Guidance document on delivery, treatment planning, and clinical implementation of IMRT: Report of the IMRT subcommittee of the AAPM radiation therapy committee

Medical Physics

Volumn 30, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 2089-2115

  Ezzell, Gary A ^a   Galvin, James M ^b   Low, Daniel ^c   Palta, Jatinder R ^d,j   Rosen, Isaac ^e   Sharpe, Michael B ^f   Xia, Ping ^g   Xiao, Ying ^b   Xing, Lei ^h   Yu, Cedric X ⁱ  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^b THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^f PRINCESS MARGARET HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^h STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^j Department of Radiation Oncology ^*  (United States)

more..

Author keywords

3 D conformal radiotherapy; Intensity modulated radiation therapy; Inverse planning; Plan optimization; Quality assurance

Indexed keywords

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING; ONCOLOGY; QUALITY ASSURANCE; RADIATION;

CONFORMAL RADIOTHERAPY; INTENSITY MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY; INVERSE PLANNING; MULTI-MODALITY IMAGING; MULTILEAF COLLIMATORS; NORMAL TISSUE COMPLICATION PROBABILITIES; THREEDIMENSIONAL (3-D); TUMOR CONTROL PROBABILITY;

RADIOTHERAPY;

ARTICLE; BEAM THERAPY; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COLLIMATOR; IMAGING SYSTEM; INTENSITY MODULATED RADIATION THEARPY; LINEAR ACCELERATOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION BEAM; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION HAZARD; RADIOTHERAPY; RISK ASSESSMENT; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 10744231470     PISSN: 00942405     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1118/1.1591194     Document Type: Article

References (142)

1. Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy Collaborative Working Group, "Intensity-modulated radiotherapy: Current status and issues of interest," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 51, 880-914 (2001).
2. C. B. Saw, K. M. Ayyangar, and C. A. Enke, "MIMiC-based IMRT-Part I," Med. Dosim. 26, 1 (2001).
3. C. B. Saw, K. M. Ayyangar, and C. A. Enke, "MLC-based IMRT-Part II," Med. Dosim. 26, 111-112 (2001).
4. J. H. Kung and G. T. Chen, "Intensity modulated radiotherapy dose delivery error from radiation field offset inaccuracy," Med. Phys. 27, 1617-1622 (2000).
5. M. B. Sharpe, M. B. Miller, D. Yan, and J. W. Wong, "Monitor unit settings for intensity modulated beams delivered using a step-and-shoot approach," Med. Phys. 27, 2719-2725 (2000).
6. A. L. Boyer and S. Li, "Geometrical analysis of light-field position of a multileaf collimator with curved ends," Med. Phys. 24, 757-762 (1997).
7. M. N. Graves, A. V. Thompson, D. L. Martel, D. L. McShan, and B. A. Fraass, "Calibration and quality assurance for rounded leaf-end MLC systems," Med. Phys. 28, 2227-2233 (2001).
8. C. S. Chui, S. Spirou, and T. LoSasso, "Testing of dynamic multileaf collimation," Med. Phys. 23, 635-641 (1996).
9. D. A. Low, J. W. Sohn, E. E. Klein, J. Markman, S. Mutic, and J. F. Dempsey, "Characterization of a commercial multileaf collimator used for intensity modulated radiation therapy," Med. Phys. 28, 752-756 (2001).
10. C. W. Cheng and I. J. Das, "Comparison of beam characteristics in intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and those under normal treatment condition," Med. Phys. 29, 226-230 (2002).
11. G. A. Ezzell and S. Chungbin, "The overshoot phenomenon in step-and-shoot IMRT delivery," J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys. 2, 138-148 (2001).
12. P. Xia, C. F. Chuang, and L. J. Verhey, "Communication and sampling rate limitations in IMRT delivery with a dynamic multileaf collimator," Med. Phys. 29, 412-423 (2001).
13. T. LoSasso, C. S. Chui, and C. C. Ling, "Physical and dosimetric aspects of a multileaf collimation system used in the dynamic mode for implementing intensity modulated radiotherapy," Med. Phys. 25, 1919-1927 (1998).
14. E. E. Klein and D. A. Low, "Interleaf leakage for 5 and 10 mm dynamic multileaf collimation systems incorporating patient motion," Med. Phys. 28, 1703-1710 (2001).
15. Q. Wu, M. Arnfield, S. Tong, Y. Wu, and R. Mohan, "Dynamic splitting of large intensity-modulated fields," Phys. Med. Biol. 45, 1731-1740 (2000).
16. T. LoSasso, C. S. Chui, and C. C. Ling, "Comprehensive quality assurance for the delivery of intensity modulated radiotherapy with a multileaf collimator used in the dynamic mode," Med. Phys. 28, 2209-2219 (2001).
17. M. Essers, M. de Langen, M. L. Dirkx, and B. J. Heijmen, "Commissioning of a commercially available system for intensity-modulated radiotherapy dose delivery with dynamic multileaf collimation," Radiother. Oncol. 60, 215-224 (2001).
18. M. L. Dirkx and B. J. Heijmen, "Testing of the stability of intensity modulated beams generated with dynamic multileaf collimation, applied to the MM50 racetrack microtron," Med. Phys. 27, 2701-2707 (2000).
19. G. J. Budgell, J. H. Mott, P. C. Williams, and K. J. Brown, "Requirements for leaf position accuracy for dynamic multileaf collimation," Phys. Med. Biol. 45, 1211-1227 (2000).
20. H. G. Kuterdem and P. S. Cho, "Leaf sequencing with secondary beam blocking under leaf positioning constraints for continuously modulated radiotherapy beams," Med. Phys. 28, 894-902 (2001).
21. G. J. Budgell, J. R. Sykes, and J. M. Wilkinson, "Rectangular edge synchronization for intensity modulated radiation therapy with dynamic multileaf collimation," Phys. Med. Biol. 43, 2769-2784 (1998).
22. W. U. Laub, A. Bakai, and F. Nusslin, "Intensity modulated irradiation of a thorax phantom: Comparisons between measurements, Monte Carlo calculations and pencil beam calculations," Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 1695-1706 (2001).
23. J. Meyer, J. A. Mills, O. C. Haas, E. M. Parvin, and K. J. Burnham, "Some limitations in the practical delivery of intensity modulated radiation therapy," Br. J. Radiol. 73, 854-863 (2000).
24. H. Thompson, M. D. Evans, and B. G. Fallone, "Accuracy of numerically produced compensators," Med. Dosim. 24, 49-52 (1999).
25. S. B. Jiang and K. M. Ayyangar, "On compensator design for photon beam intensity-modulated conformal therapy," Med. Phys. 25, 668-675 (1998).
26. C. B. Saw, K. M. Ayyangar, R. B. Thompson, W. Zhen, and C. A. Enke, "Commissioning of Peacock System for intensity-modulated radiation therapy," Med. Dosim. 26, 55-64 (2001).
27. C. B. Saw, K. M. Ayyangar, W. Zhen, R. B. Thompson, and C. A. Enke, "Quality assurance for the Peacock system," Med. Dosim. 26, 83-90 (2001).
28. B. J. Salter, "NOMOS Peacock IMRT utilizing the Beak post collimation device," Med. Dosim. 26, 37-45 (2001).
29. D. A. Low, K. S. Chao, S. Mutic, R. L. Gerber, C. A. Perez, and J. A. Purdy, "Quality assurance of serial tomotherapy for head and neck patient treatments," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 42, 681-692 (1998).
30. D. A. Low, S. Mutic, J. F. Dempsey, J. Markman, K. S. Chao, and J. A. Purdy, "Abutment dosimetry for serial tomotherapy," Med. Dosim. 26, 79-82 (2001).
31. D. A. Low, S. Mutic, J. F. Dempsey, J. Markman, S. M. Goddu, and J. A. Purdy, "Abutment regional dosimetry for serial tomotherapy," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 45, 193-203 (1999).
32. L. B. Leybovich, N. Dogan, A. Sethi, M. J. Krasin, and B. Emami, "Improvement of tomographic intensity modulated radiotherapy dose distributions using periodic shifting of arc abutment regions," Med. Phys. 27, 1610-1616 (2000).
33. N. Dogan, L. B. Leybovich, A. Sethi, M. Krasin, and B. Emami, "A modified method of planning and delivery for dynamic multileaf collimator intensity-modulated radiation therapy," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 47, 241-245 (2000).
34. J. S. Tsai, M. J. Rivard, and M. J. Engler, "Dependence of linac output on the switch rate of an intensity-modulated tomotherapy collimator," Med. Phys. 27, 2215-2225 (2000).
35. T. R. Mackie, J. Balog, K. Ruchala, D. Shepard, S. Aldridge, E. Fitchard, P. Reckwerdt, G. Olivera, T. McNutt, and M. Mehta, "Tomotherapy," Semin Radiat. Oncol. 9, 108-117 (1999).
36. J. P. Balog, T. R. Mackie, P. Reckwerdt, M. Glass, and L. Angelos, "Characterization of the output for helical delivery of intensity modulated slit beams," Med. Phys. 26, 55-64 (1999).
37. C. X. Yu, "Intensity-modulated arc therapy with dynamic multileaf collimation: An alternative to tomotherapy," Phys. Med. Biol. 40, 1435-1449 (1995).
38. L. Ma, C. X. Yu, M. Earl, T. Holmes, M. Sarfaraz, X. A. Li, D. Shepard, P. Amin, S. DiBiase, M. Suntharalingam, and C. Mansfield, "Optimized intensity-modulated arc therapy for prostate cancer treatment," Int. J. Cancer 96, 379-384 (2001).
39. C. R. Ramsey, K. M. Spencer, R. Alhakeem, and A. L. Oliver, "Leaf position error during conformal dynamic arc and intensity modulated arc treatments," Med. Phys. 28, 67-72 (2001).
40. S. Webb, "Configuration options for intensity-modulated radiation therapy using multiple static fields shaped by a multileaf collimator," Phys. Med. Biol. 43, 241-260 (1998).
41. P. Xia and L. J. Verhey, "Multileaf collimator leaf sequencing algorithm for intensity modulated beams with multiple static segments," Med. Phys. 25, 1424-1434 (1998).
42. M. Langer, V. Thai, and L. Papiez, "Improved leaf sequencing reduces segments or monitor units needed to deliver IMRT using multileaf collimators," Med. Phys. 28, 2450-2458 (2001).
43. J. Dai and Y. Zhu, "Minimizing the number of segments in a delivery sequence for intensity-modulated radiation therapy with a multileaf collimator," Med. Phys. 28, 2113-2120 (2001).
44. L. Ma, A. L. Boyer, L. Xing, and C. M. Ma, "An optimized leaf-setting algorithm for beam intensity modulation using dynamic multileaf collimators," Phys. Med. Biol. 43, 1629-1643 (1998).
45. Y. Wu, D. Yan, M. B. Sharpe, B. Miller, and J. W. Wong, "Implementing multiple static field delivery for intensity modulated beams," Med. Phys. 28, 2188-2197 (2001).
46. R. A. Siochi, "Minimizing static intensity modulation delivery time using an intensity solid paradigm," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 43, 671-680 (1999).
47. L. D. Potter, S. X. Chang, T. J. Cullip, and A. C. Siochi, "A quality and efficiency analysis of the IMFASTTM segmentation algorithm in head and neck "step and shoot" IMRT treatments," Med. Phys. 29, 275-283 (2002).
48. S. M. Crooks, L. F. McAven, D. F. Robinson, and L. Xing, "Minimizing delivery time and monitor units in static IMRT by leaf-sequencing," Phys. Med. Biol. 47, 3105-3116 (2002).
49. S. V. Spirou, N. Fournier-Bidoz, J. Yang, C. S. Chui, and C. C. Ling, "Smoothing intensity-modulated beam profiles to improve the efficiency of delivery," Med. Phys. 28, 2105-2112 (2001).
50. A. L. Boyer and C. X. Yu, "Intensity-modulated radiation therapy with dynamic multileaf collimators," Semin Radiat. Oncol. 9, 48-59 (1999).
51. W. Que, "Comparison of algorithms for multileaf collimator field segmentation," Med. Phys. 26, 2390-2396 (1999).
52. A. W. Beavis, P. S. Ganney, V. J. Whitton, and L. Xing, "Optimization of the step-and-shoot leaf sequence for delivery of intensity modulated radiation therapy using a variable division scheme," Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 2457-2465 (2001).
53. G. J. Budgell, "Temporal resolution requirements for intensity modulated radiation therapy delivered by multileaf collimators," Phys. Med. Biol. 44, 1581-1596 (1999).
54. J. R. Sykes and P. C. Williams, "An experimental investigation of the tongue and groove effect for the Philips multileaf collimator," Phys. Med. Biol. 43, 3157-3165 (1998).
55. J. Deng, T. Pawlicki, Y. Chen, J. Li, S. B. Jiang, and C. M. Ma, "The MLC tongue-and-groove effect on IMRT dose distributions," Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 1039-1060 (2001).
56. L. Ma, A. L. Boyer, C. M. Ma, and L. Xing, "Synchronizing dynamic multileaf collimators for producing two-dimensional intensity-modulated fields with minimum beam delivery time," Int. J. Radiat., Oncol., Biol., Phys. 44, 1147-1154 (1999).
57. J. P. van Santvoort and B. J. Heijmen, "Dynamic multileaf collimation without "tongue-and-groove" underdosage effects," Phys. Med. Biol. 41, 2091-2105 (1996).
58. C. S. Chui, M. F. Chan, E. Yorke, S. Spirou, and C. C. Ling, "Delivery of intensity-modulated radiation therapy with a conventional multileaf collimator: Comparison of dynamic and segmental methods," Med. Phys. 28, 2441-2449 (2001).
59. P. Xia and L. J. Verhey, "Delivery systems of intensity-modulated radiotherapy using conventional multileaf collimators," Med. Dosim 26, 169-177 (2001).
60. D. A. Low and S. Mutic, "A commercial IMRT treatment-planning dose-calculation algorithm," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 41, 933-937 (1998).
61. A. Boyer, L. Xing, C. M. Ma, B. Curran, R. Hill, A. Kania, and A. Bieier, "Theoretical considerations of monitor unit calculations for intensity modulated beam treatment planning," Med. Phys. 26, 187-195 (1999).
62. M. H. Phillips, K. M. Singer, and A. R. Hounsell, "A macropencil beam model: Clinical implementation for conformal and intensity modulated radiation therapy," Phys. Med. Biol. 44, 1067-1088 (1999).
63. J. V. Siebers, S. Tong, M. Lauterbach, Q. Wu, and R. Mohan, "Acceleration of dose calculations for intensity-modulated radiotherapy," Med. Phys. 28, 903-910 (2001).
64. J. V. Siebers, M. Lauterbach, S. Tong, Q. Wu, and R. Mohan, "Reducing dose calculation time for accurate iterative IMRT planning, " Med. Phys. 29, 231-237 (2002).
65. H. H. Liu, F. Verhaegen, and L. Dong, "A method of simulating dynamic multileaf collimators using Monte Carlo techniques for intensity-modulated radiation therapy," Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 2283-2298 (2001).
66. X. A. Li, L. Ma, S. Naqvi, R. Shih, and C. Yu, "Monte Carlo dose verification for intensity-modulated arc therapy," Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 2269-2282 (2001).
67. P. J. Keall, J. V. Siebers, M. Arnfield, J. O. Kim, and R. Mohan, "Monte Carlo dose calculations for dynamic IMRT treatments," Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 929-941 (2001).
68. R. Jeraj and P. Keall, "The effect of statistical uncertainty on inverse treatment planning based on Monte Carlo dose calculation," Phys. Med. Biol. 45, 3601-3613 (2000).
69. S. A. Naqvi, M. Sarfaraz, T. Holmes, C. X. Yu, and X. A. Li, "Analysing collimator structure effects in head-scatter calculations for IMRT class fields using scatter-raytracing," Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 2009-2028 (2001).
70. Y. Yang, L. Xing, A. Boyer, Y. Song, and Y. Hu, "A three-source model for the calculation of head scatter factors," Med. Phys. 29, 2024-2033 (2002).
71. R. Mohan, M. Arnfield, S. Tong, Q. Wu, and J. Siebers, "The impact of fluctuations in intensity patterns on the number of monitor units and the quality and accuracy of intensity modulated radiotherapy," Med. Phys. 27, 1226-1237 (2000).
72. Y. Chen, A. L. Boyer, and C. M. Ma, "Calculation of x-ray transmission through a multileaf collimator," Med. Phys. 27, 1717-1726 (2000).
73. J. D. Azcona, R. A. Siochi, and I. Azinovic, "Quality assurance in IMRT: Importance of the transmission through the jaws for an accurate calculation of absolute doses and relative distributions," Med. Phys. 29, 269-274 (2002).
74. P. S. Cho and R. J. 2. Marks, "Hardware-sensitive optimization for intensity modulated radiotherapy," Phys. Med. Biol. 45, 429-440 (2000).
75. Y. Xiao, J. Galvin, M. Hossain, and R. Valicenti, "An optimized forward-planning technique for intensity modulated radiation therapy," Med. Phys. 27, 2093-2099 (2000).
76. B. Fraass, M. L. Kessler, D. L. McShan, L. H. Marsh, B. A. Watson, W. J. Dusseau, A. Eisbruch, H. M. Sandler, and A. S. Lichter, "Optimization and clinical use of multisegment intensity-modulated radiation therapy for high-dose conformal therapy," Semin Radiat. Oncol. 9, 60-77 (1999).
77. B. Pickett, E. Vigneault, J. Kurhanewicz, L. Verhey, and M. Roach, "Static field intensity modulation to treat a dominant intra-prostatic lesion to 90 Gy compared to seven field 3-dimensional radiotherapy," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 44, 921-929 (1999).
78. F. Claus, W. De Gersem, C. De Wagter, R. Van Severen, I. Vanhoutte, W. Duthoy, V. Remouchamps, B. Van Duyse, L. Vakaet, M. Lemmerling, H. Vermeersch, and W. De Neve, "An implementation strategy for IMRT of ethmoid sinus cancer with bilateral sparing of the optic pathways," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 51, 318-331 (2001).
79. W. De Gersem, F. Claus, C. De Wagter, and W. De Neve, "An anatomy-based beam segmentation tool for intensity-modulated radiation therapy and its application to head-and-neck cancer," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 51, 849-859 (2001).
80. F. Claus, W. De Gersem, I. Vanhoutte, W. Duthoy, V. Remouchamps, C. De Wagter, and W. De Neve, "Evaluation of a leaf position optimization tool for intensity modulated radiation therapy of head and neck cancer," Radiother. Oncol. 61, 281-286 (2001).
81. W. De Gersem, F. Claus, C. De Wagter, B. Van Duyse, and W. De Neve, "Leaf position optimization for step-and-shoot IMRT," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 51, 1371-1388 (2001).
82. M. Carol, "An automatic 3-D treatment planning and implementation system for optimized conformal radiation therapy by the NOMOS Corporation, " Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 23, 1081 (1992) (abstract).
83. A. L. Boyer, P. Geis, W. Grant, and M. Carol, "Modulated beam conformal therapy for head and neck tumors," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 39, 227-236 (1997).
84. S. V. Spirou and C. S. Chui, "A gradient inverse planning algorithm with dose-volume constraints," Med. Phys. 25, 321-333 (1998).
85. Q. Wu and R. Mohan, "Algorithms and functionality of an intensity modulated radiotherapy organization system," Med. Phys. 27, 701-711 (2000).
86. L. Xing, J. G. Li, A. Pugachev, Q. T. Le, and A. L. Boyer, "Estimation theory and model parameter selection for therapeutic treatment plan optimization," Med. Phys. 26, 2348-2358 (1999).
87. L. Xing, J. G. Li, S. Donaldson, Q. T. Le, and A. L. Boyer, "Optimization of importance factors in inverse planning," Phys. Med. Biol. 44, 2525-2536 (1999).
88. J. O. Deasy, "Multiple local minima in radiotherapy optimization problems with dose-volume constraints," Med. Phys. 24, 1157-1161 (1997).
89. C. S. Chui and S. V. Spirou, "Inverse planning algorithms for external beam radiation therapy," Med. Dosim. 26, 189-197 (2001).
90. L. Hong, M. Hunt, C. Chui, S. Spirou, K. Forster, H. Lee, J. Vahalom, G. J. Kutcher, and B. McCormick, "Intensity-modulated tangential beam irradiation of the intact breast," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 44, 1155-1164 (1999).
91. L. L. Kestin, M. B. Sharpe, R. C. Frazier, F. A. Vicini, D. Yan, R. C. Matter, A. A. Martinez, and J. W. Wong, "Intensity modulation to improve dose uniformity with tangential breast radiotherapy: Initial clinical experience," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 48, 1559-1568 (2000).
92. P. M. Evans, E. M. Donovan, M. Partridge, P. J. Childs, D. J. Convery, S. Eagle, V. N. Hansen, B. L. Suter, and J. R. Yarnold, "The delivery of intensity-modulated radiotherapy to the breast using multiple static fields," Radiother. Oncol. 57, 79-89 (2000).
93. B. van Asselen, C. P. Raaijmakers, P. Hofman, and J. J. Lagendijk, "An improved breast irradiation technique using three-dimensional geometrical information and intensity modulation," Radiother. Oncol, 58, 341-347 (2001).
94. C. X. Yu, D. A. Jaffray, and J. W. Wong, "The effects of intra-fraction organ motion on the delivery of dynamic intensity modulation," Phys. Med. Biol. 43, 91-104 (1998).
95. P. J. Keall, V. R. Kini, S. S. Vedam, and R. Mohan, "Motion adaptive x-ray therapy: A feasibility study," Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 1-10 (2001).
96. D. A. Jaffray, D. Yan, and J. W. Wong, "Managing geometric uncertainty in conformal intensity-modulated radiation therapy," Semin Radiat. Oncol. 9, 4-19 (1999).
97. L. Xing, Z. Lin, S. S. Donaldson, Q. T. Le, D. Tate, D. R. Goffinet, S. Wolden, L. Ma, and A. L. Boyen, "Dosimetric effects of patient displacement and collimator and gantry angle misalignment on intensity modulated radiation therapy," Radiother. Oncol. 56, 97-108 (2000).
98. M. A. Manning, Q. Wu, R. M. Cardinale, R. Mohan, A. D. Lauve, B. D. Kavanagh, M. M. Morris, and R. K. Schmidt-Ullrich, "The effect of setup uncertainty on normal tissue sparing with IMRT for head-and-neck cancer," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 51, 1400-1409 (2001).
99. J. G. Li and L. Xing, "Inverse planning incorporating organ motion," Med. Phys. 27, 1573-1578 (2000).
100. R. Mohan, Q. Wu, M. Manning, and R. Schmidt-Ullrich, "Radiobiological considerations in the design of fractionation strategies for intensity-modulated radiation therapy of head and neck cancers," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 46, 619-630 (2000).
101. A. Brahme, "Optimized radiation therapy based on radiobiological objectives," Semin Radiat. Oncol. 9, 35-47 (1999).
102. Q. Wu, R. Mohan, A. Niemierko, and R. Schmidt-Ullrich, "Optimization of intensity-modulated radiotherapy plans based on the equivalent uniform dose," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 52, 224-235 (2002).
103. E. B. Butler, B. S. Teh, W. H. Grant III, B. M. Uhl, R. B. Kuppersmith, J. K. Chiu, D. T Donovan, and S. Y. Woo, "SMART (simultaneous modulated accelerated radiation therapy) boost: A new accelerated fractionation schedule for the treatment of head and neck cancer with intensity modulated radiotherapy," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 45, 21-32 (1999).
104. L. J. Bos, E. M. Damen, R. W. de Boer, B. Mijnheer, D. L. McShan, B. A. Fraass, M. L. Kessler, and J. V. Lebesque, "Reduction of rectal dose by integration of the boost in the large-field treatment plan for prostate irradiation," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 52, 254-265 (2002).
105. H. K. Shu, T. T. Lee, E. Vigneauly, P. Xia, B. Pickett, T. L. Phillips, and M. Roach, "Toxicity following high-dose three-dimensional conformal and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer," Urology 57, 102-107 (2001).
106. M. J. Zelefsky, Z. Fuks, L. Happersett, H. J. Lee, C. C. Ling, C. M. Burman, M. Hunt, T. Wole, E. S. Venkatraman, A. Jackson, M. Skwarchuk, and S. A. Leibel, "Clinical experience with intensity modulated accelerated radiation therapy (IMRT) in prostate cancer," Radiother. Oncol. 55, 241-249 (2000).
107. D. Followill, P. Geis, and A. Boyer, "Estimates of whole body dose equivalent produced by beam intensity modulated conformal therapy," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 38, 667-672 (1997).
108. G. A. Ezzell, S. E. Schild, and W. W. Wong, Development of a treatment planning protocol for prostate treatments using intensity modulated radiotherapy, J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys. 2, 59-68 (2001).
109. J. Stein, R. Mohan, X. H. Wang, T. Bortfield, Q. Wu, K. Preiser, C. C. Ling, and W. Schlegel, "Number and orientations of beams in intensity-modulated radiation treatments," Med. Phys. 24, 149-160 (1997).
110. X. Wang, S. Spirou, T. LoSasso, J. Stein, C. S. Chui, and B. Mohan, "Dosimetric verification of intensity-modulated fields," Med. Phys. 23, 317-327 (1996).
111. L. Xing, Y. Curran, R. Hill, T. Holmes, L. Ma, K. M. Forster, and A. L. Boyer, "Dosimetric verification of a commercial inverse treatment planning system," Phys. Med. Biol. 44, 463-478 (1999).
112. C. Martens, C. De Wagter, and W. De Neve, "The value of the PinPoint ion chamber for characterization of small field segments used in intensity-modulated radiotherapy," Phys. Med. Biol. 45, 2519-2530 (2000).
113. B. Fraass, K. Doppke, M. Hunt, G. Kutcher, G. Starkschall, R. Stern, and J. Van Dyke, "American Association of Physicists in Medicine Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 53: Quality assurance for clinical radiotherapy treatment planning," Med. Phys. 25, 1773-1829 (1998).
114. K. M. Ayyangar, C. B. Saw, B. Shen, C. A. Enke, and P. S. Nizin, "Independent dose calculations for the PEACOCK system," Med. Dosim. 26, 29-35 (2001).
115. Y. Watanabe, "Point dose calculations using an analytical pencil beam kernel for IMRT plan checking," Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 1031-1038 (2001).
116. J. H. Kung, G. T. Chen, and F. K. Kuchnir, "A monitor unit verification calculation in intensity modulated radiotherapy as a dosimetry quality assurance," Med. Phys. 27, 2226-2230 (2000).
117. C. M. Ma, T. Pawlicki, S. B. Jiang, J. S. Li, J. Deng, E. Mok, A. Kapur, L. Xing, L. Ma, and A. L. Boyer, "Monte Carlo verification of IMRT dose distributions from a commercial treatment planning optimization system," Phys. Med. Biol. 45, 2483-2495 (2000).
118. L. Xing, Y. Chen, G. Luxton, J. G. Li, and A. L. Boyer, "Monitor unit calculation for an intensity modulated photon field by a simple scatter-summation algorithm," Phys. Med. Biol. 45, N1-7 (2000).
119. L. Xing and J. G. Li, "Computer verification of fluence maps in intensity modulated radiation therapy," Med. Phys. 27, 2084-2092 (2000).
120. D. A. Low, R. L. Gerber, S. Mutic, and J. A. Purdy, "Phantoms for IMRT dose distribution measurement and treatment verification," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 40, 1231-1235 (1998).
121. B. Paliwal, W. Tome, S. Richardson, and T. R. Makie, "A spiral phantom for IMRT and tomotherapy treatment delivery verification," Med. Phys. 27, 2503-2507 (2000).
122. A. J. Olch, "Dosimetric performance of an enhanced dose range radiographic film for intensity-modulated radiation therapy quality assurance," Med. Phys. 29, 2159-2168 (2002).
123. S. Chungbin and G. Ezzell, "Streamlined IMRT patient verification measurements using Kodak Extended Dose Range film (EDR2)," Med. Phys. 28, 1208 (2001) (abstract).
124. S. J. Ju, Y. C. Ahn, S. J. Huh, and I. J. Yeo, "Film dosimetry for intensity modulated radiation therapy: Dosimetric evaluation," Med. Phys. 29, 351-355 (2002).
125. D. A. Low, J. F. Dempsey, R. Venkatesan, S. Mutic, J. Markman, E. Mark Haacke, and J. A. Purdy, "Evaluation of polymer gels and MRI as a 3-D dosimeter for intensity-modulated radiation therapy," Med. Phys. 26, 1542-1551 (1999).
126. C. Martens, C. De Wagter, and W. De Neve, "The value of the LA48 linear ion chamber array for characterization of intensity-modulated beams," Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 1131-1148 (2001).
127. J. S. Li, A. L. Boyer, and C. M. Ma, "Verification of IMRT dose distributions using a water beam imaging system," Med. Phys. 28, 2466-2474 (2001).
128. P. M. Evans, M. Partridge, and J. R. Symonds-Tayler, "Sampling considerations for intensity modulated radiotherapy verification using electronic portal imaging," Med. Phys. 28, 543-552 (2001).
129. H. Keller, M. K. Fix, L. Liistro, and P. Ruegsegger, "Theoretical considerations to the verification of dynamic multileaf collimated fields with a SLIC-type portal image detector," Phys. Med. Biol. 45, 2531-2545 (2000).
130. M. Partridge, P. M. Evans, M. van Herk, L. S. Ploeger, G. J. Budgell, and H. V. James, "Leaf position verification during dynamic beam delivery: A comparison of three applications using electronic portal imaging," Med. Phys. 27, 1601-1609 (2000).
131. J. Chang, G. S. Mageras, C. S. Chui, C. C. Ling, and W. Lutz, Relative profile and dose verification of intensity-modulated radiation therapy," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 47, 231-240 (2000).
132. A. J. Curtin-Savard and E. B. Podgorsak, "Verification of segmented beam delivery using a commercial electronic portal imaging device," Med. Phys. 26, 737-742 (1999).
133. G. J. Kutcher, L. Coia, M. Gillin, W. F. Hanson, S. Leibel, R. J. Morton, J. R. Palta, J. A. Purdy, L. E. Reinstein, G. K. Svensson, M. Weller, and L. Wingfield, "Comprehensive QA for radiation oncology: Report of AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 40," Med. Phys. 21, 581-618 (1994).
134. J. E. Rodgers, "Radiation therapy vault shielding calculational methods when IMRT and TBI procedures contribute," J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys. 2, 157-164 (2001).
135. S. Mutic, D. A. Low, E. E. Klein, J. F. Dempsey, and J. A. Purdy, "Room shielding for intensity-modulated radiation therapy treatment facilities," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 50, 239-246 (2001).
136. C. B. Saw, R. Yakoob, C. A. Enke, T. P. Lau, and K. M. Ayyangar, "Immobilization devices for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)," Med. Dosim. 26, 71-77 (2001).
137. B. J. Salter, J. M. Hevezi, A. Sadeghi, M. Fuss, and T. S. Herman, "An oblique arc capable patient positioning system for sequential tomotherapy," Med. Phys. 28, 2475-2488 (2001).
138. J. Lattanzi, S. McNeeley, A. Hanlon, T. S. Schultheiss, and G. E. Hanks, Ultrasound-based stereotactic guidance of precision conformal external beam radiation therapy in clinically localized prostate cancer," Urology 55, 73-78 (2000).
139. J. E. McGary, B. S. Teh, E. B. Butler, and W. Grant III, "Prostate immobilization using a rectal balloon," J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys. 3, 6-11 (2002).
140. B. J. Salter, M. Fuss, D. G. Vollmer, A. Sadeghi, C. A. Bogaev, D. A. Cheek, T. S. Herman, and J. M. Hevezi, "The TALON removable head frame system for stereotactic radiosurgery/radiotherapy: Measurement of the repositioning accuracy," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 51, 555-562 (2001).
141. J. E. McGary and W. Grant III, "A clinical evaluation of setup errors for a prostate immobilization system," J. Appl. Clin. Med. Phys. 1, 138-147 (2000).
142. J. S. Tsai, M. J. Engler, M. N. Ling, J. K. Wu, B. Kramer, T. Dipetrillo, and D. E. Wazer, "A non-invasive immobilization system and related quality assurance for dynamic intensity modulated radiation therapy of intracranial and head and neck disease," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 43, 455-467 (1999).