Stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of brain metastases: The current evidence

Cancer Treatment Reviews

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 48-59

  Lippitz, Bodo ^a,b   Lindquist, Christer ^b   Paddick, Ian ^b   Peterson, David ^b,c   O'Neill, Kevin ^b,c   Beaney, Ronald ^b,d  

^a KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^b CROMWELL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c CHARING CROSS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Brain metastases; Gamma Knife; Linac; Radiosurgery; Treatment results

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED CANCER; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN METASTASIS; BRAIN TOXICITY; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CONTROL; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER RISK; CANCER SIZE; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CYBERKNIFE; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY; GAMMA KNIFE; GAMMA KNIFE RADIOSURGERY; HUMAN; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LINEAR ACCELERATOR; LUNG CANCER; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; MELANOMA; MICROSURGERY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OVERALL SURVIVAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RADIATION DOSE DISTRIBUTION; RADIATION INJURY; RADIATION RESPONSE; RADIOSENSITIVITY; REVIEW; SARCOMA; SKULL IRRADIATION; STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY; SURVIVAL RATE; SURVIVAL TIME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; WHOLE BRAIN RADIOTHERAPY;

BRAIN METASTASES; GAMMA KNIFE; LINAC; RADIOSURGERY; TREATMENT RESULTS;

BRAIN NEOPLASMS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; HUMANS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RADIOSURGERY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WHOLE-BODY IRRADIATION;

EID: 84887116316     PISSN: 03057372     EISSN: 15321967     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.05.002     Document Type: Review

References (174)

1. Schouten L.J., Rutten J., Huveneers H.A., Twijnstra A. Incidence of brain metastases in a cohort of patients with carcinoma of the breast, colon, kidney, and lung and melanoma. Cancer 2002, 94(10):2698-2705.
2. Langley R.E., Stephens R.J., Nankivell M., et al. Interim data from the Medical Research Council QUARTZ Trial: does whole brain radiotherapy affect the survival and quality of life of patients with brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer?. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2013, 25(3):e23-30.
3. Tsao M.N., Rades D., Wirth A., et al. International practice survey on the management of brain metastases: third international consensus workshop on palliative radiotherapy and symptom control. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2012, 24(6):e81-92.
4. Chatani M., Teshima T., Hata K., Inoue T., Suzuki T. Whole brain irradiation for metastases from lung carcinoma. A clinical investigation. Acta Radiol Oncol 1985, 24(4):311-314.
5. Chatani M., Matayoshi Y., Masaki N., Inoue T. Radiation therapy for brain metastases from lung carcinoma. Prospective randomized trial according to the level of lactate dehydrogenase. Strahlenther Onkol 1994, 170(3):155-161.
6. Harwood A.R., Simson W.J. Radiation therapy of cerebral metastases: a randomized prospective clinical trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1977, 2(11-12):1091-1094.
7. Kurtz J.M., Gelber R., Brady L.W., Carella R.J., Cooper J.S. The palliation of brain metastases in a favorable patient population: a randomized clinical trial by the radiation therapy oncology group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1981, 7(7):891-895.
8. Murray K.J., Scott C., Greenberg H.M., et al. A randomized phase III study of accelerated hyperfractionation versus standard in patients with unresected brain metastases: a report of the radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) 9104. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997, 39(3):571-574.
9. Nieder C., Thamm R., Astner S.T., Geinitz H., Molls M. Is whole-brain radiotherapy effective and safe in elderly patients with brain metastases?. Oncology 2007, 72(5-6):326-329.
10. Nieder C., Andratschke N., Grosu A.L., Molls M. Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) class does not predict survival in patients with four or more brain metastases. Strahlenther Onkol 2003, 179(1):16-20.
11. Nussbaum E.S., Djalilian H.R., Cho K.H., Hall W.A. Brain metastases. Histology, multiplicity, surgery, and survival. Cancer 1996, 78(8):1781-1788.
12. Priestman T.J., Dunn J., Brada M., Rampling R., Baker P.G. Final results of the Royal College of Radiologists' trial comparing two different radiotherapy schedules in the treatment of cerebral metastases. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1996, 8(5):308-315.
13. Nieder C., Norum J., Dalhaug A., Aandahl G., Pawinski A. Radiotherapy versus best supportive care in patients with brain metastases and adverse prognostic factors. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013, [Epub ahead of print].
14. Suh J.H., Stea B., Nabid A., et al. Phase III study of efaproxiral as an adjunct to whole-brain radiation therapy for brain metastases. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24(1):106-114.
15. Tsao M.N., Lloyd N.S., Wong R.K., Rakovitch E., Chow E., Laperriere N. Radiotherapeutic management of brain metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev 2005, 31(4):256-273.
16. Heisterkamp C., Haatanen T., Schild S.E., Rades D. Dose escalation in patients receiving whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases from colorectal cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 2010, 186(2):70-75.
17. Soffietti R., Cornu P., Delattre J.Y., et al. EFNS Guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of brain metastases: report of an EFNS Task Force. Eur J Neurol 2006, 13(7):674-681.
18. Kalkanis S.N., Kondziolka D., Gaspar L.E., et al. The role of surgical resection in the management of newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Neurooncol 2010, 96(1):33-43.
19. Feyer P., Sautter-Bihl M.L., Budach W., et al. DEGRO Practical Guidelines for palliative radiotherapy of breast cancer patients: brain metastases and leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Strahlenther Onkol 2010, 186(2):63-69.
20. Tsao M.N., Rades D., Wirth A., Lo S.S., Danielson B.L., Gaspar L.E., et al. Radiotherapeutic and surgical management for newly diagnosed brain metastasis(es): An American Society for Radiation Oncology evidence-based guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol 2012, 2:210-225.
21. Linskey M.E., Andrews D.W., Asher A.L., et al. The role of stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Neurooncol 2010, 96(1):45-68.
22. Vecht C.J., Haaxma-Reiche H., Noordijk E.M., et al. Treatment of single brain metastasis: radiotherapy alone or combined with neurosurgery?. Ann Neurol 1993, 33(6):583-590.
23. Patchell R.A., Tibbs P.A., Walsh J.W., et al. A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. N Engl J Med 1990, 322(8):494-500.
24. Halasz L.M., Weeks J.C., Neville B.A., Taback N., Punglia R.S. Use of stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer in the United States. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013, 85(2):e109-16.
25. Patchell R.A., Tibbs P.A., Regine W.F., et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized trial. JAMA 1998, 280(17):1485-1489.
26. Kocher M., Soffietti R., Abacioglu U., et al. Adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy versus observation after radiosurgery or surgical resection of one to three cerebral metastases: results of the EORTC 22,952-26,001 study. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29(2):134-141.
27. Kondziolka D., Patel A., Lunsford L.D., Kassam A., Flickinger J.C. Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole brain radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for patients with multiple brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999, 45(2):427-434.
28. Aoyama H., Shirato H., Tago M., et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole-brain radiation therapy vs stereotactic radiosurgery alone for treatment of brain metastases: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006, 295(21):2483-2491.
29. Chang E.L., Wefel J.S., Hess K.R., et al. Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus whole-brain irradiation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2009, 10(11):1037-1044.
30. Soffietti R., Kocher M., Abacioglu U.M., et al. A European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer phase III trial of adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy versus observation in patients with one to three brain metastases from solid tumors after surgical resection or radiosurgery: quality-of-life results. J Clin Oncol 2013, 31(1):65-72.
31. Andrews D.W., Scott C.B., Sperduto P.W., et al. Whole brain radiation therapy with or without stereotactic radiosurgery boost for patients with one to three brain metastases: phase III results of the RTOG 9508 randomised trial. Lancet 2004, 363(9422):1665-1672.
32. Sperduto P.W., Kased N., Roberge D., et al. The effect of tumor subtype on the time from primary diagnosis to development of brain metastases and survival in patients with breast cancer. J Neurooncol 2013, 112(3):467-472.
33. Xu Z., Schlesinger D., Toulmin S., Rich T., Sheehan J. Impact of triple-negative phenotype on prognosis of patients with breast cancer brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012, 84(3):612-618.
34. Sperduto P.W., Chao S.T., Sneed P.K., et al. Diagnosis-specific prognostic factors, indexes, and treatment outcomes for patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases: a multi-institutional analysis of 4259 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010, 77(3):655-661.
35. Eichler A.F., Kahle K.T., Wang D.L., et al. EGFR mutation status and survival after diagnosis of brain metastasis in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Neuro Oncol 2010, 12(11):1193-1199.
36. Lippitz B.E. Cytokine patterns in patients with cancer: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol 2013, 14(6):e218-28.
37. Barnett G.H., Linskey M.E., Adler J.R., et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery - an organized neurosurgery-sanctioned definition. J Neurosurg 2007, 106(1):1-5.
38. American Society for Radiation Oncology (2007) Stereotactic radiosurgery definition. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;67(4):1280.
39. Lindquist C., Paddick I. The Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion and comparisons with its predecessors. Neurosurgery 2007, 61(Suppl. 3):130-140. [discussion 40-1].
40. Mack A., Czempiel H., Kreiner H.J., Durr G., Wowra B. Quality assurance in stereotactic space: a system test for verifying the accuracy of aim in radiosurgery. Med Phys 2002, 29(4):561-568.
41. Chang S.D., Main W., Martin D.P., Gibbs I.C., Heilbrun M.P. An analysis of the accuracy of the cyberknife: a robotic frameless stereotactic radiosurgical system. Neurosurgery 2003, 52(1):140-146. [discussion 46-7].
42. Murphy M.J., Cox R.S. The accuracy of dose localization for an image-guided frameless radiosurgery system. Med Phys 1996, 23(12):2043-2049.
43. Murphy M.J. Intrafraction geometric uncertainties in frameless image-guided radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 73(5):1364-1368.
44. Verellen D., Linthout N., Bel A., et al. Assessment of the uncertainties in dose delivery of a commercial system for linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999, 44(2):421-433.
45. Papagiannis P., Karaiskos P., Kozicki M., et al. Three-dimensional dose verification of the clinical application of gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery using polymer gel and MRI. Phys Med Biol 2005, 50(9):1979-1990.
46. Nedzi L.A., Kooy H.M., Alexander E., Svensson G.K., Loeffler J.S. Dynamic field shaping for stereotactic radiosurgery: a modeling study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993, 25(5):859-869.
47. Kubo H.D., Wilder R.B., Pappas C.T. Impact of collimator leaf width on stereotactic radiosurgery and 3D conformal radiotherapy treatment plans. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999, 44(4):937-945.
48. Zytkovicz A., Daftari I., Phillips T.L., Chuang C.F., Verhey L., Petti P.L. Peripheral dose in ocular treatments with CyberKnife and Gamma Knife radiosurgery compared to proton radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2007, 52(19):5957-5971.
49. Regis J., Tamura M., Guillot C., et al. Radiosurgery with the world's first fully robotized Leksell Gamma Knife PerfeXion in clinical use: a 200-patient prospective, randomized, controlled comparison with the Gamma Knife 4C. Neurosurgery 2009, 64(2):346-355. [discussion 55-6].
50. Sturm V., Kober B., Hover K.H., et al. Stereotactic percutaneous single dose irradiation of brain metastases with a linear accelerator. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1987, 13(2):279-282.
51. Lindquist C. Gamma knife surgery for recurrent solitary metastasis of a cerebral hypernephroma: case report. Neurosurgery 1989, 25(5):802-804.
52. Amendola B.E., Wolf A.L., Coy S.R., Amendola M., Bloch L. Gamma knife radiosurgery in the treatment of patients with single and multiple brain metastases from carcinoma of the breast. Cancer J 2000, 6(2):88-92.
53. Chen J.C., O'Day S., Morton D., et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of metastatic disease to the brain. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1999, 73(1-4):60-63.
54. Firlik K.S., Kondziolka D., Flickinger J.C., Lunsford L.D. Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2000, 7(5):333-338.
55. Gaudy-Marqueste C., Regis J.M., Muracciole X., et al. Gamma-Knife radiosurgery in the management of melanoma patients with brain metastases: a series of 106 patients without whole-brain radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 65(3):809-816.
56. Gerosa M., Nicolato A., Foroni R., Tomazzoli L., Bricolo A. Analysis of long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer brain metastases treated by gamma knife radiosurgery. J Neurosurg 2005, 102(Suppl):75-80.
57. Hasegawa T., Kondziolka D., Flickinger J.C., Germanwala A., Lunsford L.D. Brain metastases treated with radiosurgery alone: an alternative to whole brain radiotherapy?. Neurosurgery 2003, 52(6):1318-1326. [discussion 26].
58. Kim Y.S., Kondziolka D., Flickinger J.C., Lunsford L.D. Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma metastatic to the brain. Cancer 1997, 80(11):2075-2083.
59. Lavine S.D., Petrovich Z., Cohen-Gadol A.A., et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for metastatic melanoma: an analysis of survival, outcome, and complications. Neurosurgery 1999, 44(1):59-64. [discussion 64-6].
60. Lippitz B.E., Kraepelien T., Hautanen K., et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for patients with multiple cerebral metastases. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2004, 91:79-87.
61. Mathieu D., Kondziolka D., Cooper P.B., et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery in the management of malignant melanoma brain metastases. Neurosurgery 2007, 60(3):471-481. [discussion 81-2].
62. Mori Y., Kondziolka D., Flickinger J.C., Kirkwood J.M., Agarwala S., Lunsford L.D. Stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral metastatic melanoma: factors affecting local disease control and survival. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998, 42(3):581-589.
63. Muacevic A., Kreth F.W., Horstmann G.A., et al. Surgery and radiotherapy compared with gamma knife radiosurgery in the treatment of solitary cerebral metastases of small diameter. J Neurosurg 1999, 91(1):35-43.
64. Pan H.C., Sheehan J., Stroila M., Steiner M., Steiner L. Gamma knife surgery for brain metastases from lung cancer. J Neurosurg 2005, 102(Suppl):128-133.
65. Petrovich Z., Yu C., Giannotta S.L., O'Day S., Apuzzo M.L. Survival and pattern of failure in brain metastasis treated with stereotactic gamma knife radiosurgery. J Neurosurg 2002, 97(5 Suppl):499-506.
66. Sanghavi S.N., Miranpuri S.S., Chappell R., et al. Radiosurgery for patients with brain metastases: a multi-institutional analysis, stratified by the RTOG recursive partitioning analysis method. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001, 51(2):426-434.
67. Sansur C.A., Chin L.S., Ames J.W., et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for the treatment of brain metastases. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2000, 74(1):37-51.
68. Schoeggl A., Kitz K., Ertl A., Reddy M., Bavinzski G., Schneider B. Prognostic factor analysis for multiple brain metastases after gamma knife radiosurgery: results in 97 patients. J Neurooncol 1999, 42(2):169-175.
69. Schoggl A., Kitz K., Reddy M., et al. Defining the role of stereotactic radiosurgery versus microsurgery in the treatment of single brain metastases. Acta Neurochir 2000, 142(6):621-626.
70. Sheehan J.P., Sun M.H., Kondziolka D., Flickinger J., Lunsford L.D. Radiosurgery for non-small cell lung carcinoma metastatic to the brain: long-term outcomes and prognostic factors influencing patient survival time and local tumor control. J Neurosurg 2002, 97(6):1276-1281.
71. Shiau C.Y., Sneed P.K., Shu H.K., et al. Radiosurgery for brain metastases: relationship of dose and pattern of enhancement to local control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997, 37(2):375-383.
72. Simonova G., Liscak R., Novotny J., Novotny J. Solitary brain metastases treated with the Leksell Gamma Knife: prognostic factors for patients. Radiother Oncol 2000, 57(2):207-213.
73. Sneed P.K., Suh J.H., Goetsch S.J., et al. A multi-institutional review of radiosurgery alone vs. radiosurgery with whole brain radiotherapy as the initial management of brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002, 53(3):519-526.
74. Wowra B., Horstmann G.A., Cibis R., Czempiel H. Profile of ambulatory radiosurgery with the Gamma Knife system. 2: report of clinical experiences. Radiologe 1997, 37(12):1003-1015.
75. Wowra B., Siebels M., Muacevic A., Kreth F.W., Mack A., Hofstetter A. Repeated gamma knife surgery for multiple brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma. J Neurosurg 2002, 97(4):785-793.
76. Simonova G., Roman L. Radiosurgery in the treatment of malignant brain tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2003, 3(6):879-890.
77. Deinsberger R., Tidstrand J. LINAC radiosurgery as single treatment in cerebral metastases. J Neurooncol 2006, 76(1):77-83.
78. Schomas D.A., Roeske J.C., MacDonald R.L., Sweeney P.J., Mehta N., Mundt A.J. Predictors of tumor control in patients treated with linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery for metastatic disease to the brain. Am J Clin Oncol 2005, 28(2):180-187.
79. Voges J., Treuer H., Erdmann J., et al. Linac radiosurgery in brain metastases. Acta Neurochir Suppl 1994, 62:72-76.
80. Herfarth K.K., Izwekowa O., Thilmann C., et al. Linac-based radiosurgery of cerebral melanoma metastases. Analysis of 122 metastases treated in 64 patients. Strahlenther Onkol 2003, 179(6):366-371.
81. Nataf F., Schlienger M., Liu Z., et al. Radiosurgery with or without a 2-mm margin for 93 single brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 70(3):766-772.
82. Kato T., Shirato H., Suzuki K., et al. Stereotactic irradiation for brain metastases using linear accelerator. No Shinkei Geka 1996, 24(11):1003-1009.
83. Hara W., Tran P., Li G., et al. Cyberknife for brain metastases of malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Neurosurgery 2009, 64(Suppl. 2):A26-32.
84. Muacevic A., Kufeld M., Wowra B., Kreth F.W., Tonn J.C. Feasibility, safety, and outcome of frameless image-guided robotic radiosurgery for brain metastases. J Neurooncol 2010, 97(2):267-274.
85. Chidel M.A., Suh J.H., Reddy C.A., Chao S.T., Lundbeck M.F., Barnett G.H. Application of recursive partitioning analysis and evaluation of the use of whole brain radiation among patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery for newly diagnosed brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000, 47(4):993-999.
86. Pan H.C., Sun M.H., Chen C.C., Chen C.J., Lee C.H., Sheehan J. Neuroimaging and quality-of-life outcomes in patients with brain metastasis and peritumoral edema who undergo Gamma Knife surgery. J Neurosurg 2008, 109(Suppl):90-98.
87. Zabel A., Milker-Zabel S., Thilmann C., et al. Treatment of brain metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by stereotactic linac-based radiosurgery: prognostic factors. Lung Cancer 2002, 37(1):87-94.
88. Karlsson B., Wersäll B., Lippitz B., Kihlström L. Repeated radiosurgery versus fractionated radiotherapy in the treatment of brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Radiosurgery 2000, 232-239. Karger, Basel. D. Kondziolka (Ed.).
89. Bartsch R., Fromm S., Rudas M., et al. Intensified local treatment and systemic therapy significantly increase survival in patients with brain metastases from advanced breast cancer - a retrospective analysis. Radiother Oncol 2006, 80(3):313-317.
90. Ogura M., Mitsumori M., Okumura S., et al. Radiation therapy for brain metastases from breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2003, 10(4):349-355.
91. Akyurek S., Chang E.L., Mahajan A., et al. Stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of cerebral metastases arising from breast cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2007, 30(3):310-314.
92. Lederman G., Wronski M., Fine M. Fractionated radiosurgery for brain metastases in 43 patients with breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2001, 65(2):145-154.
93. Kondziolka D., Kano H., Harrison G.L., et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery as primary and salvage treatment for brain metastases from breast cancer. Clinical article. J Neurosurg 2011, 114(3):792-800.
94. Muacevic A., Kreth F.W., Tonn J.C., Wowra B. Stereotactic radiosurgery for multiple brain metastases from breast carcinoma. Cancer 2004, 100(8):1705-1711.
95. Goyal S., Prasad D., Harrell F., Matsumoto J., Rich T., Steiner L. Gamma knife surgery for the treatment of intracranial metastases from breast cancer. J Neurosurg 2005, 103(2):218-223.
96. Levin K.J., Youssef E.F., Sloan A.E., Patel R., Zabad R.K., Zamorano L. Gamma knife radiosurgery in patients with advanced breast cancer undergoing bone marrow transplant. J Neurosurg 2002, 97(5 Suppl.):663-665.
97. Kased N., Binder D.K., McDermott M.W., et al. Gamma Knife radiosurgery for brain metastases from primary breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009, 75(4):1132-1140.
98. Xu Z., Marko N.F., Chao S.T., et al. Relationship between HER2 status and prognosis in women with brain metastases from breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012, 82(5):e739-47.
99. Chen A.M., Jahan T.M., Jablons D.M., Garcia J., Larson D.A. Risk of cerebral metastases and neurological death after pathological complete response to neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer: clinical implications for the subsequent management of the brain. Cancer 2007, 109(8):1668-1675.
100. Hoffman R., Sneed P.K., McDermott M.W., et al. Radiosurgery for brain metastases from primary lung carcinoma. Cancer J 2001, 7(2):121-131.
101. Sheehan J., Kondziolka D., Flickinger J., Lunsford L.D. Radiosurgery for patients with recurrent small cell lung carcinoma metastatic to the brain: outcomes and prognostic factors. J Neurosurg 2005, 102(Suppl):247-254.
102. Serizawa T., Ono J., Iichi T., et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for metastatic brain tumors from lung cancer: a comparison between small cell and non-small cell carcinoma. J Neurosurg 2002, 97(5 Suppl):484-488.
103. Flannery T.W., Suntharalingam M., Kwok Y., et al. Gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery for synchronous versus metachronous solitary brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2003, 42(3):327-333.
104. Kong D.S., Lee J.I., Nam D.H., et al. Prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer with synchronous brain metastases treated with gamma knife radiosurgery. J Korean Med Sci 2006, 21(3):527-532.
105. Motta M., Del Vecchio A., Attuati L., et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for treatment of cerebral metastases from non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011, 81(4):e463-e468.
106. Flannery T.W., Suntharalingam M., Regine W.F., et al. Long-term survival in patients with synchronous, solitary brain metastasis from non-small-cell lung cancer treated with radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 72(1):19-23.
107. Moazami N., Rice T.W., Rybicki L.A., et al. Stage III non-small cell lung cancer and metachronous brain metastases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002, 124(1):113-122.
108. Wegner R.E., Olson A.C., Kondziolka D., Niranjan A., Lundsford L.D., Flickinger J.C. Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with brain metastases from small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011, 81(3):e21-e27.
109. Brown P.D., Brown C.A., Pollock B.E., Gorman D.A., Foote R.L. Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with "radioresistant" brain metastases. Neurosurgery 2008, 62(Suppl. 2):790-801.
110. Powell J.W., Chung C.T., Shah H.R., et al. Gamma Knife surgery in the management of radioresistant brain metastases in high-risk patients with melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and sarcoma. J Neurosurg 2008, 109(Suppl):122-128.
111. Radbill A.E., Fiveash J.F., Falkenberg E.T., et al. Initial treatment of melanoma brain metastases using gamma knife radiosurgery: an evaluation of efficacy and toxicity. Cancer 2004, 101(4):825-833.
112. Seung S.K., Sneed P.K., McDermott M.W., et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for malignant melanoma brain metastases. Cancer J Sci Am 1998, 4(2):103-109.
113. Yu C., Chen J.C., Apuzzo M.L., et al. Metastatic melanoma to the brain: prognostic factors after gamma knife radiosurgery. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002, 52(5):1277-1287.
114. Mingione V., Oliveira M., Prasad D., Steiner M., Steiner L. Gamma surgery for melanoma metastases in the brain. J Neurosurg 2002, 96(3):544-551.
115. Liew D.N., Kano H., Kondziolka D., et al. Outcome predictors of Gamma Knife surgery for melanoma brain metastases. Clinical article. J Neurosurg 2011, 114(3):769-779.
116. Grob J.J., Regis J., Laurans R., et al. Radiosurgery without whole brain radiotherapy in melanoma brain metastases. Club de Cancerologie Cutanee. Eur J Cancer 1998, 34(8):1187-1192.
117. Manon R., O'Neill A., Knisely J., et al. Phase II trial of radiosurgery for one to three newly diagnosed brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and sarcoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study (E 6397). J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(34):8870-8876.
118. Selek U., Chang E.L., Hassenbusch S.J., et al. Stereotactic radiosurgical treatment in 103 patients for 153 cerebral melanoma metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004, 59(4):1097-1106.
119. Gaspar L., Scott C., Rotman M., et al. Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) of prognostic factors in three radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) brain metastases trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997, 37(4):745-751.
120. Tendulkar R.D., Liu S.W., Barnett G.H., et al. RPA classification has prognostic significance for surgically resected single brain metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006, 66(3):810-817.
121. Chang E.L., Selek U., Hassenbusch S.J., et al. Outcome variation among "radioresistant" brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 2005, 56(5):936-945.
122. Noel G., Simon J.M., Valery C.A., et al. Linac radiosurgery for brain metastasis of melanoma. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2002, 79(3-4):245-255.
123. Wronski M., Maor M.H., Davis B.J., Sawaya R., Levin V.A. External radiation of brain metastases from renal carcinoma: a retrospective study of 119 patients from the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997, 37(4):753-759.
124. Hernandez L., Zamorano L., Sloan A., et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for renal cell carcinoma brain metastases. J Neurosurg 2002, 97(5 Suppl):489-493.
125. Mori Y., Kondziolka D., Flickinger J.C., Logan T., Lunsford L.D. Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 1998, 83(2):344-353.
126. Muacevic A., Kreth F.W., Mack A., Tonn J.C., Wowra B. Stereotactic radiosurgery without radiation therapy providing high local tumor control of multiple brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 2004, 47(4):203-208.
127. Sheehan J.P., Sun M.H., Kondziolka D., Flickinger J., Lunsford L.D. Radiosurgery in patients with renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the brain: long-term outcomes and prognostic factors influencing survival and local tumor control. J Neurosurg 2003, 98(2):342-349.
128. Shuto T., Inomori S., Fujino H., Nagano H. Gamma knife surgery for metastatic brain tumors from renal cell carcinoma. J Neurosurg 2006, 105(4):555-560.
129. Marko N.F., Angelov L., Toms S.A., et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery as single-modality treatment of incidentally identified renal cell carcinoma brain metastases. World Neurosurg 2010, 73(3):186-193. [discussion e29].
130. Hoshi S., Jokura H., Nakamura H., et al. Gamma-knife radiosurgery for brain metastasis of renal cell carcinoma: results in 42 patients. Int J Urol 2002, 9(11):618-625. [discussion 26; author reply 27].
131. Noel G., Valery C.A., Boisserie G., et al. LINAC radiosurgery for brain metastasis of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2004, 22(1):25-31.
132. Goyal L.K., Suh J.H., Reddy C.A., Barnett G.H. The role of whole brain radiotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery on brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000, 47(4):1007-1012.
133. Hasegawa T., Kondziolka D., Flickinger J.C., Lunsford L.D. Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from gastrointestinal tract cancer. Surg Neurol 2003, 60(6):506-514. [discussion 14-5].
134. Schoeggl A., Kitz K., Reddy M., Zauner C. Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2002, 17(3):150-155.
135. Matsunaga S., Shuto T., Kawahara N., Suenaga J., Inomori S., Fujino H. Gamma Knife surgery for brain metastases from colorectal cancer. Clinical article. J Neurosurg 2011, 114(3):782-789.
136. Da Silva A.N., Nagayama K., Schlesinger D.J., Sheehan J.P. Gamma Knife surgery for brain metastases from gastrointestinal cancer. J Neurosurg 2009, 111(3):423-430.
137. Mintz A.H., Kestle J., Rathbone M.P., et al. A randomized trial to assess the efficacy of surgery in addition to radiotherapy in patients with a single cerebral metastasis. Cancer 1996, 78(7):1470-1476.
138. Paek S.H., Audu P.B., Sperling M.R., Cho J., Andrews D.W. Reevaluation of surgery for the treatment of brain metastases: review of 208 patients with single or multiple brain metastases treated at one institution with modern neurosurgical techniques. Neurosurgery 2005, 56(5):1021-1034. [discussion 21-34].
139. Zacest A.C., Besser M., Stevens G., Thompson J.F., McCarthy W.H., Culjak G. Surgical management of cerebral metastases from melanoma: outcome in 147 patients treated at a single institution over two decades. J Neurosurg 2002, 96(3):552-558.
140. O'Neill B.P., Iturria N.J., Link M.J., Pollock B.E., Ballman K.V., O'Fallon J.R. A comparison of surgical resection and stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of solitary brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003, 55(5):1169-1176.
141. Armstrong J.G., Wronski M., Galicich J., Arbit E., Leibel S.A., Burt M. Postoperative radiation for lung cancer metastatic to the brain. J Clin Oncol 1994, 12(11):2340-2344.
142. Muacevic A., Wowra B., Siefert A., Tonn J.C., Steiger H.J., Kreth F.W. Microsurgery plus whole brain irradiation versus Gamma Knife surgery alone for treatment of single metastases to the brain: a randomized controlled multicentre phase III trial. J Neurooncol 2008, 87(3):299-307.
143. Hanssens P., Karlsson B., Yeo T.T., Chou N., Beute G. Detection of brain micrometastases by high-resolution stereotactic magnetic resonance imaging and its impact on the timing of and risk for distant recurrences. J Neurosurg 2011, 115(3):499-504.
144. Skeie B.S., Skeie G.O., Enger P.O., et al. Gamma knife surgery in brain melanomas: absence of extracranial metastases and tumor volume strongest indicators of prolonged survival. World Neurosurg 2011, 75(5-6):684-691.
145. Chen J.C., Petrovich Z., O'Day S., et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of metastatic disease to the brain. Neurosurgery 2000, 47(2):268-279. [discussion 79-81].
146. Jawahar A., Shaya M., Campbell P., et al. Role of stereotactic radiosurgery as a primary treatment option in the management of newly diagnosed multiple (3-6) intracranial metastases. Surg Neurol 2005, 64(3):207-212.
147. Serizawa T., Yamamoto M., Sato Y., et al. Gamma Knife surgery as sole treatment for multiple brain metastases: 2-center retrospective review of 1508 cases meeting the inclusion criteria of the JLGK0901 multi-institutional prospective study. J Neurosurg 2010, 113(Suppl):48-52.
148. Serizawa T., Saeki N., Higuchi Y., et al. Gamma knife surgery for brain metastases: indications for and limitations of a local treatment protocol. Acta Neurochir 2005, 147(7):721-726. [discussion 26].
149. Yan E.S., Sneed P.K., McDermott M.W., Kunwar S., Wara W.M., Larson D.A. Number of brain metastases is not an important prognostic factor for survival following radiosurgery for newly-diagnosed nonmelanoma brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003, 57(Suppl. 2):131-132.
150. Shu H.K., Sneed P.K., Shiau C.Y., et al. Factors influencing survival after gamma knife radiosurgery for patients with single and multiple brain metastases. Cancer J Sci Am 1996, 2(6):335-342.
151. Likhacheva A., Pinnix C.C., Parikh N.R., et al. Predictors of survival in contemporary practice after initial radiosurgery for brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013, 85(3):656-661.
152. Caballero J.A., Sneed P.K., Lamborn K.R., et al. Prognostic factors for survival in patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery for recurrent brain metastases after prior whole brain radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012, 83(1):303-309.
153. Chang W.S., Kim H.Y., Chang J.W., Park Y.G., Chang J.H. Analysis of radiosurgical results in patients with brain metastases according to the number of brain lesions: is stereotactic radiosurgery effective for multiple brain metastases?. J Neurosurg 2010, 113(Suppl):73-78.
154. Yamamoto M., Kawabe T., Sato Y., et al. A case-matched study of stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with multiple brain metastases: comparing treatment results for 1-4 vs ≥ 5 tumors. J Neurosurg 2013, 118(6):1258-1268.
155. DiLuna M.L., King J.T., Knisely J.P., Chiang V.L. Prognostic factors for survival after stereotactic radiosurgery vary with the number of cerebral metastases. Cancer 2007, 109(1):135-145.
156. Nam T.K., Lee J.I., Jung Y.J., et al. Gamma knife surgery for brain metastases in patients harboring four or more lesions: survival and prognostic factors. J Neurosurg 2005, 102(Suppl.):147-150.
157. Bhatnagar A.K., Kondziolka D., Lunsford L.D., Flickinger J.C. Recursive partitioning analysis of prognostic factors for patients with four or more intracranial metastases treated with radiosurgery. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2007, 6(3):153-160.
158. Chougule P.B., Burton-Williams M., Saris S., et al. Randomized treatment of brain metastasis with gamma knife radiosurgery, whole brain radiotherapy or both. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000, 48(Suppl. 3):114.
159. Slotman B.J., Mauer M.E., Bottomley A., et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive disease small-cell lung cancer: short-term health-related quality of life and patient reported symptoms: results of an international Phase III randomized controlled trial by the EORTC radiation oncology and lung cancer groups. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(1):78-84.
160. Welzel G., Fleckenstein K., Schaefer J., et al. Memory function before and after whole brain radiotherapy in patients with and without brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 72(5):1311-1318.
161. Doyle D.M., Einhorn L.H. Delayed effects of whole brain radiotherapy in germ cell tumor patients with central nervous system metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008, 70(5):1361-1364.
162. DiBiase S.J., Chin L.S., Ma L. Influence of gamma knife radiosurgery on the quality of life in patients with brain metastases. Am J Clin Oncol 2002, 25(2):131-134.
163. Rades D., Pluemer A., Veninga T., Hanssens P., Dunst J., Schild S.E. Whole-brain radiotherapy versus stereotactic radiosurgery for patients in recursive partitioning analysis classes 1 and 2 with 1 to 3 brain metastases. Cancer 2007, 110(10):2285-2292.
164. Serizawa T., Iuchi T., Ono J., et al. Gamma knife treatment for multiple metastatic brain tumors compared with whole-brain radiation therapy. J Neurosurg 2000, 93(Suppl. 3):32-36.
165. Jawahar A., Matthew R.E., Minagar A., et al. Gamma knife surgery in the management of brain metastases from lung carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of survival, local tumor control, and freedom from new brain metastasis. J Neurosurg 2004, 100(5):842-847.
166. Varlotto J.M., Flickinger J.C., Niranjan A., Bhatnagar A., Kondziolka D., Lunsford L.D. The impact of whole-brain radiation therapy on the long-term control and morbidity of patients surviving more than one year after gamma knife radiosurgery for brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005, 62(4):1125-1132.
167. Rades D., Kueter J.D., Hornung D., et al. Comparison of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone and whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) plus a stereotactic boost (WBRT+SRS) for one to three brain metastases. Strahlenther Onkol 2008, 184(12):655-662.
168. Sneed P.K., Lamborn K.R., Forstner J.M., et al. Radiosurgery for brain metastases: is whole brain radiotherapy necessary?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999, 43(3):549-558.
169. Flickinger J.C., Kondziolka D., Lunsford L.D., et al. A multi-institutional experience with stereotactic radiosurgery for solitary brain metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994, 28(4):797-802.
170. Mehta M.P., Tsao M.N., Whelan T.J., et al. The American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) evidence-based review of the role of radiosurgery for brain metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005, 63(1):37-46.
171. Shaw E., Scott C., Souhami L., et al. Single dose radiosurgical treatment of recurrent previously irradiated primary brain tumors and brain metastases: final report of RTOG protocol 90-05. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000, 47(2):291-298.
172. Chao S.T., Barnett G.H., Vogelbaum M.A., et al. Salvage stereotactic radiosurgery effectively treats recurrences from whole-brain radiation therapy. Cancer 2008, 113(8):2198-2204.
173. Pirzkall A., Debus J., Lohr F., et al. Radiosurgery alone or in combination with whole-brain radiotherapy for brain metastases. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16(11):3563-3569.
174. Shirato H., Takamura A., Tomita M., et al. Stereotactic irradiation without whole-brain irradiation for single brain metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997, 37(2):385-391.