx S, Krämer R. Determination of rivaroxaban in human plasma samples. Semin Thromb Hemost 2012; 38:178-184.
28. Harenberg J, Giese C, Marx S, Krämer R. Determination of dabigatran in human plasma samples. Semin Thromb Hemost 2012; 38:16-22.
29. Harenberg J, Marx S, Weiss C etal. Report of the Subcommittee of Control of Anticoagulation on the determination of the anticoagulant effects of rivaroxaban. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:1433-1436.
30. Javedani PP, Horowitz BZ, Clark WM, Lutsep HL. Dabigatran etexilate: management in acute ischemic stroke. Am J Crit Care 2013; 22:169-176.
31. Heidbuchel H, Verhamme P, Alings M etal. European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of new oral anticoagulants in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Europace 2013; 15:625-651.
32. Aniara Corporation 2013. Rivaroxaban (Xarelto®) testing. Available at http://www.rivaroxabantesting.com/ (accessed 7 August 2013).
33. Aniara Corporation 2013. Dabigatran (Pradaxa) testing. Available at http://www.dabigatrantesting.com/ (accessed 7 August 2013).
34. Stago BNL 2013. TECHNOVIEW Rivaroxaban CAL High Set (0-500ng/ml). Available at http://www.stago-bnl.com/en/product/hemostasis/reference_control_plasmas/1462/technoview_rivaroxaban_cal_high_set_0_500_ng_ml (accessed 7 August 2013).
35. Stago 2013. STA®-Rivaroxaban Calibrator & STA®-Rivaroxaban Control (marqué CE). Available at http://www.stago.com/en/products-services/new-products/detail/article/staR-rivaroxaban-calibrator-staR-rivaroxaban-control-ce-marked/ (accessed 8 May 2014).
36. Technoclone GmbH 2013. Rivaroxaban CAL. Available at http://www.technoclone.com/products/coagulation/calibration-plasma/rivaroxaban-cal (accessed 7 August 2013).
37. Kaatz S, Kouides PA, Garcia DA etal. Guidance on the emergent reversal of oral thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors. Am J Hematol 2012; 87(Suppl. 1):S141-145.
38. Lu G, DeGuzman FR, Hollenbach SJ etal. A specific antidote for reversal of anticoagulation by direct and indirect inhibitors of coagulation Factor Xa. Nat Med 2013; 19:446-451.
39. Schiele F, van Ryn J, Canada K etal. A specific antidote for dabigatran: functional and structural characterization. Blood 2013; 121:3554-3562.
40. Broderick JP, Palesch YY, Demchuk AM etal. Endovascular therapy after intravenous t-PA versus t-PA alone for stroke. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:893-903.
41. Ciccone A, Valvassori L, Nichellati M etal. Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:904-913.
42. Kidwell CS, Jahan R, Gornbein J etal. A trial of imaging selection and endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:914-923.
43. Nogueira RG, Lutsep HL, Gupta R etal. Trevo versus Merci retrievers for thrombectomy revascularisation of large vessel occlusions in acute ischaemic stroke (TREVO 2): a randomised trial. Lancet 2012; 380:1231-1240.
44. Saver JL, Jahan R, Levy EI etal. Solitaire flow restoration device versus the Merci Retriever in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (SWIFT): a randomised, parallel-group, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2012; 380:1241-1249.
45. Hankey GJ. Anticoagulant therapy for patients with ischaemic stroke. Nat Rev Neurol 2012; 8:319-328.
46. Sandercock PAG, Counsell C, Kamal AK. Anticoagulants for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (4):CD000024. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000024.pub3 (accessed 18 April 2013).
47. Paciaroni M, Agnelli G, Micheli S, Caso V. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulant treatment in acute cardioembolic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke 2007; 38:423-430.
48. Lansberg MG, O'Donnell MJ, Khatri P etal. Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2012; 141:e601S-e636S.
49. Lee JH, Park KY, Shin JH etal. Symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation and its predictors in acute ischemic stroke with atrial fibrillation. Eur Neurol 2010; 64:193-200.
50. Lindley RI, Wardlaw JM, Sandercock PA etal. Frequency and risk factors for spontaneous hemorrhagic transformation of cerebral infarction. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2004; 13:235-246.
51. Paciaroni M, Agnelli G, Corea F etal. Early hemorrhagic transformation of brain infarction: rate, predictive factors, and influence on clinical outcome: results of a prospective multicenter study. Stroke 2008; 39:2249-2256.
52. Majeed A, Kim YK, Roberts RS, Holmström M, Schulman S. Optimal timing of resumption of warfarin after intracranial hemorrhage. Stroke 2010; 41:2860-2866.
53. Aguilar MI, Hart RG, Kase CS etal. Treatment of warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage: literature review and expert opinion. Mayo Clin Proc 2007; 82:82-92.
54. Brouwers HB, Greenberg SM. Hematoma expansion following acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 35:195-201.
55. Dowlatshahi D, Butcher KS, Asdaghi N etal. Poor prognosis in warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage despite anticoagulation reversal. Stroke 2012; 43:1812-1817.
56. Desmettre T, Dubart AE, Capellier G etal. Emergency reversal of anticoagulation: the real use of prothrombin complex concentrates: a prospective multicenter two year French study from 2006 to 2008. Thromb Res 2012; 130:e178-183.
57. Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, Boechler M, Rich MW, Radford MJ. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA 2001; 285:2864-2870.
58. Kearon C. Long-term management of patients after venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2004; 110:I10-18.
59. Claassen DO, Kazemi N, Zubkov AY, Wijdicks EFM, Rabinstein AA. Restarting anticoagulation therapy after warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Arch Neurol 2008; 65:1313-1318.
60. Broderick J, Connolly S, Feldmann E etal. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: 2007 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 2007; 116:e391-413.
61. Paciaroni M, Agnelli G. Should oral anticoagulants be restarted after warfarin-associated cerebral haemorrhage in patients with atrial fibrillation? Thromb Haemost 2014; 111:14-18.
62. Eckman MH, Rosand J, Knudsen KA, Singer DE, Greenberg SM. Can patients be anticoagulated after intracerebral hemorrhage? A decision analysis. Stroke 2003; 34:1710-1716.
63. Huhtakangas J, Löppönen P, Tetri S etal. Predictors for recurrent primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a retrospective population-based study. Stroke 2013; 44:585-590.
64. Arima H, Anderson C, Omae T etal. Effects of blood pressure lowering on intracranial and extracranial bleeding in patients on antithrombotic therapy: the PROGRESS trial. Stroke 2012; 43:1675-1677.
65. Pisters R, Lane DA, Nieuwlaat R, de Vos CB, Crijns HJ, Lip GY. A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Heart Survey. Chest 2010; 138:1093-1100.
66. Lane DA, Lip GY. Use of the CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc and HAS-BLED scores to aid decision making for thromboprophylaxis in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2012; 126:860-865.
67. Ntaois G, Lip GY, Makaritsis K etal. CHADS2, CHA2S2DS2-VASc, and long-term stroke outcome in patients without atrial fibrillation. Neurology 2013; 80:1009-1017.
68. Lee RJ, Bartzokis T, Yeoh TK, Grogin HR, Choi D, Schnittger I. Enhanced detection of intracardiac sources of cerebral emboli by transesophageal echocardiography. Stroke 1991; 22:734-739.