Tuberculosis vaccines

Vaccines: Sixth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 789-811

  Smith, Kim Connelly ^a   Orme, Ian M ^b   Starke, Jeffrey R ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b Veterinary Dentistry and Oral Surgery   (United States)

^c BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902066235     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4557-0090-5.00040-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (469)

1. Behr M.A. BCG: different strains, different vaccines?. Lancet Infect Dis 2002, 2:86-92.
2. Ho M.M., Southern J., Kang H.N., et al. WHO informal consultation on standardization and evaluation of BCG vaccines. Geneva, Switzerland; 22-23 September 2009. Vaccine 2010, 28:6945-6950.
3. Trunz B.B., Fine P.E.M., Dye C. Effect of BCG vaccination on childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis worldwide: a meta-analysis and assessment of cost-effectiveness. Lancet 2006, 367:1173-1180.
4. Clemens J.D., Chuong J.J.H., Feinstein A.R. The BCG controversy: a methodological and statistical reappraisal. JAMA 1983, 249:2362-2369.
5. Rodriques L.C., Diwan V.K., Wheeler J.G. Protective effect of BCG against tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 1993, 22:1154-1158.
6. Colditz G.A., Berkey C.S., Mosteller F., et al. The efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination of newborns and infants in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analyses of the published literature. Pediatrics 1995, 96:29-35.
7. Colditz G.A., Brewer T.F., Berkey C.S., et al. Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analysis of the published literature. JAMA 1994, 271:698-702.
8. Hesseling A.C., Johnson L.S., Jaspan H., et al. Disseminated bacille Calmette-Guérin disease in HIV-infected South African infants. Bull World Health Organ 2009, 87:505-511.
9. Azzopardi P., Bennett C.M., Graham S.M., et al. Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine-related disease in HIV-infected children: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2009, 13:1331-1334.
10. Orme I.M. Development of new vaccines and drugs for TB: limitations and potential strategic errors. Future Microbiol 2011, 6:161-177.
11. Starke J.R. Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 1991, 2:153-158.
12. Lugosi L. Theoretical and methodological aspects of BCG vaccine from the discovery of Calmette and Guérin to molecular biology: a review. Tuber Lung Dis 1992, 73:252-261.
13. Dye C. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Lancet 2006, 367:938-940.
14. World Health Organization Global tuberculosis control 2010 2010, WHO, Geneva.
15. Raviglione M.C., Snider D.E., Kochi A. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis: morbidity and mortality of a worldwide epidemic. JAMA 1995, 273:220-226.
16. Kochi A. The global tuberculosis situation and the new control strategy of the World Health Organization. Tubercle 1991, 72:1-6.
17. Comstock G.W. The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research. Clin Infect Dis 1994, 19:528-540.
18. Fine P.E.M. Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccines: a rough guide. Clin Infect Dis 1995, 20:11-14.
19. Smith D.W. Protective effect of BCG in experimental tuberculosis. Adv Tuberc Res 1985, 22:1-97.
20. Dheda K., Schwander S.K., Zhu B., et al. The immunology of tuberculosis: from bench to bedside. Respirology 2010, 15:433-450.
21. Stevens J.P., Daniel T.M. Bacille Calmette-Guérin immunization of health care workers exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a decision analysis. Tuber Lung Dis 1996, 77:315-321.
22. Brewer T.F., Colditz G.A. Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination for the prevention of tuberculosis in healthcare workers. Clin Infect Dis 1995, 20:136-142.
23. Selwyn P.A., Hartel D., Lewis V.A., et al. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1989, 320:545-550.
24. Hesseling A.C., Rabie H., Marais B.J., et al. Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine-induced disease in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 42:559-561.
25. Hesseling A.C., Marais B.J., Gie R.P., et al. The risk of disseminated bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) disease in HIV-infected children. Vaccine 2007, 25:14-18.
26. Zignol M., Hosseini M.S., Wright A., et al. Global incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2006, 194:479-485.
27. Shah N.S., Wright A., Bai G.H., et al. Worldwide emergence of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis 2007, 13:380-387.
28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with extensive resistance to second-line drugs-Worldwide, 2000-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006, 55:301-305.
29. Dooley S.W., Villarino M.E., Lawrence M., et al. Nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis in a hospital unit for HIV-infected patients. JAMA 1992, 267:2632-2635.
30. Pearson M.L., Jereb J.A., Frieden T.R., et al. Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a risk to patients and healthcare workers. Ann Intern Med 1992, 117:191-196.
31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The role of BCG vaccine in the prevention and control of tuberculosis in the United States: a joint statement by the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep 1996, 45(RR-4):1-18.
32. Bloom B.R., Murray C.J.L. Tuberculosis: commentary on a reemergent killer. Science 1992, 257:1055-1064.
33. Morse D., Brothwell D.R., Ucko P.J. Tuberculosis in ancient Egypt. Am Rev Respir Dis 1964, 90:524-541.
34. Starke J.R., Smith M.H.D. Tuberculosis. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 1998, 1196-1239. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. 4th ed. R.D. Feigin, J.D. Cherry (Eds.).
35. Cruz A.T., Starke J.R. Childhood tuberculosis. Pediatr Rev 2010, 31:13-25.
36. Marais B.J., Gie R.P., Schaaf H.S., et al. The natural history of childhood intra-thoracic tuberculosis: a critical review of the pre-chemotherapy literature. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004, 8:392-402.
37. Nemir R.L. Perspectives in adolescent tuberculosis: three decades of experience. Pediatrics 1986, 78:399-404.
38. Vallejo J.G., Ong L.T., Starke J.R. Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in infants. Pediatrics 1994, 94:1-7.
39. Perry S., Starke J.R. Adherence to prescribed treatment and public health aspects of tuberculosis in children. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 1993, 4:291-298.
40. Krieder M.E., Rossman M.D. Pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections 2011, 245-256. ASM Press, Washington, DC. D. Schlossberg (Ed.).
41. Khan M.A., Kovnat D.M., Bachus B., et al. Clinical and roentgenographic spectrum of pulmonary tuberculosis in the adult. Am J Med 1977, 62:31-38.
42. Alvarez S., Shell C., Berk S.L. Pulmonary tuberculosis in elderly men. Am J Med 1987, 82:602-606.
43. Gordin F.M., Slutkin G., Schecter G., et al. Presumptive diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis based on radiographic findings. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989, 139:1090-1093.
44. Palmer P.E.S. Pulmonary tuberculosis: usual and unusual radiographic presentations. Semin Roentgenol 1979, 14:204-242.
45. Chang S.C., Lee P.Y., Perng R.P. Lower lung field tuberculosis. Chest 1987, 91:230-232.
46. Barnes P.F., Bloch A.B., Davidson P.T., et al. Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1991, 324:1644-1650.
47. Jones B.E., Young S.M.M., Antoniskis D., et al. Relationship of the manifestations of tuberculosis to CD4 cell counts in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993, 148:1292-1297.
48. Kwan C.K., Ernst J.D. HIV and tuberculosis: a deadly human syndemic. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011, 24:351-376.
49. El-Sadr W.M., Tsiouris S.J. HIV-associated tuberculosis: diagnostic and treatment challenges. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 29:525-531.
50. Pitchenik A.E., Rubinson H.A. The radiographic appearance of tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pre-AIDS. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985, 131:393-396.
51. Long R., Maycher B., Scalcini M., et al. The chest roentgenogram in pulmonary tuberculosis patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Chest 1991, 99:123-127.
52. Wasser L.S., Shaw G.W., Talvera W. Endobronchial tuberculosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Chest 1988, 94:1240-1244.
53. Aaron L., Saadoun D., Calatroni I., et al. Tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: a comprehensive review. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004, 10:388-398.
54. Rieder H.L., Snider D.E., Cauthen G.M. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the United States. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990, 141:347-351.
55. Marais B.J., Wright C.A., Schaaf H.S., et al. Tuberculous lymphadenitis as a cause of persistent cervical lymphadenopathy in children from a tuberculous endemic area. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006, 25:142-146.
56. Sharma S.K., Mohan A., Sharma A., et al. Miliary tuberculosis: new insights into an old disease. Lancet Infect Dis 2005, 5:415-530.
57. Doerr C.A., Starke, Ong L.T. Clinical and public health aspects of tuberculous meningitis in children. J Pediatr 1995, 127:27-33.
58. Saitoh A., Pong A., Waecker N.J., et al. Prediction of neurologic sequelae in childhood tuberculosis meningitis: a review of 20 cases and proposal of a novel scoring system. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005, 24:207-212.
59. Floyd M.M., Silcox V.A., Jones W.D., et al. Separation of Mycobacterium bovis BCG from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis by using high-performance liquid chromatography of mycolic acids. J Clin Microbiol 1992, 30:1327-1330.
60. Good M., Duignan A. Perspectives on the history of bovine TB and the role of tuberculin in bovine TB eradication. Vet Med Int 2011, 2011:410-470.
61. Feldman W.H., Davis R., Moses H.E., et al. An unusual mycobacterium isolated from sputum of a man suffering from pulmonary disease of long duration. Am Rev Tuberc 1943, 48:82-93.
62. Wagner D., Young L.S. Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections: a clinical review. Infection 2004, 32:257-270.
63. Brown-Elliott B.A., Griffith D.E., Wallace R.J. Newly described or emerging human species of nontuberculous mycobacteria. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2002, 16:187-220.
64. Asiedu K., Scherpbier R., Raviglione M. Buruli ulcer-Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative 2000, World Health Organization, Geneva.
65. Musher D.M. How contagious are common respiratory tract infections?. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1256-1266.
66. Riley R.L., The J. Burns Amberson lecture: aerial dissemination of pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc Pulm Dis 1957, 76:931-941.
67. Orme I.M. The immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis: a new working hypothesis. Trends Microbiol 1998, 6:94-97.
68. Lasco T.M., Turner O.C., Cassone L., et al. Rapid accumulation of eosinophils in lung lesions in guinea pigs infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2004, 72:1147-1149.
69. Turner O.C., Basaraba R.J., Orme I.M. Immunopathogenesis of pulmonary granulomas in the guinea pig after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2003, 71:864-871.
70. Stead W.W. Pathogenesis of a first episode of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis in man: recrudescence of residual of the primary infection or exogenous reinfection?. Am Rev Respir Dis 1967, 95:729-745.
71. Raleigh J.W., Weichelhausen R. Exogenous reinfection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis confirmed by phage typing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973, 108:639-642.
72. Nardell E., McInnis B., Thomas B., et al. Exogenous reinfection with tuberculosis in a shelter for the homeless. N Engl J Med 1986, 315:1570-1575.
73. Chiang C.Y., Riley L.W. Exogenous reinfection in tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis 2005, 5:629-636.
74. Cooper A.M. Cell-mediated immune responses in tuberculosis. Annu Rev Immunol 2009, 27:393-422.
75. North R.J., Jung Y.L. Immunity to tuberculosis. Annu Rev Immunol 2004, 22:599-623.
76. Cooper A.M., D'Souza C., Frank A.A. The course of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the lungs of mice lacking expression of either perforin- or granzyme-mediated cytolytic mechanisms. Infect Immun 1997, 65:1317-1320.
77. Grange J.M. Vaccination against tuberculosis: past problems and future hopes. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 1997, 18:459-470.
78. + T cells in immunity to tuberculosis. Trends Microbiol 1995, 1:77-78.
79. Molloy A., Laochumroonvorapong P., Kaplan G. Apoptosis, but not necrosis, of infected monocytes is coupled with killing of intracellular bacillus Calmette-Guérin. J Exp Med 1995, 180:1499-1509.
80. Park J.S., Tamayo M.H., Gonzalez-Juarrero M., et al. Virulent clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis grow rapidly and induce cellular necrosis but minimal apoptosis in murine macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2006, 79:80-86.
81. Orme I.M., Anderson P., Boom W.H. T cell response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 1993, 167:1481-1497.
82. Mosmann T.R. Regulation of immune response by T cells with different cytokine secretor phenotypes: role of a new cytokine, cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (IL-10). Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1991, 94:110-115.
83. Bretscher P.A. A strategy to improve the efficacy of vaccination against tuberculosis and leprosy. Immunol Today 1992, 13:342-345.
84. Khader S.A., Pearl J.E., Sakamoto K., et al. IL-23 compensates for the absence of IL-12p70 and is essential for the IL-17 response during tuberculosis but is dispensable for protection and antigen-specific IFN-gamma responses if IL-12p70 is available. J Immunol 2005, 175:788-795.
85. Surcel H.M., Troyer-Blomberg M., Paulie S., et al. Th1/Th2 profiles in tuberculosis based on proliferation and cytokine response of blood lymphocytes to mycobacterial antigens. Immunology 1994, 81:171-176.
86. Schauf V., Rom W.N., Smith K.A., et al. Cytokine gene activation and modified responsiveness to interleukin-2 in the blood of tuberculosis patients. J Infect Dis 1993, 168:1056-1059.
87. Rook G.A.W., Hernandez-Pando R. The pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Am Rev Microbiol 1996, 50:259-284.
88. Hernandez-Pando R., Rook G.A.W. The role of TNF in T cell-mediated inflammation depends on the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance. Immunology 1994, 82:591-595.
89. Brandt L., Cunha J.F., Olsen A.W., et al. Failure of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine: some species of environmental mycobacteria block mulitplication of BCG and induction of protective immunity with tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2002, 70:672-678.
90. Springett V.H., Sutherland I. A re-examination of the variations in the efficacy of BCG vaccination against tuberculosis in clinical trials. Tuber Lung Dis 1994, 75:227-233.
91. Fine P.E. BCG: the challenge continues. Scand J Infect Dis 2001, 33:243-245.
92. Hsu K.H.K. Tuberculin reaction in children treated with isoniazid. Am J Dis Child 1983, 137:1090-1092.
93. Hardy J.B. Persistence of hypersensitivity to old tuberculin following primary tuberculosis in childhood: a long-term study. Am J Public Health 1946, 36:1417-1426.
94. Howard T.P., Soloman D.A. Reading the tuberculin skin test: who, when and how?. Arch Intern Med 1988, 148:2457-2459.
95. Steiner P., Rao M., Victoria M.S., et al. Persistently negative tuberculin reactions: their presence among children culture-positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am J Dis Child 1980, 134:747-750.
96. Kent D.C., Schwartz R. Active pulmonary tuberculosis with negative tuberculin skin reactions. Am Rev Respir Dis 1967, 95:411-418.
97. American Thoracic Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Infectious Diseases Society of America Controlling tuberculosis in the United States. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 172:1169-1227.
98. Pediatric Tuberculosis Collaborative Group Targeted tuberculin skin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2004, 114:1175-1201.
99. O'Brien R.J., Geiter L.J., Snider D.E., et al. The epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases in the United States. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987, 135:1007-1014.
100. Edwards L.B., Acquaviva F.A., Livesay V.T., et al. An atlas of sensitivity to tuberculin. PPD-B and histoplasmin in the United States. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969, 99:1-99.
101. American Thoracic Society and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Diagnostic standards and classification of tuberculosis in adults and children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 161:1376-1395.
102. Nemir R.L., Teichner A. Management of tuberculin reactions in children and adolescents previously vaccinated with BCG. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1983, 2:446-451.
103. Menzies R., Vissandjee B. Effect of bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination on tuberculin reactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992, 145:621-625.
104. Lifschitz M. The value of the tuberculin skin test as a screening test for tuberculosis among BCG-vaccinated children. Pediatrics 1965, 36:624-627.
105. Horwitz O., Bunch-Christensen K. Correlation between tuberculin sensitivity after 2 months and 5 years among BCG-vaccinated subjects. Bull World Health Organ 1972, 47:49-58.
106. Comstock G.W., Edwards L.B., Nabangxang H. Tuberculin sensitivity eight to fifteen years after BCG vaccination. Am Rev Respir Dis 1971, 103:572-575.
107. Margus J.H., Khassis Y. The tuberculin sensitivity in BCG vaccinated infants and children in Israel. Acta Tuberc Pneumol Scand 1965, 46:113-122.
108. Landi S., Ashley M.J., Grzybowski S. Tuberculin sensitivity following the intradermal and multiple puncture methods of BCG vaccination. Can Med Assoc J 1967, 97:222-225.
109. Ashley M.J., Siebenmann C.O. Tuberculin skin sensitivity following BCG vaccination with vaccines of high and low viable counts. Can Med Assoc J 1967, 97:1335-1338.
110. Kemp E.B., Belshe R.B., Hoft D.F. Immune responses stimulated by percutaneous and intradermal bacille Calmette-Guérin. J Infect Dis 1996, 174:113-119.
111. Joncas J.H., Robitaille R., Gauthier T. Interpretation of the PPD skin test in BCG-vaccinated children. Can Med Assoc J 1975, 113:127-128.
112. Magnus K., Edwards L.B. The effect of repeated tuberculin testing on post-vaccination allergy. Lancet 1955, 1:643-644.
113. Ildirim I., Hacimustafaoglu M., Ediz B. Correlation of tuberculin induration with the number of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccines. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995, 14:1060-1063.
114. Young T.K., Mirdad S. Determinants of tuberculin sensitivity in a child population covered by mass BCG vaccination. Tuber Lung Dis 1992, 73:94-100.
115. Sepulveda R.L., Heiba I.M., Naverrete C., et al. Tuberculin reactivity after newborn BCG immunization in mono- and dizygotic twins. Tuber Lung Dis 1994, 75:138-143.
116. Sepulveda R.L., Heiba I.M., King A., et al. Evaluation of tuberculin reactivity in BCG-immunized siblings. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 149:620-624.
117. Garly M.L., Bale C., Martins C.L., et al. BCG vaccination among West African infants is associated with less anergy to tuberculin and diphtheria-tetanus antigens. Vaccine 2002, 20:468-474.
118. Karalliede S., Katugha L.P., Uragoda C.G. The tuberculin response of Sri Lankan children after BCG vaccination at birth. Tubercle 1987, 68:33-38.
119. Thompson N.J., Glassroth J.L., Snider D.E., et al. The booster phenomenon in serial tuberculin testing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979, 119:587-597.
120. Bass J.B., Serio R.A. The use of repeat skin tests to eliminate the booster phenomenon in serial tuberculin testing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982, 123:394-396.
121. Sepulveda R.L., Burr C., Ferrer X., et al. Booster effect of tuberculin testing in healthy 6-year-old school children vaccinated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin at birth in Santiago, Chile. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988, 7:578-581.
122. Sepulveda R.L., Ferrer X., Latrach C., et al. The influence of Calmette-Guérin bacillus immunization on the booster effect of tuberculin testing in healthy young adults. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990, 142:24-28.
123. Horowitz H.W., Luciano B.B., Kadel J.R., et al. Tuberculin skin test conversion in hospital employees vaccinated with bacille Calmette-Guérin: recent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection or booster effect?. Am J Infect Control 1995, 23:181-187.
124. Julian E., Cama M., Martinez P., et al. An ELISA for five glycolipids from the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Tween 20 interference in the assay. J Immunol Methods 2001, 252:21-30.
125. Singh K.K., Zhang X., Patibandla A.S., et al. Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressed during preclinical tuberculosis: serological immunodominance of proteins with repetitive amino acid sequences. Infect Immun 2001, 69:4185-4191.
126. Tessema T.A., Hamasur B., Bjune G., et al. Diagnostic evaluation of urinary lipoarabinomannan at an Ethiopian tuberculosis center. Scand J Infect Dis 2001, 33:279-284.
127. Hamasur B., Bruchfeld J., Haile M., et al. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis by detection of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan in urine. J Microbiol Methods 2001, 45:41-52.
128. Pottumarthy S., Wells V.C., Morris A.J. A comparison of seven tests for serological diagnosis of tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38:2227-2231.
129. Ferrara G., Losi M., D'Amico R., et al. Use in routine clinical practice of two commercial blood tests for diagnosis of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a prospective study. Lancet 2006, 367:1328-1334.
130. Al Zahrani K., Al Jahdali H., Poirier L., et al. Accuracy and utility of commercially available amplification and serologic tests for the diagnosis of minimal pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 162:1323-1329.
131. Pai M., Kalantri S., Dheda K. New tools and emerging technologies for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, pt 1: latent tuberculosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2006, 6:413-422.
132. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Updated guidelines for using interferon-gamma release assays to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: United States, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010, 59(RR-5):1-28.
133. Pai M., Zwerling A., Menzies D. Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an update. Ann Intern Med 2008, 149:1-8.
134. Eriksen J., Chow J.Y., Mellis V., et al. Protective effect of BCG vaccination in a nursery outbreak in 2009: time to reconsider the vaccination threshold?. Thorax 2010, 65:1067-1071.
135. Eisenhut M., Paranjothy S., Abubakar I., et al. BCG vaccination reduces risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis as detected by gamma interferon release assay. Vaccine 2009, 27:6116-6120.
136. Nicol M.P., Zar H.J. New specimens and laboratory diagnostics for childhood pulmonary tuberculosis: progress and prospects. Paediatr Respir Rev 2011, 12:9-15.
137. Abadco D.L., Steiner P. Gastric lavage is better than bronchoalveolar lavage for isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in childhood pulmonary tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992, 11:735-738.
138. Urbanczik R. Laboratory tests focusing on sputum. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010, 14:1087-1093.
139. Horne D.J., Royce S.E., Gooze L., et al. Sputum monitoring during tuberculosis treatment for predicting outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2010, 10:387-394.
140. Gordin F., Slutkin G. The validity of acid-fast smears in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990, 114:1025-1027.
141. Eisenach K.D., Sifford M.D., Cane M.D., et al. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples using a polymerase chain reaction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991, 144:1160-1163.
142. Noordhock A., Kolk A., Bjune G., et al. Sensitivity and specificity of polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a blind comparison study among seven laboratories. J Clin Microbiol 1994, 32:277-284.
143. Pierre C., Oliver C., Lecoissier D., et al. Diagnosis of primary tuberculosis in children by amplification and detection of mycobacterial DNA. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993, 147:420-424.
144. Smith K.C., Starke J.R., Eisenach K., et al. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens from children using a polymerase chain reaction. Pediatrics 1996, 97:155-160.
145. Gomez-Pastrana D., Torronteras R., Caro P., et al. Comparison of Amplicor, in-house polymerase chain reaction, and conventional culture for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 32:17-22.
146. Migliori A.B., Borghesi A., Rossnigo P., et al. Proposal for an improved score method for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in childhood in developing countries. Tuber Lung Dis 1992, 73:145-149.
147. Marais B.J., Gie R.P., Schaaf H.S., et al. Childhood pulmonary tuberculosis: old wisdom and new challenges. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006, 173:1078-1090.
148. American Thoracic Society and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Infectious Disease Society of America Treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 167:603-662.
149. American Thoracic Society and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 161(suppl):S221-S247.
150. American Academy of Pediatrics Tuberculosis. Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases 2009, 680-701. American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL. L.K. Pekering (Ed.).
151. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Core Curriculum on Tuberculosis: What a Clinician Should Know 2000, CDC, Atlanta, GA. 4th ed.
152. Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society Chemotherapy and management of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom: recommendations 1998. Thorax 1998, 53:536-548.
153. World Health Organization Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines. WHO Report (WHO/HTM/TB 2009.420) 2010, WHO, Geneva.
154. World Health Organization Global tuberculosis control: WHO report 2001 2001, (WHO/CDS/TB/2001.287), WHO, Geneva.
155. Corbett E.I., Watt C.J., Walker N., et al. The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic. Arch Intern Med 2003, 163:1009-1021.
156. World Health Organization Global tuberculosis control: surveillance, planning, financing 2006, WHO, Geneva, 242.
157. Dye C., Watt C.J., Bleed D.M., et al. Evolution of tuberculosis control and prospects for reducing tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and deaths globally. JAMA 2005, 293:2767-2775.
158. Estpinal M.A., Laszlo A., Simonsen L., et al. Global trends in resistance to antituberculosis drugs. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:1294-1303.
159. World Health Organization, International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATALD Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world: third global report 2004, WHO, Geneva, 299.
160. Dye C., Espinal M.A., Watt C.J., et al. Worldwide incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2002, 185:1197-1202.
161. Kochi A. The global tuberculosis situation and the new control strategy of the World Health Organization 1991. Bull World Health Organ 2001, 79:71-75.
162. Cantwell M.F., Snider D.E., Cauthen G.M., et al. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United States, 1985 through 1992. JAMA 1994, 272:535-539.
163. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reported tuberculosis in the United States 2010, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA.
164. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Trends in tuberculosis incidence-United States, 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007, 56:245-250.
165. Rose A.M.C., Watson J.M., Graham C., et al. Tuberculosis at the end of the 20th century in England and Wales: results of a national survey in 1998. Thorax 2001, 56:173-179.
166. McKenna M.T., McCray E., Onorato I.M. The epidemiology of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States, 1986 to 1993. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:1071-1076.
167. Nelson L.J., Schneider E., Wells C.D., et al. Epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis in the United States, 1993-2001: the need for continued vigilance. Pediatrics 2004, 114:333-341.
168. Parslow R., El-Shimy N.A., Cundall B.C., et al. Tuberculosis, deprivation, and ethnicity in Leeds, UK, 1982-1997. Arch Dis Child 2001, 84:109-113.
169. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among HIV-infected persons: Florida and New York, 1988-1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1991, 585-591.
170. World Bank World Development Report: 1993 1993, World Bank, Washington, DC.
171. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis-United States, 1993-2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007, 56:250-253.
172. Wells C.S., Flahiff E.W., Smith H.H. Results obtained in man with the use of a vaccine of heat-killed tubercle bacilli. Am J Hyg 1944, 40:116-126.
173. Great Britain Medical Research Council BCG and vole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescence and early life. Br Med J 1959, 2:379-396.
174. Weill-Halle B. Oral vaccination. BCG Vaccination against Tuberculosis 1957, 175-182. Little, Brown, Boston. S.R. Rosenthal (Ed.).
175. Luelmo F. BCG vaccination. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982, 125(suppl):70-72.
176. International Union against Tuberculosis Phenotypes of BCG vaccines seed lot strains: results of an international cooperative study. Tubercle 1978, 59:139-142.
177. Lewis K.N., Liao R., Guinn K.M., et al. Deletion of RD1 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis mimics bacille Calmette-Guérin attenuation. J Infect Dis 2003, 187:117-123.
178. Milstien J.B., Gibson J.J. Quality control of BCG vaccine by WHO: a review of factors that may influence vaccine effectiveness and safety. Bull World Health Organ 1990, 68:93-108.
179. Osborn T.W. Changes in BCG strains. Tubercle 1983, 64:1-13.
180. Jensen K.A. Practice of the Calmette vaccination. Acta Tuberc Scand 1946, 20:1-45.
181. Jacox R.F., Meade G.M. Variation in the duration of tuberculin skin sensitivity produced by two strains of BCG. Am Rev Tuberc 1949, 60:541-546.
182. Dubos R.J., Pierce C.H., Schaefer W.B. Antituberculous immunity induced in mice by vaccination with living cultures of attenuated tubercle bacilli. J Exp Med 1953, 9:207-220.
183. Dubos R.J., Pierce C.H. Differential characteristics in and in of several substrains of BCG. I. Multiplication and survival in. Am Rev Tuberc Pulm Dis 1956, 74:655-666.
184. Pierce C.H., Dubos R.J. Differential characteristics in vitro and in vivo of several substrains of BCG, II: morphologic characteristics in vitro and in vivo. Am Rev Tuberc Pulm Dis 1956, 74:667-682.
185. Pierce C.H., Dubos R.J., Schaefer W.B. Differential characteristics in vitro and in vivo of several substrains of BCG, III: multiplication and survival in vivo. Am Rev Tuberc Pulm Dis 1956, 74:683-698.
186. Dubos R.J., Pierce C.H. Differential characteristics in and in of several substrains of BCG, IV: immunizing effectiveness. Am Rev Tuberc Pulm Dis 1956, 74:699-717.
187. Zhang Y., Wallace R.J., Mazurek G.H. Genetic differences between BCG substrains. Tuber Lung Dis 1995, 76:43-50.
188. Gheorghiu M. The present and future role of BCG vaccine in tuberculosis control. Biologicals 1990, 18:135-141.
189. Sekuis V.M., Freudenstein H., Sirks J.L. Report on results of a collaborative assay of BCG vaccines organized by the International Association of Biological Standardization. J Biol Stand 1977, 5:85-109.
190. Gheorghiu M., Lagrange P.H. Viability, heat stability and immunogenicity of four BCG vaccines prepared from four different BCG strains. Ann Immunol (Paris) 1983, 134C:124-147.
191. Formukong N.G., Dale J.N., Osborn T.W., et al. Use of gene probes based on the insertion sequence IS986 to differentiate between BCG vaccine strains. J Appl Bacteriol 1992, 72:126-133.
192. Behr M.A. BCG: different strains, different vaccines?. Lancet Infect Dis 2002, 2:86-92.
193. Smith D., Harding C., Chan J., et al. Potency of 10 BCG vaccines as evaluated by their influence on the bacillemic phase of experimental airborne tuberculosis in guinea-pigs. J Biol Stand 1979, 7:179-197.
194. Behr M.A. Correlation between BCG genomics and protective efficacy. Scand J Infect Dis 2001, 33:249-252.
195. Brosch R., Gordon S.V., Garnier T., et al. Genome plasticity of BCG and impact on vaccine efficacy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:5596-5601.
196. Seki M., Honda I., Fujita I., et al. Whole genome sequence analysis of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Tokyo 172: a comparative study of BCG vaccine substrains. Vaccine 2009, 27:1710-1716.
197. Comstock G.W. Identification of an effective vaccine against tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988, 138:479-480.
198. Tuberculosis Control Program and Expanded Programme on Immunization Efficacy of infant BCG immunization. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1986, 28:216-218.
199. Pollock T.M. BCG vaccination in man. Tubercle 1959, 40:339-412.
200. Lehman H.G., Englehardt H., Freudenstein H., et al. BCG vaccination of neonates, infants, school children and adolescents, II: safety of vaccine with strain 1331 Copenhagen. Dev Biol Stand 1979, 43:133-136.
201. Expanded Programme on Immunization, Biologicals Unit Lymphadenitis associated with BCG immunization. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1988, 63:381-388.
202. Expanded Programme on Immunization, Biologicals Unit BCG-associated lymphadenitis in infants. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1989, 30:231-232.
203. Kroger L., Brander E., Korppi M., et al. Osteitis after newborn vaccination with three different bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccines: twenty-nine years of experience. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994, 12:113-116.
204. Behr M.A., Small P.M. Declining efficacy of BCG strains over time? A new hypothesis for an old controversy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997, 155:A222.
205. Harboe M., Nagel S. MPB70, a unique antigen of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984, 129:444-452.
206. Abou-Zeid C., Rook G.A.W., Mannikin D.E., et al. Effect of the method of preparation of bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine on the properties of four daughter strains. J Appl Bacteriol 1987, 63:449-453.
207. TICE BCG: BCG live. Accessed June 3, 2002. http://www.pdr.net.
208. Devadoss P.O., Klegerman M.E., Groves M.J. A scanning electron microscope study of mycobacterial developmental stages in commercial BCG vaccines. Curr Microbiol 1991, 22:247-252.
209. Gheorghiu M. The stability and immunogenicity of a dispersed-grown freeze-dried Pasteur BCG vaccine. J Biol Stand 1988, 15:15-26.
210. Fine P.E.M., Carneiro I.A.M., Milstien J.B., et al. Issues relating to the use of BCG in immunization programmes: a discussion document 1999, World Health Organization, Department of Vaccines and Biologicals, Geneva.
211. World Health Organization, Immunization Standards. UN prequalified vaccines: BCG as of August 2006. Accessed August 6, 2006. http://www.who.int/immunization-standards/vaccine_quality/bcg/en/index.html/.
212. Ho M.M., Southern J., Kang H.N., et al. WHO informal consultation on standardization and evaluation of BCG vaccines. Geneva, Switzerland; 22-23 September 2009. Vaccine 2010, 28:6945-6950.
213. Gheorghiu M., Augier J., Lagrange P.H. Maintenance and control of the French BCG strain 1173P2 (primary and secondary seed lots). Bull Inst Pasteur 1983, 81:281-288.
214. Gorak-Stolinska P., Weir R.E., Floyd S., et al. Immunogenicity of Danish-SSI 1331 BCG vaccine in the UK: comparison with Glaxo-Evans 1077 BCG vaccine. Vaccine 2006, 24:5726-5733.
215. ten Dam H.G. Research on BCG vaccination. Adv Tuberc Res 1984, 21:79-106.
216. ten Dam H.G., Fillastre C., Conge C., et al. The use of jet injectors in BCG vaccination. Bull World Health Organ 1970, 43:707-720.
217. Darmanger A.M., Nekzad S.M., Kuis M., et al. BCG vaccination by bifurcated needle in a pilot BCG vaccination programme. Bull World Health Organ 1977, 55:49-61.
218. Birkhaug K. An experimental and clinical investigation of a percutaneous (Rosenthal) method of BCG vaccination. Nord Med 1941, 10:1224-1231.
219. Briggs I.L., Smith C. BCG vaccination by the multiple puncture method in northern Rhodesia. Tubercle 1957, 38:107-111.
220. Griffith A.H. BCG vaccination by multiple puncture. Lancet 1959, 1:1170-1172.
221. ten Dam H.G., Hitze K.L. Does BCG vaccination protect the newborn and young infants?. Bull World Health Organ 1980, 58:37-41.
222. World Health Organization BCG vaccine. WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2004, 79:27-38.
223. Kagina B.M.N., Abel B., Bowmaker M., et al. Delaying BCG vaccination from birth to 10 weeks of age may result in an enhanced memory CD4 T cell response. Vaccine 2009, 27:5488-5495.
224. Ferreira A.A., Bunn-Moreno M.M., Sant'Anna C.C., et al. BCG vaccination in low birth weight newborns: analysis of lymphocyte proliferation, IL-2 generation and intradermal reaction to PPD. Tuber Lung Dis 1996, 77:476-481.
225. Thayyil-Sudhan S., Kumar A., Singh M., et al. Safety and effectiveness of BCG vaccination in preterm babies. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999, 81:F64-F66.
226. Dantas O.M., Ximenes R.A., Albuquerque MdeF de, et al. A case-control study of protection against tuberculosis by BCG revaccination in Recife, Brazil. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006, 10:536-541.
227. Bedwell J., Kairo S.K., Behr M.A., et al. Identification of substrains of BCG vaccine using multiplex PCR. Vaccine 2001, 19:2146-2151.
228. Markey K., Ho M.M., Choudhury B., et al. Report of an international collaborative study to evaluate the suitability of multiplex PCR as an identity assay for different sub-strains of BCG vaccine. Vaccine 2010, 28:6964-6969.
229. Jensen S.E., Hubrechts P., Klein B.M., et al. Development and validation of an ATP method for rapid estimation of viable units in lyophilized BCG Danish 1331 vaccine. Biologicals 2008, 36:308-314.
230. Ho M.M., Markey K., Rigsby P., et al. Report of an international collaborative study to establish the suitability of using modified ATP assay for viable count of BCG vaccine. Vaccine 2008, 26:4754-4757.
231. Smith P.G. Case-control studies of the efficacy of BCG against tuberculosis 1987, 73-79. Professional Postgraduate Services International, Singapore, Japan.
232. Filho V.W., de Castilho E.A., Rodrigues L.C., et al. Effectiveness of BCG vaccination against tuberculous meningitis: a case-control study in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Bull World Health Organ 1990, 68:69-74.
233. Trunz B.B., Fine P.E.M., Dye C. Effect of BCG vaccination on childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis worldwide: a meta-analysis and assessment of cost-effectiveness. Lancet 2006, 367:1173-1180.
234. Sutherland I., Lindgren I. The protective effect of BCG vaccination as indicated by autopsy studies. Tubercle 1979, 60:225-231.
235. Jensen K.A., Bindsleu G., Holm J. Experimental studies on the development of tuberculous infection in allergic and non-allergic animals, I: development of tuberculous infection in the lungs after inhalation of virulent tubercle bacilli. Acta Tuberc Scand 1935, 9:27-46.
236. Levy F.M., Conge G.A., Pasquier J.F., et al. The effect of BCG-vaccination on the fate of virulent tubercle bacilli in mice. Am Rev Respir Dis 1961, 84:28-36.
237. Smith D.W., McMurray D.N., Wiegeshaus E.H., et al. Host-parasite relationship in experimental airborne tuberculosis, IV: early events in the course of infection in vaccinated and nonvaccinated guinea pigs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1970, 102:937-949.
238. Ordway D., Henao-Tamayo M., Orme I.M., et al. Foamy macrophages within lung granulomas of mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis express molecules characteristic of dendritic cells and antiapoptotic markers of the TNF receptor-associated factor family. J Immunol 2005, 175:3873-3881.
239. Duffy D, Dawoodji A, Agger EM, et al. Immunological memory transferred with CD4 T cells specific for tuberculosis antigens Ag85B-TB10.4: persisting antigen enhances protection. PLoS One Dec 14;4(12):e8272, 2009.
240. Browne J.A.K., Stone M.M., Sutherland I. BCG vaccination of children against leprosy in Uganda: first results. Br Med J 1966, 1:7-14.
241. Pönnighaus J.M., Fine P.E., Sterne J.A.C., et al. Efficacy of BCG vaccine against leprosy and tuberculosis in northern Malawi. Lancet 1992, 339:636-639.
242. Karonga Prevention Trial Group Randomized controlled trial of single BCG, repeated BCG, or combined BCG and killed Mycobacterium leprae vaccine for prevention of leprosy and tuberculosis. Lancet 1996, 348:17-24.
243. Trnka L., Dankova D., Svandova E. Six years' experience with the discontinuation of BCG vaccine, 4: protective effect of BCG against Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex. Tuber Lung Dis 1994, 75:348-352.
244. Romanus V., Svensson A., Hollander H.O. The impact of changing BCG coverage on tuberculosis in Swedish children between 1969 and 1989. Tuber Lung Dis 1992, 73:150-161.
245. Ota M.O., Vekemans J., Schlegel-Haueter S.E., et al. Influence of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin on antibody and cytokine responses to human neonatal vaccination. J Immunol 2002, 168:919-925.
246. Covert B.A., Spencer J.S., Orme I.M., et al. The application of proteomics in defining the T cell antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proteomics 2001, 1:574-586.
247. Fine P.E.M., The B.C.G. story: lessons from the past and implications for the future. Rev Infect Dis 1989, 11(suppl 2):S353-S359.
248. Fine P.E.M., Pönnighaus J.M., Maine N.P. The relationship between delayed type hypersensitivity and protective immunity induced by mycobacterial vaccines in man. Lepr Rev 1986, 57(suppl 12):S274-S283.
249. Fine P.E.M., Sterne J.A.C., Pönnighaus J.M., et al. Delayed type hypersensitivity, mycobacterial vaccines and protective immunity. Lancet 1994, 344:1245-1249.
250. Tuberculosis Prevention Trial Trial of BCG vaccines in South India for tuberculosis prevention: first report. Bull World Health Organ 1979, 57:819-827.
251. Tripathy S.P. Fifteen-year follow-up of the Indian BCG prevention trial. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 1987, 62:69-73.
252. al-Kassimi F.A., al-Hajjaj M.S., al-Orainey I.O., et al. Does the protective effect of neonatal BCG correlate with vaccine-induced tuberculin reaction?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 152:1575-1578.
253. Grange J.M. Environmental mycobacteria and BCG vaccination. Tubercle 1986, 67:1-4.
254. Pithie A.D., Rahelu M., Kumararatne D.S., et al. Generation of cytolytic T cells in individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and vaccinated with BCG. Thorax 1992, 47:695-701.
255. Fine P.E.M. Leprosy and tuberculosis: an epidemiological comparison. Tubercle 1984, 65:137-153.
256. Ota M.O., Goetghebuer T., Vekemans J., et al. Dissociation between tuberculin skin test and in IFNγ: responses following neonatal BCG vaccination. J Trop Pediatr 2006, 52:136-140.
257. Schluger N.W., Rom W.N. The host immune response to tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998, 157:679-691.
258. Klunner T., Bartels T., Vordermeier M., et al. Immune reactions of CD4-and CD8- positive T cell subpopulations in spleen and lymph nodes of guinea pigs after vaccination with bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Vaccine 2001, 19:1968-1977.
259. + CTL from lungs of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice express perforin in and lyse infected macrophages. J Immunol 2000, 165:353-363.
260. Stenger S., Modlin R.L. Cytotoxic T cell responses to intracellular pathogens. Curr Opin Immunol 1998, 10:471-477.
261. Andersen P., Munk M.E., Pollock J.M., et al. Specific immune-based diagnosis of tuberculosis. Lancet 2000, 356:1099-1104.
262. Mazurek G.H., LoBue P.A., Daley C.L., et al. Comparison of a whole-blood interferon gamma assay with tuberculin skin testing for detecting latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. JAMA 2001, 286:1740-1747.
263. Hill P.C., Brookes R.H., Adetifa I.M., et al. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunospot assay and tuberculin skin test in healthy children exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pediatrics 2006, 117:1542-1548.
264. Clemens J.D., Chuong J.J.H., Feinstein A.R. The BCG controversy: a methodological and statistical reappraisal. JAMA 1983, 249:2362-2369.
265. Fine P.E.M., Rodrigues L.C. Modern vaccines: mycobacterial diseases. Lancet 1990, 335:1016-1020.
266. Wilson M.E., Fineberg H.V., Colditz G.A. Geographic latitude and the efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 1995, 20:982-991.
267. Brewer T.F., Colditz G.A. Relationship between bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) strains and the efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1995, 20:126-135.
268. Fine P.E.M. Variation in protection by BCG: implications of and for heterologous immunity. Lancet 1995, 346:1339-1345.
269. Miceli I., de Kantor I.N., Colaiacovo D., et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of BCG vaccination using the case-control method in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Int J Epidemiol 1988, 17:629-634.
270. Camargos P.A.M., Guimaraes M.D.C., Antunes C.M.F. Risk assessment for acquiring meningitis tuberculosis among children not vaccinated with BCG: a case control study. Int J Epidemiol 1988, 17:193-197.
271. Bonifachich E., Chort M., Astigarraga A., et al. Protective effect of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination in children with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, but not the pulmonary disease: a case-control study in Rosario, Argentina. Vaccine 2006, 24:2894-2899.
272. Bagshawe A., Scott G.C., Russell D.A., et al. BCG vaccination in leprosy: final results of the trial in Karimui, Papua New Guinea. Bull World Health Organ 1989, 67:389-399.
273. Stanley S.J., Howland C., Stone M.M., et al. BCG vaccination of children against leprosy in Uganda: final results. J Hyg (Camb) 1981, 87:235-248.
274. Bertolli J., Pangi C., Frerichs R., et al. A case-control study of the effectiveness of BCG vaccine for preventing leprosy in Yangon, Myanmar. Int J Epidemiol 1997, 26:888-895.
275. Lwin K., Sundaresan T., Gyi M.M., et al. BCG vaccination of children against leprosy: fourteen year findings of the trial in Burma. Bull World Health Organ 1985, 63:1069-1078.
276. Thuc N.V., Abel L., Lap V.C., et al. Protective effect of BCG against leprosy and its subtypes: a case control study in Southern Viet Nam. Int J Lepr 1994, 62:532-538.
277. Tripathy S.P. The case for BCG. Ann Natl Acad Med Sci 1983, 19:11-21.
278. Orege P.A., Fine P.E.M., Lucas S.B., et al. Case control study of BCG vaccination as a risk factor for leprosy and tuberculosis in Western Kenya. Int J Lepr 1993, 61:542-549.
279. Comstock G.W. Field trials of tuberculosis vaccines: how could we have done them better?. Control Clin Trials 1994, 15:247-276.
280. Starke J.R., Connelly K.K. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Vaccines 1994, 439-473. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. 2nd ed.
281. Smith K.C., Starke J.R. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Vaccines 1999, 111-139. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. 3rd ed.
282. Smith K.C., Starke J.R. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Vaccines 2004, 179-209. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. 4th ed.
283. Stein S.C., Aronson J.D. The occurrence of pulmonary lesions in BCG-vaccinated and unvaccinated persons. Am Rev Tuberc 1953, 68:695-712.
284. Rosenthal S.R., Loewinsohn E., Graham M.L., et al. BCG vaccination against tuberculosis in Chicago: a twenty-year study statistically analyzed. Pediatrics 1961, 28:622-641.
285. Hart P.D., Sutherland I. BCG and vole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescence and early adult life. Final report to the Medical Research Council. Br Med J 1977, 2:293-295.
286. Aronson N.E., Santosham M., Comstock G.W., et al. Long-term efficacy of BCG vaccine in American Indians and Alaska Natives. JAMA 2004, 291:2086-2091.
287. Palmer C.E., Shaw L.W., Comstock G.W. Community trials of BCG vaccination. Am Rev Tuberc Pulm Dis 1958, 77:877-907.
288. Frimodt-Moller J., Thomas J., Parthasanathy R. Observations on the protective effect of BCG vaccination in a south Indian rural population. Bull World Health Organ 1964, 30:545-574.
289. Frimodt-Moller J., Acharyulu G., Pillai K. Observations on the protective effect of BCG vaccination in a south Indian rural population: fourth report. Bull Int Union Tuberc 1973, 48:40-52.
290. Comstock G., Shaw L. Controlled trial of BCG vaccination in a school population. Public Health Rep 1960, 75:583-594.
291. Comstock G., Webster R. Tuberculosis studies in Muscogee County, Georgia, VII: a 20 year evaluation of BCG vaccination in a school population. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969, 100:839-845.
292. Comstock G., Palmer C. Long-term results of BCG vaccination in the southern United States. Am Rev Respir Dis 1966, 93:171-183.
293. Stanford J.L., Shield M.J., Rook G.A.W. How environmental mycobacteria may predetermine the protective efficacy of BCG. Tubercle 1981, 62:55-62.
294. Rook G.A.W., Bahr G.M., Stanford J.L. The effect of two distinct forms of cell-mediated response to mycobacteria on the protective efficacy of BCG. Tubercle 1981, 62:63-68.
295. Fine P.E., Floyd S., Stanford J.L., et al. Environmental mycobacteria in northern Malawi: implications for the epidemiology of tuberculosis and leprosy. Epidemiol Infect 2001, 126:379-387.
296. Edwards L.B., Palmer C.E. Identification of the tuberculous-infected by skin tests. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1968, 154:140-148.
297. Palmer C.E., Hopwood L. Effect of previous infection with unclassified mycobacteria on survival of guinea pigs challenged with virulent tubercle bacilli. Bull Int Union Tuberc 1962, 32:389-391.
298. Edwards M.L., Goodrich J.M., Muller D., et al. Infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and the protective effects of bacilli Calmette-Guérin. J Infect Dis 1982, 145:733-741.
299. Brandt L., Feino Cunha J., Weinreich Olsen A., et al. Failure of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine: some species of environmental mycobacteria block multiplication of BCG and induction of protective immunity to tubercusis. Infect Immun 2002, 70:672-678.
300. Tuberculosis Research Centre (ICMR), Chennai, India Influence of sex, age & nontuberculous infection at intake on the efficacy of BCG: re-analysis of 15-year data from a double-blind randomized control trial in south India. Indian J Med Res 2006, 123:119-124.
301. Fine P.E.M. Immunogenetics of susceptibility to leprosy, tuberculosis and leishmaniasis: an epidemiological perspective. Int J Lepr 1981, 49:437-454.
302. Di Pietrantonio T., Schurr E. Mouse models for the genetic study of tuberculosis susceptibility. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 2005, 4:277-292.
303. Skamene E. Genetic control of susceptibility to mycobacterial infections. Rev Infect Dis 1989, 11(suppl 2):S394-S399.
304. Vidal S.M., Malo D., Vogan K., et al. Natural resistance to infection with intracellular parasites: isolation of a candidate for BCG. Cell 1993, 73:469-485.
305. Bulat-Kardum L., Etokebe G.E., Knezevic J., et al. Interferon-gamma receptor-1 gene promoter polymorphisms (G-611A, T-56C) and susceptibility to tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol 2006, 63:142-150.
306. Mansouri D., Adimi P., Mirsaeidi M., et al. Inherited disorders of the IL-12-IFN-gamma axis in patients with disseminated BCG infection. Eur J Pediatr 2005, 164:753-757.
307. Hsu Y.H., Chen C.W., Sun H.S., et al. Association of NRAMP 1 gene polymorphism with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Taiwanese aboriginals. J Formos Med Assoc 2006, 105:363-369.
308. Pan H., Yan B.S., Rojas M. Ipr1 gene mediates innate immunity to tuberculosis. Nature 2005, 434:767-772.
309. Li H., Zhang T.T., Zhou Y.Q., et al. SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1) gene polymorphisms and tuberculosis susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006, 10:2-12.
310. Dubos R. Acquired immunity to tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1964, 90:505-515.
311. Cohen M.K., Bartow R.A., Mintzer C.L., et al. Effect of diet and genetics on Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine efficacy in inbred guinea pigs. Infect Immun 1987, 55:314-319.
312. McMurray D.N., Kimball M.S., Tetzlaff C.L., et al. Effects of protein deprivation and BCG vaccination on alveolar macrophage function in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986, 133:1081-1085.
313. Dai G., Phalen S., McMurray D.N. Nutritional modulation of host responses to mycobacteria. Front Biosci 1998, 3:e110-e122.
314. Padungchan S., Konjanart S., Kasiratta S., et al. The effectiveness of BCG vaccination of the newborn against childhood tuberculosis in Bangkok. Bull World Health Organ 1986, 64:247-258.
315. Jason J., Archibald L.K., Nwanyanwu O.C., et al. Vitamin A levels and immunity in humans. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002, 9:616-621.
316. Malhotra I., Mungai P., Wamachi A., et al. Helminth- and bacillus Calmette-Guérin-induced immunity in children sensitized in utero to filariasis and schistosomiasis. J Immunol 1999, 162:6843-6848.
317. Hank J.A., Chan J.K., Edwards M.L., et al. Influence of the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on protection induced by bacilli Calmette-Guérin in guinea pigs. J Infect Dis 1981, 143:734-738.
318. Ziegler J.E., Edwards M.L., Smith D.W. Exogenous reinfection in experimental airborne tuberculosis. Tubercle 1985, 66:121-128.
319. Stead W.W. The pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis among older persons. Am Rev Respir Dis 1965, 91:811-822.
320. Styblo K. Recent advances in epidemiological research in tuberculosis. Adv Tuberc Res 1980, 20:1-63.
321. Eisenach K.D., Crawford J.T., Bates J.H. Genetic relatedness among strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986, 133:1065-1068.
322. Daley C.L., Small P.M., Schecter G.F., et al. An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: an analysis using restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms. N Engl J Med 1992, 326:231-235.
323. Smith P.G. Retrospective assessment of the effectiveness of BCG vaccination against tuberculosis using the case-control method. Tubercle 1982, 62:23-35.
324. Fine P.E.M. BCG vaccination against tuberculosis and leprosy. Br Med Bull 1988, 44:693-703.
325. Murtagh K. Efficacy of BCG [letter]. Lancet 1980, 1:423.
326. Chavalittamrong B., Chearskul S., Tuchinda M. Protective value of BCG vaccination in children in Bangkok, Thailand. Pediatr Pulmonol 1986, 2:202-205.
327. Micheli I., de Kantor I.N., Colaiacovo D., et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of BCG vaccination using the case-control method in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Int J Epidemiol 1988, 17:629-634.
328. Sirinavin S., Chotpitayasunondh T., Suwanjutha S., et al. Protective efficacy of neonatal bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination against tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991, 10:359-365.
329. Effectiveness of BCG vaccination in Great Britain in 1978: a report from the research committee of the British Thoracic Association. Br J Dis Chest 1980, 74(3):215-227.
330. Ferguson R.G., Simes A.B. BCG vaccination of Indian infants in Saskatchewan. Tubercle 1949, 30:5-11.
331. Curtis H.M., Leck I., Bamford F.N. Incidence of childhood tuberculosis after neonatal BCG vaccination. Lancet 1984, 1:145-148.
332. Shannon A., Kelly P., Lucey M., et al. Isoniazid resistant tuberculosis in a school outbreak: the protective effect of BCG. Eur Respir J 1991, 4:778-782.
333. Rodriques L.C., Gill O.N., Smith P.G. BCG vaccination in the first year of life protects children of Indian subcontinent ethnic origin against tuberculosis in England. J Epidemiol Community Health 1991, 45:78-80.
334. Packe G.E., Innes J.A. Protective effect of BCG vaccination in infant Asians: a case-control study. Arch Dis Child 1988, 63:277-281.
335. Houston S., Fanning A., Soskolne C.L., et al. The effectiveness of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination against tuberculosis: a case-control study in treaty Indians, Alberta, Canada. Am J Epidemiol 1990, 131:340-347.
336. Young T.K., Hershfield E.S. A case-control study to evaluate the effectiveness of mass neonatal BCG vaccination among Canadian Indians. Am J Public Health 1986, 76:783-786.
337. Blin P., Delolme H.G., Heyraud J.D., et al. Evaluation of the protective effect of BCG vaccination by a case-control study in Yaounde, Cameroon. Tubercle 1986, 67:283-288.
338. Tidjani O., Amendome A., ten Dam H.G. The protective effect of BCG vaccination of the newborn against childhood tuberculosis in an African community. Tubercle 1986, 67:269-281.
339. Putrali J., Sutrisna B., Rahayoe N., et al. A case-control study of effectiveness of BCG vaccination in children in Jakarta, Indonesia 1983, 194-200. Jakarta, Indonesia; November 20-25.
340. Patel A., Schofield F., Siskind V., et al. Case-control evaluation of a school-age BCG vaccination programme in subtropical Australia. Bull World Health Organ 1991, 69:425-433.
341. Shapiro C., Cook N., Evans D., et al. A case-control study of BCG and childhood tuberculosis in Cali, Colombia. Int J Epidemiol 1985, 14:441-446.
342. Smith P.G. Evaluating interventions against tropical diseases. Int J Epidemiol 1987, 16:159-166.
343. Sepulveda R.L., Parcha C., Sorensen R.U. Case-control study of the efficacy of BCG immunization against pulmonary tuberculosis in young adults in Santiago, Chile. Tuber Lung Dis 1992, 73:372-377.
344. Stainer D.W., Landi S. Stability of BCG vaccines. Dev Biol Stand 1986, 58:119-125.
345. Thilothammal N., Kirshnamurthy P.V., Runyan D.K., et al. Does BCG vaccine prevent tuberculous meningitis?. Arch Dis Child 1996, 74:144-147.
346. Rodriques L.C., Diwan V.K., Wheeler J.G. Protective effect of BCG against tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 1993, 22:1154-1158.
347. Colditz G.A., Berkey C.S., Mosteller F., et al. The efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination of newborns and infants in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analyses of the published literature. Pediatrics 1995, 96:29-35.
348. Colditz G.A., Brewer T.F., Berkey C.S., et al. Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analysis of the published literature. JAMA 1994, 271:698-702.
349. Sterne J.A.C., Rodrigues L.C., Guedes I.N. Does the efficacy of BCG decline with time since vaccination?. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998, 2:200-207.
350. Henao-Tamayo M.I., Ordway D.J., Irwin S.M., et al. Phenotypic definition of effector and memory T-lymphocyte subsets in mice chronically infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010, 17:618-625.
351. Orme I.M. The Achilles heel of BCG. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2010, 90:329-332.
352. Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society Control and prevention of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom: code of practice 2000. Thorax 2000, 55:887-901.
353. Lotte A., Wasz-Hockert O., Poisson N., et al. BCG complications: estimates of the risks among vaccinated subjects and statistical analysis of their main characteristics. Adv Tuberc Res 1984, 21:107-193.
354. Victoria M.S., Shah B.R. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin lymphadenitis: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1985, 4:295-296.
355. Turnbull F.M., McIntyre P.B., Achat H.M., et al. National study of adverse reactions after vaccination with bacille Calmette-Guérin. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 34:447-453.
356. Brewer M.A., Edwards K.M., Palmer P.S., et al. Bacille Calmette-Guérin immunization in normal healthy adults. J Infect Dis 1994, 170:476-479.
357. Fine P.E.M., Ponnighaus J.M., Maine N. The distribution and implications of BCG scars, with particular reference to a population in Northern Malawi. Bull World Health Organ 1989, 67:35-42.
358. Lotte A., Wasz-Hockert O., Poisson N., et al. Second IUATLD study on complications induced by intradermal BCG-vaccination. Bull Int Union Tuberc 1988, 63:47-59.
359. Reynes J., Perez C., Lamaury I., et al. Bacille Calmette-Guérin adenitis 30 years after immunization in a patient with AIDS [letter]. J Infect Dis 1989, 160:727.
360. Gheorghiu M. Potency and suppurative adenitis in BCG vaccination. Dev Biol Stand 1978, 41:79-84.
361. Muzy de Souza G.R., Sant'Anna C.C., Lapane Silva J.R., et al. Intradermal BCG vaccination complications-analysis of 51 cases. Tubercle 1983, 64:23-27.
362. Helmick C.G., D'Souza A.J., Goddard N. An outbreak of severe BCG axillary lymphadenitis in Saint Lucia, 1982-83. West Indian Med J 1986, 35:12-17.
363. Praveen K.N., Smikle M.F., Prabhakar P., et al. Outbreak of bacillus Calmette-Guérin-associated lymphadenitis and abscesses in Jamaican children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990, 9:890-893.
364. O'Brien K.L., Ruff A.J., Louis M.A., et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin complications in children born to HIV-1-infected women with a review of the literature. Pediatrics 1995, 95:414-418.
365. Caglayan S., Yegin O., Kayean K., et al. Is medical therapy effective for regional lymphadenitis following BCG vaccination?. Am J Dis Child 1987, 141:1213-1214.
366. Oguz F., Mujgan S., Alper G., et al. Treatment of bacillus Calmette-Guérin-associated lymphadenitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992, 11:887-888.
367. Hanley S.P., Gumb J., MacFarlane J.T. Comparison of erythromycin and isoniazid in treatment of adverse reactions to BCG vaccination. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985, 290:970.
368. Murphy P.M., Mayers D.L., Brock N.F., et al. Cure of bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination abscess with erythromycin. Rev Infect Dis 1989, 11:335-337.
369. Power J.T., Stewart I.C., Ross J.D. Erythromycin in the management of troublesome BCG lesions. Br J Dis Chest 1984, 78:192-193.
370. Goraya J.S., Virdi V.S. Treatment of Calmette-Guérin bacillus adenitis: a metaanalysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001, 20:632-634.
371. Kroger L., Korppi M., Brander E., et al. Osteitis caused by bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination: a retrospective analysis of 222 cases. J Infect Dis 1995, 172:574-576.
372. Bergdahl S., Fellander M., Robertson B. BCG osteomyelitis: experience in the Stockholm region over the years 1961-1974. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1976, 58:212-216.
373. Vanicek H. Complications after initial BCG vaccination in a 5-year period in the East Bohemia region. Cesk Pediatr 1988, 43:23-26.
374. Bottiger M. Osteitis and other complications caused by generalized BCGitis. Acta Paediatr Scand 1982, 71:471-478.
375. Rouillon A., Waaler H. BCG vaccination and epidemiological situation: a decision making approach to the use of BCG. Adv Tuberc Res 1976, 19:64-126.
376. Pedersen F.K., Engbaek H.C., Hertz H., et al. Fatal BCG infection in an immunocompetent girl. Acta Paediatr Scand 1978, 67:519-523.
377. Trevenen C.L., Pagtakhan R.D. Disseminated tuberculoid lesions in infants following BCG. Can Med J 1982, 15:502-504.
378. Lachaux A., Descos B., Mertani A., et al. Infection generalisée a BCG d'evolution favorable chez un nourrisson de 3 mois sans deficit immunitaire reconnu. Arch Fr Pediatr 1986, 43:807-809.
379. Tardieu M., Truffot-Pernot C., Carriere J.P., et al. Tuberculosis meningitis due to BCG in two previously healthy children. Lancet 1988, 1:440-441.
380. Gormsen H. On the occurrence of epithelioid cell granulomas in the organs of BCG vaccinated human beings. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1956, 39(suppl 111):117-120.
381. Casanova J.L., Blanche S., Emile J.F., et al. Idiopathic disseminated bacille Calmette-Guérin infection: a French national retrospective study. Pediatrics 1996, 98:774-778.
382. Thamthitiwat S., Marin N., Baggett H.C., et al. Mycobacterium bovis (bacille Calmette-Guerin) bacteremia in immunocompetent neonates following vaccination. Vaccine 2011, 29:1727-1730.
383. Konno K., Feldmann F.M., McDermott W. Pyrazinamide susceptibility and amidase activity of tubercle bacilli. Am Rev Respir Dis 1967, 95:461-469.
384. Von Kries R., Grunert V.P., Kaletsch U., et al. Prevention of childhood leukemia by BCG vaccination in newborns? a population-based case-control study in Lower Saxony, Germany. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2000, 17:541-550.
385. Kolmel K.F., Grange J.M., Krone B., et al. Prior immunisation of patients with malignant melanoma with vaccinia or BCG is associated with better survival: an European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer cohort study on 542 patients. Eur J Cancer 2005, 41:118-125.
386. Villumsen M., Sorup S., Jess T., et al. Risk of lymphoma and leukaemia after bacilli Calmette-Guerin and smallpox vaccination: a Danish case-cohort study. Vaccine 2009, 27:6950-6958.
387. Farez M.F., Correale J. Immunizations and risk of multiple sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 2011, 258:1197-1206.
388. Gonzalez B., Moreno S., Burdach R., et al. Clinical presentation of bacillus Calmette-Guérin infections in patients with immunodeficiency syndromes. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989, 8:201-206.
389. Kobayashi Y., Komazawa Y., Kobayshi M., et al. Presumed BCG infection in a boy with chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Pediatr 1984, 23:586-589.
390. Houde C., Dery P. Mycobacterium bovis sepsis in an infant with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1988, 11:810-811.
391. Sicevic S. Generalized B.C.G. tuberculosis with fatal course in two sisters. Acta Paediatr Scand 1972, 61:178-184.
392. Talbot E.A., Perkins M.D., Silva S.F.M., et al. Disseminated bacille Calmette-Guérin disease after vaccination: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1997, 24:1139-1146.
393. Jouanguy E., Altare F., Lamhamedi S., et al. Interferon-gamma-receptor deficiency in an infant with fatal bacille Calmette-Guérin infection. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1956-1961.
394. Elloumi-Zghal H., Barbouche M.R., Chemli J., et al. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity of inherited autosomal recessive susceptibility to disseminated Mycobacterium bovis bacilli Calmette-Guérin infection. J Infect Dis 2002, 185:1468-1475.
395. Hesseling A.C., Johnson L.S., Jaspan H., et al. Disseminated bacille Calmette-Guérin disease in HIV-infected South African infants. Bull World Health Organ 2009, 87:505-511.
396. Fallo A., Torrado L., Sanchez A., et al. Delayed complications of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination in HIV infected children July 2005, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Abstract WeOa0104, Accessed March 15, 2011. http://www.iasociety.org/AbstractSearch.aspx.
397. Besnard M., Sauvion S., Offredo C., et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection after vaccination of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993, 12:993-997.
398. Azzopardi P., Bennett C.M., Graham S.M., et al. Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine-related disease in HIV-infected children: a systematic review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2009, 13:1331-1334.
399. Ninane J., Grymonprez A., Burtonboy G., et al. Disseminated BCG in HIV infection. Arch Dis Child 1988, 63:1268-1269.
400. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Disseminated Mycobacterium bovis infection from BCG vaccination of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1985, 34:227-228.
401. Edwards K., Kernodle D.S. Possible hazards of routine bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunization in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996, 15:836-838.
402. Nuttall J.J., Davies M.A., Hussey G.D., et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine-induced complications in children treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Int J Infect Dis 2008, 12:e99-e105.
403. Armbruster C., Junker W., Vetter N., et al. Disseminated bacille Calmette-Guérin infection in an AIDS patient 30 years after BCG vaccination [letter]. J Infect Dis 1990, 162:1216.
404. Colebunders R.L., Izaley L., Musampu M., et al. BCG vaccine abscesses are unrelated to HIV infection [letter]. JAMA 1988, 259:352.
405. Carswell M. BCG immunization in the children of HIV-positive mothers. AIDS 1987, 1:258.
406. Dabis F., Lepage P., Nsengumuremyi F., et al. Infection par le virus V1HI et vaccination de routine de l'enfant: une etude cohorte à Kigali, Rwanda: surveillance des effets indésirables de la vaccination 1989, Paris Abstract C29.
407. Lallemant-Le Coeur S., Cheynier D., Lallemant M., et al. Complications loco-régionales de la vaccination par le BCG chez des enfants nés de mères positive pour anti-HIV1: etude cas-témoins à Brazzaville 1989, 982. International Development Research Center, Ottawa, Canada, Abstract WG03.
408. Thaithumyanon P., Thisyakorn U., Punnahitananda S., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine in children born to HIV-1 infected women. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2000, 31:482-486.
409. Van Rie A., Madhi S.A., Heera J.R., et al. Gamma interferon production in response to Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in infants born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006, 13:246-252.
410. Fernandes R.D., de Araujo L.C., Medina-Acosta E. Reduced rate of adverse reactions to the BCG vaccine in children exposed to the vertical transmission of HIV infection and in HIV-infected children from an endemic setting in Brazil. Eur J Pediatr 2009, 168:691-696.
411. World Health Organization Use of BCG vaccine in HIV-infected infants. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2010, 85:29-33.
412. Palme I.B., Gudetta B., Degefu H., et al. Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection in Ethiopian children with tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001, 20:1066-1072.
413. World Health Organization Revised BCG vaccination guidelines for infants at risk for HIV infection. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2007, 82:193-196.
414. Puthanakit T., Oberdorfer P., Punjaisee S., et al. Immune reconstitution syndrome due to bacillus Calmette-Guerin after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in children with HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:1049-1052.
415. Siberry G.K., Tessema S. Immune reconstitution syndrome precipitated by bacille Calmette-Guerin after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006, 25:249-648.
416. Hoft D.F., Leonardi C., Milligan T., et al. Clinical reactogenicity of intradermal bacilli Calmette-Guérin vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 1999, 28:785-790.
417. Hart P.D. Efficacy and applicability of mass BCG vaccination in tuberculosis control. Br Med J 1967, 1:587-592.
418. Sutherland I., Springett V.H. The effects of the scheme for BCG vaccination of school children in England and Wales and the consequences of discontinuing the scheme at various dates. J Epidemiol Community Health 1989, 43:15-24.
419. Springett V.H., Sutherland I. BCG vaccination of school children in England and Wales. Thorax 1990, 45:83-88.
420. United Kingdom Health Departments Immunisation against Infectious Diseases 1996, HM Stationery Office, London, 1-290.
421. Chief Medical Officer, Chief Nursing Officer, Chief Pharmaceudical Officer. Changes to the BCG vaccination program. http.//. Accessed June 19, 2006. http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/11/81/35/04118135.pdf.
422. Teo S.S.S., Shingadia D.V. Does BCG have a role in tuberculosis control and prevention in the United Kingdom?. Arch Dis Child 2006, 91:529-531.
423. Gordon M., Roberts H., Odeka E. Knowledge and attitudes of parents and professionals to neonatal BCG vaccination in light of recent UK policy changes: a questionnaire study. BMC Infect Dis 2007, 7:82. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-7-82.
424. Romanus V., Svensson A., Hallander H.O. The impact of changing BCG coverage on tuberculosis incidence in Swedish-born children between 1969 and 1989. Tuber Lung Dis 1992, 73:150-161.
425. Trnka L., Dankova D., Svandova E. Six years' experience with the discontinuation of BCG vaccination, 1: risk of tuberculosis infection and disease. Tuber Lung Dis 1993, 74:167-172.
426. International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Criteria for discontinuation of vaccination programmes using bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) in countries with a low prevalence of tuberculosis. Tuber Lung Dis 1994, 75:179-181.
427. WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy Seventh Report 1998, WHO Tech Rep Ser No 874,.
428. World Health Organization BCG in immunization programmes. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2001, 76:33-40.
429. Noeske J., Kuaban C., Rondini S., et al. Buruli ulcer disease in Cameroon rediscovered. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004, 70:520-526.
430. Portaels F., Aguiar J., Debacker M., et al. Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination as prophylaxis against Mycobacterium ulcerans osteomyelitis in Buruli ulcer disease. Infect Immun 2004, 72:62-65.
431. Brandau S., Suttmann H. Thirty years of BCG immunotherapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a success story with room for improvement. Biomed Pharmacother 2007, 61:299-305.
432. Williams S.K., Hoenig D.M., Ghavamian R., et al. Intravesical therapy for bladder cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010, 11:947-958.
433. Brewer T.F., Heymann S.J., Krumplitsch S.M., et al. Strategies to decrease tuberculosis in US homeless populations: a computer simulation model. JAMA 2001, 286:834-842.
434. Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety Meeting of the Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety, 29-30 November 2006. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2007, 82:18-24.
435. Hesseling A.C., Caldwell J., Cotton M.F., et al. BCG vaccination in South African HIV-exposed infants: risks and benefits. S Afr Med J 2009, 99:88-91.
436. Hesseling A.C., Cotton M.F., Fordham von Reyn C. Consensus statement on the revised World Health Organization recommendations for BCG vaccination in HIV-infected infants. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2008, 12:1376-1379.
437. Briggs B., Illingworth R.S., Lorber J. The human source of tuberculous infection in children. Lancet 1956, 1:263-266.
438. Andrews R.H., Devadatta S., Fox W., et al. Prevalence of tuberculosis among close family contacts of tuberculous patients in south India, and influence of segregation of the patient on the early attack rate. Bull World Health Organ 1963, 23:463-510.
439. Ramakrishnan C.V., Andrews R.H., Devadatta S., et al. Prevalence and early attack rate of tuberculosis among close family contacts of tuberculous patients in South India under domiciliary treatment with isoniazid plus PAS or isoniazid alone. Bull World Health Organ 1964, 25:361-407.
440. Romanus V. Tuberculosis in bacillus Calmette-Guérin-immunized and unimmunized children in Sweden: a ten year evaluation following the cessation of general bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunization of the newborn in 1975. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987, 6:272-280.
441. Walker K.B., Brennan M.J., Ho M.M., et al. The second Geneva Consensus: recommendations for novel live TB vaccines. Vaccine 2010, 28:2259-2270.
442. Orme I.M. Preclinical testing of new vaccines for tuberculosis: a comprehensive review. Vaccine 2006, 24:2-19.
443. Skeiky Y.A.W., Sadoff J.C. Advances in tuberculosis vaccine strategies. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006, 4:469-476.
444. Kaufmann S.H., Hussey G., Lambert P.H. New vaccines for tuberculosis. Lancet 2010, 375:2110-2119.
445. Barker L.F., Leadman A.E., Clagett B. The challenges of developing new tuberculosis vaccines. Health Aff 2011, 30:1073-1079.
446. Brandt L., Elhay M., Rosenkrands I., et al. ESAT-6 subunit vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2000, 68:791-795.
447. Andersen P. Effective vaccination of mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection with a soluble mixture of secreted mycobacterial proteins. Infect Immun 1994, 62:2536-2544.
448. Baldwin S.L., D'Souza C., Roberts A.D., et al. Evaluation of new vaccines in the mouse and guinea pig model of tuberculosis. Infect Immun 1998, 66:2951-2959.
449. Horwitz M.A., Lee B.W., Dillon B.J., et al. Protective immunity against tuberculosis induced by vaccination with major extracellular proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995, 92:1530-1534.
450. Skeiky Y.A., Alderson M.R., Ovendale P.J., et al. Differential immune responses and protective efficacy induced by components of a tuberculosis polyprotein vaccine, Mtb72F, delivered as naked DNA or recombinant protein. J Immunol 2004, 172:7618-7628.
451. Olsen A.W., Williams A., Okkels L.M., et al. Protective effect of a tuberculosis subunit vaccine based on a fusion of antigen 85B and ESAT-6 in the aerosol guinea pig model. Infect Immun 2004, 72:6148-6150.
452. Dietrich J., Aagaard C., Leah R., et al. Exchanging ESAT6 with TB10.4 in an Ag85B fusion molecule-based tuberculosis subunit vaccine: efficient protection and ESAT6-based sensitive monitoring of vaccine efficacy. J Immunol 2005, 174:6332-6339.
453. Bertholet S., Ireton G.C., Ordway D.J., et al. A defined tuberculosis vaccine candidate boosts BCG and protects against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Transl Med 2010, 2:53-74.
454. Coler R.N., Bertholet S., Moutaftsi M., et al. Development and characterization of synthetic glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant system as a vaccine adjuvant. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e16333.
455. Huygen K., Plasmid D.N.A. vaccination. Microbes Infect 2005, 7:932-938.
456. Cebere I., Dorrell L., McShane H., et al. Phase I clinical trial safety of DNA- and modified virus Ankara-vectored human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines administered alone and in a prime-boost regime to healthy HIV-1-uninfected volunteers. Vaccine 2006, 24:417-425.
457. McShane H., Pathan A.A., Sander C.R., et al. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing antigen 85A boosts BCG-primed and naturally acquired antimycobacterial immunity in humans. Nat Med 2004, 10:1240-1244.
458. McShane H., Pathan A.A., Sander C.R., et al. Boosting BCG with MVA85A: the first candidate subunit vaccine for tuberculosis in clinical trials. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2005, 85:47-52.
459. Lang T., Hill A.V., McShane H., et al. New TB vaccine granted orphan drug status. BMJ 2005, 331:1476.
460. Scriba T.J., Tameris M., Mansoor N., et al. Modified vaccinia Ankara-expressing Ag85A, a novel tuberculosis vaccine, is safe in adolescents and children, and induces polyfunctional CD4 + T cells. Eur J Immunol 2010, 40:279-290.
461. Hondalus M.K., Bardarov S., Russell R., et al. Attenuation of and protection induced by a leucine auxotroph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2000, 68:2888-2898.
462. Sampson S.L., Dascher C.C., Sambandamurthy V.K., et al. Protection elicited by a double leucine and pantothenate auxotroph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in guinea pigs. Infect Immun 2004, 72:3031. 3017.
463. Hinchey J., Lee S., Jeon B.Y., et al. Enhanced priming of adaptive immunity by a proapoptotic mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Invest 2007, 117:2279-2288.
464. Cardona P.J., Asensio J.G., Arbues A., et al. Extended safety studies of the attenuated live tuberculosis vaccine SO2 based on phoP mutant. Vaccine 2010, 27:2499-2505.
465. Orme I.M. Development of new vaccines and drugs for TB: limitations and potential strategic errors. Future Microbiol 2011, 6:161-177.
466. Palanisamy G.S., DuTeau N., Eisenach K.D., et al. Clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis display a wide range of virulence in guinea pigs. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2009, 89:203-209.
467. Ordway D., Henao-Tamayo M., Harton M., et al. The hypervirulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain HN878 induces a potent TH1 response followed by rapid down-regulation. J Immunol 2007, 179:522-531.
468. Sharpe S.A., McShane H., Dennis M.J., et al. Establishment of an aerosol challenge model of tuberculosis in rhesus macaques and an evaluation of endpoints for vaccine testing. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010, 17:1170-1182.
469. Comas I., Chakravartti J., Small P.M., et al. Human T cell epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are evolutionarily hyperconserved. Nat Genet 2010, 42:498-503.