Stereotactic radiosurgery for treatment of brain metastases: A report of the DEGRO Working Group on Stereotactic Radiotherapy

Strahlentherapie und Onkologie

Volumn 190, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 521-532

  Kocher, Martin ^a   Wittig, Andrea ^b   Piroth, Marc Dieter ^c,h   Treuer, Harald ^a   Seegenschmiedt, Heinrich ^d   Ruge, Maximilian ^a   Grosu, Aca Ligia ^e   Guckenberger, Matthias ^f,g  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^b PHILIPPS UNIVERSITY MARBURG   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL RWTH AACHEN   (Germany)

^d Radioonkologie und Strahlentherapie Strahlenzentrum Hamburg   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

^g UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^h HELIOS KLINIKUM WUPPERTAL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Brain tumor; DEGRO; Metastases; Stereotactic radiosurgery; Whole brain radiotherapy

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAIN METASTASIS; BRAIN RADIATION; BRAIN STEM; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONSENSUS; DISTANT METASTASIS; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; IMMOBILIZATION; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); NEUROCOGNITIVE SIDE EFFECT; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PATIENT MONITORING; PATIENT SELECTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RADIATION INJURY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK FACTOR; SALVAGE THERAPY; STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY; WHOLE BRAIN IRRADIATION; WHOLE BRAIN RADIOTHERAPY;

BRAIN; BRAIN DAMAGE, CHRONIC; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; CRANIAL IRRADIATION; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GERMANY; GUIDELINE ADHERENCE; HUMANS; NEOPLASM, RESIDUAL; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; RADIATION INJURIES; RADIATION ONCOLOGY; RADIOSURGERY; RADIOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; REOPERATION; SALVAGE THERAPY; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; SURVIVAL RATE;

EID: 84901586801     PISSN: 01797158     EISSN: 1439099X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00066-014-0648-7     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Sturm V, Kober B, Höver KH et al (1987) Stereotactic percutaneous single dose irradiation of brain metastases with a linear accelerator. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 13:279-282
2. Linskey ME, Andrews DW, Asher AL et al (2010) The role of stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic review and evidencebased clinical practice guideline. J Neurooncol 96:45-68
3. Gavrilovic IT, Posner JB (2005) Brain metastases: epidemiology and pathophysiology. J Neurooncol 75:5-14
4. Tsao MN, Rades D, Wirth A et al (2012) Radiotherapeutic and surgical management for newly diagnosed brain metastasis(es): an American Society for Radiation Oncology evidence-based guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol 2:210-225
5. McDuff SG, Taich ZJ, Lawson JD et al (2013) Neurocognitive assessment following whole brain radiation therapy and radiosurgery for patients with cerebral metastases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 84:1384-1391
6. Sperduto PW, Chao ST, Sneed PK et al (2010) Diagnosis-specific prognostic factors, indexes, and treatment outcomes for patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases: a multi-institutional analysis of 4,259 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 77:655-661
7. Zindler JD, Rodrigues G, Haasbeek CJ et al (2013) The clinical utility of prognostic scoring systems in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery. Radiother Oncol 106:370-374
8. Park YH, Kim TH, Jung SY et al (2013) Combined primary tumor and extracranial metastasis status as constituent factor of prognostic indices for predicting the overall survival in patients with brain metastases. J Korean Med Sci 28:205-212
9. Sperduto PW, Kased N, Roberge D et al (2012) Summary report on the graded prognostic assessment: an accurate and facile diagnosis-specific tool to estimate survival for patients with brain metastases. J Clin Oncol 30:419-425
10. Halasz LM, Rockhill JK (2013) Stereotactic radiosurgery and Stereotactic Radiotherapy for brain metastases. Surg Neurol Int 4:S185-191
11. Andrews DW, Scott CB, Sperduto PW et al (2004) Whole brain radiation therapy with or without stereotactic radiosurgery boost for patients with one to three brain metastases: phase III results of the RTOG 9508 randomised trial. Lancet 363:1665-1672
12. Kondziolka D, Patel A, Lunsford LD, Kassam A, Flickinger JC (1999) Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole brain radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for patients with multiple brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 45:427-434
13. Chougule P, Burton-Williams M, Saris S, Zheng Z, Ponte B, Noren G (2000) Randomized treatment of brain metastasis with gamma knife radiosurgery, whole brain radiotherapy or both. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48:114
14. Patil CG, Pricola K, Sarmiento JM, Garg SK, Bryant A, Black KL (2012) Whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) alone versus WBRT and radiosurgery for the treatment of brain metastases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD006121
15. Wang LG, Guo Y, Zhang X et al (2002) Brain metastasis: experience of the Xi-Jing hospital. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 78:70-83
16. Sanghavi SN, Miranpuri SS, Chappell R et al (2001) Radiosurgery for patients with brain metastases: a multi-institutional analysis, stratified by the RTOG recursive partitioning analysis method. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51:426-434
17. Aoyama H, Shirato H, Tago M et al (2006) Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole-brain radiation therapy vs stereotactic radiosurgery alone for treatment of brain metastases: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 295:2483-2491
18. Kocher M, Soffietti R, Abacioglu U et al (2011) Adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy versus observation after radiosurgery or surgical resection of one to three cerebral metastases: results of the EORTC 22952-26001 study. J Clin Oncol 29:134-141
19. Li B, Yu J, Suntharalingam M et al (2000) Comparison of three treatment options for single brain metastasis from lung cancer. Int J Cancer 90:37-45
20. Fokas E, Henzel M, Hamm K, Surber G, Kleinert G, Engenhart-Cabillic R (2010) Radiotherapy for brain metastases from renal cell cancer: should whole-brain radiotherapy be added to stereotactic radiosurgery?: analysis of 88 patients. Strahlenther Onkol 186:210-217
21. Sneed PK, Suh JH, Goetsch SJ et al (2002) A multi-institutional review of radiosurgery alone vs. radiosurgery with whole brain radiotherapy as the initial management of brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 53:519-526
22. Pirzkall A, Debus J, Lohr F et al (1998) Radiosurgery alone or in combination with whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases. J Clin Oncol 16:3563-3569
23. Varlotto JM, Flickinger JC, Niranjan A, Bhatnagar A, Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD (2005) The impact of whole-brain radiation therapy on the longterm control and morbidity of patients surviving more than one year after gamma knife radiosurgery for brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 62:1125-1132
24. Rades D, Kueter JD, Hornung D et al (2008) Comparison of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone and whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) plus a stereotactic boost (WBRT + SRS) for one to three brain metastases. Strahlenther Onkol 184:655-662
25. Noel G, Medioni J, Valery CA et al (2003) Three irradiation treatment options including radiosurgery for brain metastases from primary lung cancer. Lung Cancer 41:333-343
26. Park HS, Chiang VL, Knisely JP, Raldow AC, Yu JB (2011) Stereotactic radiosurgery with or without whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases: an update. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 11:1731-1738
27. Combs SE, Schulz-Ertner D, Thilmann C, Edler L, Debus J (2004) Treatment of cerebral metastases from breast cancer with stereotactic radiosurgery. Strahlenther Onkol 180:590-596
28. Hoffman R, Sneed PK, McDermott MW et al (2001) Radiosurgery for brain metastases from primary lung carcinoma. Cancer J 7:121-131
29. Aoyama H, Tago M, Kato N et al (2007) Neurocognitive function of patients with brain metastasis who received either whole brain radiotherapy plus stereotactic radiosurgery or radiosurgery alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68:1388-1395
30. Chang EL, Wefel JS, Hess KR et al (2009) Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus wholebrain irradiation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 10:1037-1044
31. Meyers CA, Rock EP, Fine HA (2012) Refining endpoints in brain tumor clinical trials. J Neurooncol 108:227-230
32. Soffietti R, Kocher M, Abacioglu UM et al (2013) A European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer phase III trial of adjuvant wholebrain radiotherapy versus observation in patients with one to three brain metastases from solid tumors after surgical resection or radiosurgery: quality-of-life results. J Clin Oncol 31:65-72
33. Suh JH (2010) Stereotactic radiosurgery for the management of brain metastases. N Engl J Med 362:1119-1127
34. Soffietti R, Cornu P, Delattre JY et al (2006) EFNS Guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of brain metastases: report of an EFNS Task Force. Eur J Neurol 13:674-681
35. Kalkanis SN, Kondziolka D, Gaspar LE et al (2010) The role of surgical resection in the management of newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Neurooncol 96:33-43
36. Fuentes R, Bonfill X, Exposito J (2006) Surgery versus radiosurgery for patients with a solitary brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 25:CD004840
37. Minniti G, Esposito V, Clarke E et al (2013) Multidose stereotactic radiosurgery (9 gy × 3) of the postoperative resection cavity for treatment of large brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 86:623-629
38. Shaw E, Scott C, Souhami L et al (2000) Single dose radiosurgical treatment of recurrent previously irradiated primary brain tumors and brain metastases: final report of RTOG protocol 90-05. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 47:291-298
39. Muacevic A, Wowra B, Siefert A, Tonn JC, Steiger HJ, Kreth FW (2008) Microsurgery plus whole brain irradiation versus Gamma Knife surgery alone for treatment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized controlled multicentre phase III trial. J Neurooncol 87:299-307
40. Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Walsh JW et al (1990) A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. N Engl J Med 322:494-500
41. Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF et al (1998) Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized trial. JAMA 280:1485-1489
42. Lippitz B, Lindquist C, Paddick I, Peterson D, O'Neill K, Beaney R (2014) Stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of brain metastases: the current evidence. Cancer Treat Rev 40:48-59
43. Vecht CJ, Haaxma-Reiche H, Noordijk EM et al (1993) Treatment of single brain metastasis: radiotherapy alone or combined with neurosurgery? Ann Neurol 33:583-590
44. Adler JR, Cox RS, Kaplan I, Martin DP (1992) Stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of brain metastases. J Neurosurg 76:444-449
45. Alexander E, 3rd, Moriarty TM, Davis RB et al (1995) Stereotactic radiosurgery for the definitive, noninvasive treatment of brain metastases. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:34-40
46. Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD et al (1994) A multi-institutional experience with stereotactic radiosurgery for solitary brain metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 28:797-802
47. Levitt MR, Levitt R, Silbergeld DL (2013) Controversies in the management of brain metastases. Surg Neurol Int 4:S231-S235
48. Rades D, Kieckebusch S, Haatanen T, Lohynska R, Dunst J, Schild SE (2008) Surgical resection followed by whole brain radiotherapy versus whole brain radiotherapy alone for single brain metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 70:1319-1324
49. Gans JH, Raper DM, Shah AH et al (2013) The role of radiosurgery to the tumor bed after resection of brain metastases. Neurosurgery 72:317-326
50. Connolly EP, Mathew M, Tam M et al (2013) Involved field radiation therapy after surgical resection of solitary brain metastases-mature results. Neuro Oncol 15:589-594
51. Wang CC, Floyd SR, Chang CH et al (2012) Cyberknife hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (HSRS) of resection cavity after excision of large cerebral metastasis: efficacy and safety of an 800 cGy × 3 daily fractions regimen. J Neurooncol 106:601-610
52. Prabhu R, Shu HK, Hadjipanayis C et al (2012) Current dosing paradigm for stereotactic radiosurgery alone after surgical resection of brain metastases needs to be optimized for improved local control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83:e61-e66
53. Kelly PJ, Lin YB, Yu AY et al (2012) Stereotactic irradiation of the postoperative resection cavity for brain metastasis: a frameless linear acceleratorbased case series and review of the technique. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 82:95-101
54. Choi CY, Chang SD, Gibbs IC et al (2012) What is the optimal treatment of large brain metastases? An argument for a multidisciplinary approach. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 84:688-693
55. Ammirati M, Cobbs CS, Linskey ME et al (2010) The role of retreatment in the management of recurrent/progressive brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Neurooncol 96:85-96
56. Patel SH, Robbins JR, Gore EM et al (2012) ACR Appropriateness Criteria(R) follow-up and retreatment of brain metastases. Am J Clin Oncol 35:302-306
57. Chao ST, Barnett GH, Vogelbaum MA et al (2008) Salvage stereotactic radiosurgery effectively treats recurrences from whole-brain radiation therapy. Cancer 113:2198-2204
58. Yomo S, Hayashi M (2013) The efficacy and limitations of stereotactic radiosurgery as a salvage treatment after failed whole brain radiotherapy for brain metastases. J Neurooncol 113:459-465
59. Kwon KY, Kong DS, Lee JI, Nam DH, Park K, Kim JH (2007) Endpoint of repeated radiosurgery for recurrent metastatic brain tumors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 109:132-137
60. Johnson M, Baschnagel AM, Chen PY et al (2013) Analysis of risk factors for development of radiation necrosis following gamma knife radiosurgery for brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 87:S279
61. Schell MC, Bova FJ, Larson DA et al (1995) Stereotactic radiosurgery: report of Task Group 42 Radiation Therapy Committee. AAPM Report No 54 (The American Institute of Physics). http://www. aapm.org/pubs/reports/RPT-54.pdf
62. Seung SK, Larson DA, Galvin JM et al (2013) American College of Radiology (ACR) and American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) Practice Guideline for the Performance of Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS). Am J Clin Oncol 36:310-315
63. Bortfeld T, Oelfke U, Nill S (2000) What is the optimum leaf width of a multileaf collimator? Med Phys 27:2494-2502
64. Treuer H, Kocher M, Hoevels M et al (2006) Impact of target point deviations on control and complication probabilities in stereotactic radiosurgery of AVMs and metastases. Radiother Oncol 81:25-32
65. Hartmann GH, Lutz W, Arndt J et al (1995) Quality Assurance Program on Stereotactic Radiosurgery. Report From a Quality Assurance Task Group. Berlin
66. DIN-6875-1:2004-01 (2004) Spezielle Bestrahlungseinrichtungen-Teil 1: Perkutane stereotaktische Bestrahlung, Kennmerkmale und besondere Prüfmethoden
67. DIN-6875-2:2008-11 (2008) Spezielle Bestrahlungseinrichtungen-Teil 2: Perkutane stereotaktische Bestrahlung-Konstanzprüfungen
68. Dieterich S, Cavedon C, Chuang CF et al (2011) Report of AAPM TG 135: quality assurance for robotic radiosurgery. Med Phys 38:2914-2936 (Erratum: Med Phys 011 Sep;38: 5264)
69. Klein EE, Hanley J, Bayouth J et al (2009) Task Group 142 report: quality assurance of medical accelerators. Med Phys 36:4197-4212
70. DIN-6875-3:2008:03 (2008) Spezielle Bestrahlungseinrichtungen-Teil 3: Fluenzmodulierte Strahlentherapie-Kennmerkmale, Prüfmethoden und Regeln für den klinischen Einsatz
71. DIN-6875-4:2011:10 (2011) Spezielle Bestrahlungseinrichtungen-Teil 4: Fluenzmodulierte Strahlentherapie-Konstanzprüfungen
72. Ezzell GA, Galvin JM, Low D et al (2003) Guidance document on delivery, treatment planning, and clinical implementation of IMRT: report of the IMRT Subcommittee of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee. Med Phys 30:2089-2115
73. Nüsslin F, Bohsung J, Frenzel T, Grosser K-H, Paulsen F, Sack H (2004) Leitlinie zur Strahlentherapie mit fluenzmodulierten Feldern (IMRT). Ausgearbeitet von einem DGMP-DEGRO Arbeitsausschuss. In DGMP-Bericht Nr. Tübingen. http://www.dgmp.de/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/papiere/Bericht19.pdf
74. Aspradakis MM, Byrne JP, Palmans H et al (2010) Small field MV photon dosimetry. IPEM Reports Series (Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine)
75. DIN 6809-8 ip (2013) Klinische Dosimetrie-Teil 8: Dosimetrie kleiner Photonen-Bestrahlungsfelder
76. Bichay T, Dieterich S, Orton CG. (2013) Submillimeter accuracy in radiosurgery is not possible. Med Phys 40:050601. doi:10.1118/1.4790690
77. Lutz W, Winston KR, Maleki N (1988) A system for stereotactic radiosurgery with a linear accelerator. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 14:373-381
78. Antypas C, Pantelis E (2008) Performance evaluation of a CyberKnife G4 image-guided robotic stereotactic radiosurgery system. Phys Med Biol 53:4697-4718
79. Wiehle R, Koth HJ, Nanko N, Grosu AL, Hodapp N (2009) On the accuracy of isocenter verification with kV imaging in stereotactic radiosurgery. Strahlenther Onkol 185:325-330
80. Chang J, Yenice KM, Narayana A, Gutin PH (2007) Accuracy and feasibility of cone-beam computed tomography for stereotactic radiosurgery setup. Med Phys 34:2077-2084
81. Masi L, Casamassima F, Polli C, Menichelli C, Bonucci I, Cavedon C (2008) Cone beam CT image guidance for intracranial stereotactic treatments: comparison with a frame guided set-up. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 71:926-933
82. Fuss M, Salter BJ, Cheek D, Sadeghi A, Hevezi JM, Herman T (2004) Repositioning accuracy of a commercially available thermoplastic mask system. Radiother Oncol 71:339-345
83. Baumert BG, Egli P, Studer S, Dehing C, Davis JB (2005) Repositioning accuracy of fractionated stereotactic irradiation: assessment of isocentre alignment for different dental fixations by using sequential CT scanning. Radiother Oncol 74:61-66
84. Guckenberger M, Roesch J, Baier K, Sweeney RA, Flentje M (2012) Dosimetric consequences of translational and rotational errors in frame-less image-guided radiosurgery. Radiat Oncol 7:63
85. Gevaert T, Verellen D, Engels B et al (2012) Clinical evaluation of a robotic 6-degree of freedom treatment couch for frameless radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83:467-474
86. Minniti G, Scaringi C, Clarke E, Valeriani M, Osti M, Enrici RM (2011) Frameless linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain metastases: analysis of patient repositioning using a mask fixation system and clinical endpoints. Radiat Oncol 6:158
87. Ramakrishna N, Rosca F, Friesen S, Tezcanli E, Zygmanszki P, Hacker F (2010) A clinical comparison of patient setup and intra-fraction motion using frame-based radiosurgery versus a frameless image-guided radiosurgery system for intracranial lesions. Radiother Oncol 95:109-115
88. Minniti G, Valeriani M, Clarke E et al (2010) Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy for skull base tumors: analysis of treatment accuracy using a stereotactic mask fixation system. Radiat Oncol 5:1
89. Theelen A, Martens J, Bosmans G et al (2012) Relocatable fixation systems in intracranial Stereotactic Radiotherapy. Accuracy of serial CT scans and patient acceptance in a randomized design. Strahlenther Onkol 188:84-90
90. Sperduto PW (2010) What is your patient's GPA and why does it matter? Managing brain metastases and the cost of hope. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 77:643-644
91. Fokas E, Henzel M, Surber G, Kleinert G, Hamm K, Engenhart-Cabillic R (2012) Stereotactic radiosurgery and fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy: comparison of efficacy and toxicity in 260 patients with brain metastases. J Neurooncol 109:91-98
92. Wegner RE, Leeman JE, Kabolizadeh P et al (2013) Fractionated Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Large Brain Metastases. Am J Clin Oncol [Epub ahead of print]
93. Yamamoto M (2013) 147 Gamma knife treatment results for multiple brain metastases: a multi-institutional prospective study in Japan (Abbreviation; JLGK0901, UMIN ID; 00001812). Neurosurgery 60:168-169
94. Bhatnagar AK, Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD (2006) Stereotactic radiosurgery for four or more intracranial metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64:898-903
95. Kuo T, Recht L (2006) Optimizing therapy for patients with brain metastases. Semin Oncol 33:299-306
96. Suh JH, Videtic GM, Aref AM et al (2010) ACR Appropriateness Criteria: single brain metastasis. Curr Probl Cancer 34:162-174
97. Sze G, Milano E, Johnson C, Heier L (1990) Detection of brain metastases: comparison of contrastenhanced MR with unenhanced MR and enhanced CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 11:785-791
98. Anzalone N, Essig M, Lee SK et al (2013) Optimizing contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging characterization of brain metastases: relevance to stereotactic radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 72:691-701
99. Pantelis E, Papadakis N, Verigos K et al (2010) Integration of functional MRI and white matter tractography in stereotactic radiosurgery clinical practice. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 78:257-267
100. Baumert BG, Rutten I, Dehing-Oberije C et al (2006) A pathology-based substrate for target definition in radiosurgery of brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 66:187-194
101. Noël G, Simon JM, Valery CA et al (2003) Radiosurgery for brain metastasis: impact of CTV on local control. Radiother Oncol 68:15-21
102. Nataf F, Schlienger M, Liu Z et al (2008) Radiosurgery with or without a 2-mm margin for 93 single brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 70:766-772
103. Flickinger JC, Schell MC, Larson DA (1990) Estimation of complications for linear accelerator radiosurgery with the integrated logistic formula. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 19:143-148
104. Telera S, Fabi A, Pace A et al (2013) Radionecrosis induced by stereotactic radiosurgery of brain metastases: results of surgery and endpoint of disease. J Neurooncol 113:313-325
105. Maldaun MV, Aguiar PH, Lang F, Suki D, Wildrick D, Sawaya R (2008) Radiosurgery in the treatment of brain metastases: critical review regarding complications. Neurosurg Rev 31:1-8; discussion 9
106. Dequesada IM, Quisling RG, Yachnis A, Friedman WA (2008) Can standard magnetic resonance imaging reliably distinguish recurrent tumor from radiation necrosis after radiosurgery for brain metastases? A radiographic-pathological study. Neurosurgery 63:898-903; discussion 4
107. Blonigen BJ, Steinmetz RD, Levin L, Lamba MA, Warnick RE, Breneman JC (2010) Irradiated volume as a predictor of brain radionecrosis after linear accelerator stereotactic radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 77:996-1001
108. Shehata MK, Young B, Reid B et al (2004) Stereotatic radiosurgery of 468 brain metastases
109. Voges J, Treuer H, Sturm V et al (1996) Risk analysis of linear accelerator radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 36:1055-1063
110. Lawrence YR, Li XA, Naqa I et al (2010) Radiation dose-volume effects in the brain. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 76:S20-S27
111. Marks LB, Yorke ED, Jackson A et al (2010) Use of normal tissue complication probability models in the clinic. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 76:S10-S19
112. Paddick I (2000) Simple scoring ratio to index the conformity of radiosurgical treatment plans. J Neurosurg 93:219-222
113. Lamm AF, Elaimy AL, Lamoreaux WT et al (2013) A review of the clinical outcomes for patients diagnosed with brainstem metastasis and treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. ISRN Surg 2013:652895
114. Vogelbaum MA, Angelov L, Lee SY, Li L, Barnett GH, Suh JH (2006) Local control of brain metastases by stereotactic radiosurgery in relation to dose to the tumor margin. J Neurosurg 104:907-912
115. Mayo C, Yorke E, Merchant TE (2010) Radiation associated brainstem injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 76:S36-S41
116. Sharma MS, Kondziolka D, Khan A et al (2008) Radiation tolerance limits of the brainstem. Neurosurgery 63:728-32; discussion 32-3
117. Patel TR, McHugh BJ, Bi WL, Minja FJ, Knisely JP, Chiang VL (2011) A comprehensive review of MR imaging changes following radiosurgery to 500 brain metastases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 32:1885-1892
118. Brandsma D, Stalpers L, Taal W, Sminia P, Van den Bent MJ (2008) Clinical features, mechanisms, and management of pseudoprogression in malignant gliomas. Lancet Oncol 9:453-461
119. Brandsma D, Van den Bent MJ (2009) Pseudoprogression and pseudoresponse in the treatment of gliomas. Curr Opin Neurol 22:633-638
120. Chamberlain MC (2008) Pseudoprogression in glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol 26:4359-4360
121. Tran DK, Jensen RL (2013) So-called "pseudoprogression" vs. tumor progression: review and future research opportunities. Surg Neurol Int 4:S129-S135
122. Grosu AL, Astner ST, Riedel E et al (2011) An interindividual comparison of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET)-and L-[methyl-11C]methionine (MET)-PET in patients with brain gliomas and metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 81:1049-1058
123. Galldiks N, Stoffels G, Filss CP et al (2012) Role of O-(2-(18)F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine PET for differentiation of local recurrent brain metastasis from radiation necrosis. J Nucl Med 53:1367-1374
124. Barajas RF, Chang JS, Sneed PK, Segal MR, McDermott MW, Cha S (2009) Distinguishing recurrent intra-axial metastatic tumor from radiation necrosis following gamma knife radiosurgery using dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30:367-372
125. Sundgren PC (2009) MR spectroscopy in radiation injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30:1469-1476
126. Kickingereder P, Dorn F, Blau T et al (2013) Differentiation of local tumor recurrence from radiation-induced changes after stereotactic radiosurgery for treatment of brain metastasis: case report and review of the literature. Radiat Oncol 8:52
127. Bhangoo SS, Linskey ME, Kalkanis SN (2011) Evidence-based guidelines for the management of brain metastases. Neurosurg Clin N Am 22:97-104
128. Network NCC (2012) Central nervous system cancers NCCN guidelines for treatment of cancer by site
129. Weller M, Schlegel U, Wick W et al (2011) Hirnmetastasen und Meningeosis neoplastica. Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie. AWMF online 2011;AWMF-Register 030/060:Stand 9/2011.
130. D'Ambrosio AL, DeYoung C, Isaacson SR (2011) Radiosurgical management of brain metastases. Neurosurg Clin N Am 22:45-51
131. Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD (2012) Radiosurgery for brain metastases. In: Kim DG, Lunsford LD (eds) Current and future management of brain metastasis. Karger AG, Basel
132. Niranjan A, Lunsford LD, Emerick RL (2012) Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with metastatic brain tumors: development of a consensus radiosurgery guideline recommendation. In: Kim DG, Lunsford LD (eds) Current and future management of brain metastasis. Karger AG, Basel, pp 123-138
133. Scoccianti S, Detti B, Cipressi S, Iannalfi A, Franzese C, Biti G (2012) Changes in neurocognitive functioning and quality of life in adult patients with brain tumors treated with radiotherapy. J Neurooncol 108:291-308
134. Thavarajah N, Wong K, Zhang L et al (2013) Continued success in providing timely palliative radiation therapy at the Rapid Response Radiotherapy Program: a review of 2008-2012. Curr Oncol 20:e206-e211