Restoring composition and structure in southwestern firequent-fire forests: A science-based framework for improving ecosystem resiliency

USDA Forest Service - General Technical Report RMRS-GTR

Volumn , Issue 310 RMRS-GTR, 2013, Pages 1-76

  Reynolds, Richard T ^a   Sánchez Meador, Andrew J ^b   Youtz, James A ^c   Nicolet, Tessa ^c   Matonis, Megan S ^d   Jackson, Patrick L ^c   DeLorenzo, Donald G ^c   Graves, Andrew D ^c  

^a ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION   (United States)

^b NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c USDA FOREST SERVICE   (United States)

^d Veterinary Dentistry and Oral Surgery   (United States)

Author keywords

Dry mixed conifer; Ecosystem processes and functions; Ecosystem services; Forest structure; Frequent fire forests; Ponderosa pine; Restoration; Spatial patterns; Species composition

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; DRY FOREST; ECOSYSTEM SERVICE; FOREST MANAGEMENT; RESILIENCE; RESTORATION ECOLOGY; TREE; VEGETATION; WILDFIRE; WOODY DEBRIS;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 84901203824     PISSN: 02775786     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (343)

1. Abella, S.R. 2008. Managing oak in southwestern pon-derosa pine forests: The status of our knowledge. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-218. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 27 pp.
2. Abella, S.R. 2009. Tree canopy types constrain plant distributions in ponderosa pine-Gambel oak forests, northern Arizona. Research Note RMRS-RN-39.
3. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 7 pp.
4. Abella, S.R.; Denton, C.W. 2009. Spatial variation in reference conditions: Historical tree density and pattern on a Pinus ponderosa landscape. Canadian Journal of Forestry 39:2391-2403.
5. Abella, S.R.; Fulé, P.Z.; Covington, W.W. 2006. Diameter caps for thinning southwestern pondero-sa pine forests: Viewpoints, effects, and tradeoffs. Journal of Forestry 104(8):407-414.
6. Abella, S.R.; Denton, C.W.; Brewer, D.G.; Robbie, W.A.; Steinke, R.W.; Covington, W.W. 2011. Using a terrestrial ecosystem survey to estimate the historical density of ponderosa pine trees. Research Note RMRS-RN-45. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 9 pp.
7. Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests. Washington, DC: Island Press.
8. Agee, J.K. 2003. Historical range of variability in eastern Cascade forests, Washington, USA. Landscape Ecology 18:725-740.
9. Allen, C.D. 2007. Interactions across spatial scales among forest dieback, fire, and erosion in Northern New Mexico landscapes. Ecosystems 10:797-808.
10. Allen, S.R.; Savage, M.; Falk, D.A.; [and others]. 2002. Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: A broad perspective. Ecological Applications 12(5):1418-1433.
11. American Heritage Dictionary. 2011. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. New York, NY: Houghton Miffin Harcourt Publishing Co.
12. Anderson, H.E. 1982. Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior. General Technical Report INT-GTR-122. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. 22 pp.
13. Andrews, S.R.; Daniels, J.P. 1960. A survey of dwarf mistletoes in Arizona and New Mexico. Station Paper RM-SP-49. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 17 pp.
14. Arno, S.F.; Scott, J.H.; Hartwell, M.G. 1995. Age-class structure of old growth ponderosa pine/Douglas-fr stands and its relationship to fire history. Research Paper INT-RP-481. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. 25 pp.
15. Arnold, J.F. 1950. Changes in ponderosa pine bunch-grass ranges in northern Arizona resulting from pine regeneration and grazing. Journal of Forestry 48:118-126.
16. Aronson, J.; Milton, S.J.; Blignaut, J.N. (eds.). 2007. Restoring Natural Capital: Science, Business, and Practice. Washington, DC: Island Press.
17. Baker, M.B., Jr. 1986. Effects of ponderosa pine treatments on water yield in Arizona. Water Resources Research 22(1):67-73.
18. Baker, M.B., Jr. 2003. Hydrology. Pp. 161-174 in P. Friederici (ed.). Ecological Restoration of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests. Washington, DC: Island Press.
19. Barth, R.C. 1980. Influence of pinyon pine trees on soil chemical and physical properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal 44:112-114.
20. Barton, A.M. 2002. Intense wildfire in southeastern Arizona: Transformation of a Madrean oak-pine forest to an oak woodland. Forest Ecology and Management 165:205-212.
21. Beale, E.F. 1858. Wagon Road from Fort Defance to the Colorado River. Senate Executive Documents No. 124. 35th Congress, 1st Session, Washington, DC. 87 pp.
22. Beier, P.; Drennan, J.E. 1997. Forest structure and prey abundance in foraging areas of northern goshawks. Ecological Applications 7(2):564-571.
23. Beier, P.; Rogan, E.C.; Ingraldi, M.F.; Rosenstock, S.S. 2008. Does forest structure affect reproduction of northern goshawks in ponderosa pine forests? Journal of Applied Ecology 45(1):342-350.
24. Benayas, J.M.R.; Newton, A.C.; Diaz, A.; Bullock, J.M. 2009. Enhancement of biodiversity and ecosystem services by ecological restoration: A meta-analysis. Science 325:1121-1124.
25. Bentz, B.; Logan, J.; MacMahon, J.; Allen, C. 2009. Bark Beetle Outbreaks in Western North America: Causes and Consequences. Chicago, IL: University of Utah Press. 42 p.
26. Bentz, B.J.; Régnière, J.; Fettig, C.J.; Hansen, E.M.; Hayes, J.L.; Hicke, J.A.; Kelsey, R.G.; Negrón, J.F.; Seybold, S.J. 2010. Climate change and bark beetles of the western United States and Canada: Direct and indirect effects. BioScience 60:602-613.
27. Binkley, D.; Romme, B.; Cheng, T. 2008. Historical forest structure on the Uncompahgre Plateau: Informing restoration prescriptions for mountainside stewardship. Colorado State University, Colorado Forest Restoration Institute, Fort Collins, CO. 27 pp.
28. Biondi, F. 1996. Decadal-scale dynamics at the Gus Pearson Natural Area: Evidence for inverse (a)sym-metric competition? Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26:1397-1406.
29. Biondi, F.; Myers, D.E.; Avery, C.C. 1994. Geostatically modeling stem size and increment in an old-growth forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24:1354-1368.
30. Block, W.A.; Franklin, A.B.; Ward, J.P.; Ganey, J.L.; White, G.C. 2001. Design and implementation of monitoring studies to evaluate the success of ecological restoration on wildlife. Restoration Ecology 9:293-303.
31. Boal, C.W.; Mannan, R.W. 1994. Northern goshawk diets in ponderosa pine forests on the Kaibab Plateau. Studies in Avian Biology 16:97-102.
32. Boerner, R.E.J.; Huang, J.; Hart, S.C. 2009. Impacts of fire and fire surrogate treatments on ecosystem nitrogen storage patterns: Similarities and differences between forests of eastern and western North America. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38:3056-3070.
33. Bogan, M.A.; Allen, C.D.; Muldavin, E.H.; Platania, S.P.; Stuart, J.N.; Farley, G.H.; Melhop, P.; Belnap, J. 1998. Regional trends of biological resources: Southwest. Pp. 543-592 in M.J. Mac, P.A. Opler, C.E. Puckett Haecker, P.D. Doran (eds.). Status and trends of the nation's biological resources. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA. 528 pp.
34. Bolte, A.; Ammer, C.; Löf, M.; Madsen, P.; Nabuurs, G.; Schall, P.; Spathelf, P.; Rock, J. 2009. Adaptive forest management in central Europe: climate change impacts, strategies and integrative concept. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 24:473-482.
35. Bonnicksen, T.M. 2000. America's Ancient Forests: From the Ice Age to the Age of Discovery. New York, New York: Wiley.
36. Bosakowski, T.; Smith, D.G. 1992. Comparative diets of sympatric nesting raptors in the eastern deciduous forest biome. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:984-992.
37. Boyden, S.; Binkley, D.; Shepperd, W. 2005. Spatial and temporal patterns in structure, regeneration, and mortality of an old-growth ponderosa pine forest in the Colorado Front Range. Forest Ecology & Management 219(1):43-55.
38. Bradshaw, A.D. 1984. Ecological principles and land reclamation practice. Landscape Planning 11:35-48.
39. Breece, C.R.; Kolb, T.R.; Dikson, B.G.; McMillin, J.D.; Clancy, K.M. 2008. Prescribed fire effects on bark beetle activity and tree mortality in southwestern ponderosa pine. Forest Ecology and Management 255:119-128.
40. Breshears, D.D.; Cobb, N.S.; Rich, P.M.; Price, K.P.; Allen, C.D.; Balice, R.G. 2005. Regional vegetation die-off in response to global-change-type drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 102:15144-15148.
41. Brewer, D. 2008. Managing coarse woody debris in fire-adapted Southwestern forests. Working papers in Southwestern ponderosa pine forest restoration. Ecological Restoration Institute, Flagstaff, AZ. 12 pp.
42. Brown, J.K.; Reinhardt, E.D.; Kramer, K.A. 2003. Coarse woody debris: Managing benefits and fire hazard in the recovering forest. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-105. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. 16 pp.
43. Brown, P.M.; Kaye, M.W.; Huckaby, L.; Baisan, C. 2001. Fire history along environmental gradients in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico: Influences of local patterns and regional processes. Ecoscience 8:115-126.
44. Brown, P.M.; Wu, R. 2005. Climate and disturbance forcing of episodic tree recruitment in a Southwestern ponderosa pine landscape. Ecology 86(11):3030-3038.
45. Brown, T.C.; Daniel, T.C. 1984. Modeling forest scenic beauty: Concepts and application to ponderosa pine. Research Paper RM-RP-256. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 35 pp.
46. Brown, T.C.; Daniel, T.C. 1986. Predicting scenic beauty of timber stands. Forest Science 32(2):471-487.
47. Brown, T.C.; Daniel, T.C. 1987. Context effects in perceived environmental quality assessment: Science selection and landscape quality ratings. Journal of Environmental Psychology 7:233-250.
48. Brown, T.J.; Hall, B.L.; Westerling, A.L. 2004. The impact of twenty-first century climate change on wildland fire danger in the western United States: An application perspective. Climate Change 62: 365-388.
49. Brush, R.O. 1979. The attractiveness of woodlands: Perceptions of forest landowners in Massachusetts. Forest Science 25:495-506.
50. Buckley, B.; Cloyd, C.; Mummey, D.; Obermeyer, E.; Sleeper, J.; Thomas, P. 2001. Five Rivers Landscape Management Project, Waldport Ranger District, Siuslaw National Forest: Final Environmental Impact Statement. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Siuslaw National Forest, Corvallis, OR.
51. Burkett, V.R.; Wilcox, D.A.; Stottlemeyer, R.; Barrow, W.; Fagre, D.; Baron, J.; Price, J.; Nielson, J.L.; Allen, C.D.; Peterson, D.L.; Ruggerone, G.; Doyle, T. 2005. Nonlinear dynamics in ecosystem response to climate change: case studies and policy implications. Ecological Complexity 2:357-394.
52. Busch, D.E.; Trexler, J.C. 2003. The importance of monitoring in regional ecosystem initiatives. Pp. 1-23 in D.E. Busch and J.C. Trexler (eds.). Monitoring Ecosystems: Interdisciplinary Approaches for Evaluating Ecoregional Objectives. Washington, DC: Island Press.
53. Carey, A.B. 2003. Biocomplexity and restoration of biodiversity in temperate coniferous forests: Inducing spatial heterogeneity with variable-density thinning. Forestry 76:127-136.
54. Carey, A.B.; Horton, S.P.; Biswell, B.L. 1992. Northern spotted owls: Influence of prey base and landscape character. Ecological Monographs 62:223-250.
55. Carey, A.B.; Kershner, J.; Biswell, B.; de Toledo, L.D. 1999. Ecological scale and forest development: Squirrels, dietary fungi, and vascular plants in managed and unmanaged forests. Wildlife Monographs 142:1-71.
56. Castello, J.D.; Leopold, D.J.; Smallidge, P.J. 1995. Pathogens, patterns, and processes in forest ecosystems. BioScience 45:16-24.
57. Choi, Y.D.; Temperton, V.M.; Allen, E.B.; Grootjans, A.P.; Halassy, M.; Hobbs, R.J.; Naeth, M.A.; Torok, K. 2008. Ecological restoration for future sustain-ability in a changing environment. Ecoscience 15:53-64.
58. Christopher, T.A.; Goodburn, J.M. 2008. The effects of spatial patterns on the accuracy of forest vegetation simulator (FVS) estimates of forest canopy cover. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 23(1):5-11.
59. Clary, W.P. 1975. Range management and its ecological basis in the ponderosa pine type of Arizona: The status of our knowledge. Research Paper RM-RP-157. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 35 pp.
60. Clewell, A.; Rieger, J.; Munro, J. 2005. Guidelines for developing and managing ecological restoration projects. Society for Ecological Restoration International, Tucson, AZ.
61. Cocke, A.E.; Fulé, P.Z.; Crouse, J.E. 2005. Forest change on a steep mountain gradient after extended fire exclusion: San Francisco Peaks, Arizona, USA. Journal of Applied Ecology 42:814-823.
62. Colgan, W. III; Carey, A.B.; Trappe, J.M.; Molina, R.; Thysell, D. 1999. Diversity and productivity of hypogeous fungal sporocarps in a variously thinned Douglas-fr forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29:1259-1268.
63. Comer, P.; Faber-Langendoen, D.; Evans, R.; [and others]. 2003. Ecological systems of the United States: A working classification of U.S. terrestrial systems. NatureServe, Arlington, VA.
64. Conklin, D.A.; Fairweather, M.L. 2010. Dwarf mistletoes and their management in the Southwest. R3-FH-10-01. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Albuquerque, NM. 23 pp.
65. Conklin, D.A.; Geils B.W. 2008. Survival and sanitation of dwarf-mistletoe-infected ponderosa pine following prescribed underburning. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 23:216-222
66. Cooper, C.F. 1960. Changes in vegetation, structure, and growth of southwestern pine forests since white settlement. Ecological Monographs 30:129-164.
67. Cooper, C.F. 1961. Patterns in ponderosa pine forests. Ecology 42:493-499.
68. Cortina, J.; Maestre, F.T.; Vallejo, R.; Baeza, M.J.; Valdecantos, A.; Pérez-Devesa, M. 2006. Ecosystem structure, function, and restoration success: Are they related? Journal for Nature Conservation 14:152-160.
69. Covington, W.W. 1993. Conservation biology and restoration ecology: Implications for ponderosa pine/bunchgrass ecological systems. Pp. 92-97 in W.W. Covington and L.F. DeBano (tech. coords.). Sustainable ecological systems: Implementing an ecological approach to land management. General Technical Report RM-GTR-247. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 363 pp.
70. Covington, W.W. 2000. Helping western forests heal: The prognosis is poor for U.S. forest ecosystems. Nature 408:135-136.
71. Covington, W.W. 2003. The evolutionary and historical context. Pp. 26-47 in P. Friederici (ed.). Ecological Restoration of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests. Washington, DC: Island Press.
72. Covington, W.W.; Fulé, P.Z.; Moore, M.M.; Hart, S.C.; Kolb, T.E.; Mast, N.J.; Sackett, S.S.; Wagner, M.R. 1997. Restoring ecological health in ponderosa pine forests of the Southwest. Journal of Forestry 95:23-29.
73. Covington, W.W.; Moore, M.M. 1994a. Postsettlement changes in natural fire regimes and forest structure: Ecological restoration of old-growth pon-derosa pine forests. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 2(1/2):153-181.
74. Covington, W.W.; Moore, M.M. 1994b. Southwestern ponderosa forest structure: Changes since Euro-American settlement. Journal of Forestry 92(1):39-47.
75. Covington, W.W.; Sackett, S.S. 1986. Effect of periodic burning on soil nitrogen concentrations in ponder-osa pine. Soil Science Society of America Journal 50:452-457.
76. Covington, W.W.; Sackett, S.S. 1992. Soil mineral nitrogen changes following prescribed burning in ponderosa pine. Forest Ecology and Management 54:175-191.
77. Cram, D.S.; Baker, T.T.; Fernald, A.G.; Madrid, A.; Rummer, B. 2007. Mechanical thinning impacts on runoff, infiltration, and sediment yield following fuel reduction treatments in a southwestern dry mixed-conifer forest. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 65(2):359-366.
78. Crist, M.R.; DeLuca, T.H.; Wilmer, B.; Aplet, G.H. 2009. Restoration of low-elevation dry forests of the northern Rocky Mountains: A holistic approach. The Wilderness Society, Washington, DC. 39 pp.
79. Cruz, M.G.; Alexander, M.E.; Wakimoto, R.H. 2003. Assessing canopy fuel stratum characteristics in crown fire prone fuel types of western North America. International Journal of Wildland Fire 12:39-50.
80. Delcourt, H.R.; Delcourt, P.A. 1988. Quaternary landscape ecology: Relevant scales in space and time. Landscape Ecology 2:23-44.
81. DeLuca, T.H.; Sala, A. 2006. Firequent fire alters nitrogen transformations in ponderosa pine stands of the inland Northwest. Ecology 87(10):2511-2522.
82. DeVelice, R.L.; Ludwig, J.A.; Moir, W.H.; Ronco, F., Jr. 1986. A classification of forest habitat types of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado. General Technical Report RM-GTR-131. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 59 pp.
83. Dhillon, S.S.; Anderson, R.C. 1993. Below-ground dynamics and associated mycorrhizal fungi of little bluestem grass (Schizachyrium scoparium) on burned and unburned sand prairies. New Phytologist 123:77-91.
84. Dieterich, J.H. 1980. Chimney Spring fire history. Research Paper RM-RP-220. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 8 pp.
85. Dodd, N.L.; Schweinsburg, R.E.; Boe, S. 2006. Landscape-scale forest habitat relationships to tassel-eared squirrel populations: Implications for ponderosa pine forest restoration. Restoration Ecology 14:537-547.
86. Dodd, N.L.; States, J.S.; Rosenstock, S.S. 2003. Tassel-eared squirrel population, habitat condition, and dietary relationships in north-central Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management 67:622-633.
87. Douglass, J.E. 1983. The potential for water yield augmentation from forest management in the eastern United States. Water Resource Bulletin 19:351-358.
88. Drummond, D.B. 1982. Timber loss estimates for the coniferous forests in the United States due to dwarf mistletoes. Report 83-2. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Pest Management, Methods Application Group, Fort Collins, CO. 24 pp.
89. Dutton, C. 1882. Tertiary history of the Grand Cañon District. Monograph 2. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC. 264 pp.
90. Edmonds, R.L.; Agee, J.K.; Gara, R.I. 2000. Root diseases. Pp. 275-308 in R.L. Edmonds, J.K. Agee, and R.I. Gara (eds.). Forest Health and Protection. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
91. Egan, D.; Howell, E.A. (eds.). 2001. The Historical Ecology Handbook: A Restorationist's Guide to Reference Ecosystems. Washington, DC: Island Press.
92. Ehle, D.S.; Baker, W.L. 2003. Disturbance and stand dynamics in ponderosa pine forests in Rocky Mountain National Park, USA. Ecological Monographs 73:543-566.
93. Ernest, S.K.; Brown, J.H.; Prementer, R.R. 2000. Rodents, plants, and precipitation: Spatial and temporal dynamics of consumers and resources. Oikos 88:470-482.
94. Evans, A.M.; Everett, R.G.; Stephens, S.L.; Youtz, J.A. 2011. Comprehensive fuels treatment practices guide for mixed conifer forests: California, Central and Southern Rockies, and the Southwest. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region and The Forest Guild, Albuquerque, NM. 106 pp.
95. Evenson, W.E.; Brotherson, J.D.; Wilcox, R.B. 1980. Relationship between environmental and veg-etational parameters for understory and open-area communities. Great Basin Naturalist 40:167-174.
96. Falk, D.A. 2006. Process-centered restoration in a fire-adapted ponderosa pine forest. Journal for Nature Conservation 14: 140-151.
97. Feeney, S.R.; Kolb, T.E.; Wagner, M.R.; Covington, W.W. 1998. Influence of thinning and burning restoration treatments on presettlement ponderosa pines at the Gus Pearson Natural Area. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28:1295-1306.
98. Ferry, G.W.; Clark, R.G.; Montgomery, R.E.; Mutch, R.W.; Leenhouts, W.P.; Zimmerman, G.T. 1995. Altered fire regimes within fire-adapted ecosystems. Pp. 222-224 in E.T. LaRoe, G.S. Farris, C.E. Puckett, P.D. Doran, and M.J. Mac (eds.). Our living resource: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance and health of U.S. plants, animals and ecosystems. United States Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, DC. 530 pp.
99. Fettig, C.J. 2012. Forest health and bark beetles. Pp. 13-22 in M. North (ed.). Managing Sierra Nevada Forests. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-237. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA. 184 p.
100. Fettig, C.J.; Klepzig, K.D.; Billings, R.F.; Munson, A.S.; Nebeker, T.E.; Negrón, J.F.; Nowak, J.T. 2007. The effectiveness of vegetation management practices for prevention and control of bark beetle outbreaks in coniferous forests of the western and southern United States. Forest Ecology and Management 238:24-53.
101. Ffolliott, P.F.; Gottfried, G.J.; Baker, M.B. 1989. Water yield from forest snowpack management: Research findings in Arizona and New Mexico. Water Resources Research 25(9):1999-2007.
102. Fiedler, C.E.; Arno, S.F.; Harrington, M.G. 1996. Flexible silvicultural and prescribed burning approaches for improving health of ponderosa pine forests. Pp. 69-74 in W.W. Covington and P.K. Wagner (eds.). Conference on Adaptive Ecosystem Restoration and Management: Restoration of Cordilleran Conifer Landscapes of North America. General Technical Report RM-GTR-278. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 91 pp.
103. Finkral, A.J.; Evans, A.M. 2008. Effects of thinning treatment on carbon stocks in a northern Arizona ponderosa pine forest. Forest Ecology and Management 255:2743-2750.
104. Fisher, M.A.; Fulé, P.Z. 2004. Changes in forest vegetation and arbuscular mycorrhizae along a steep elevation gradient in Arizona. Forest Ecology and Management 200:293-311.
105. Fitzgerald, S.A. 2005. Fire ecology of ponderosa pine and the rebuilding of fire-resilient ponderosa pine ecosystems. Pp. 197-225 in Ritchie, M.W.; Maguire, D.A.; Youngblood, A. (tech. coords.). Proceedings of the Symposium on Ponderosa Pine: Issues, Trends, and Management. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-198. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA. 281 pp.
106. Folke, C.; Carpenter, S.; Walker, B.; Scheffer, M.; Elmqvist, T.; Gunderson, L.; Holling, C.S. 2004. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 35:557-581.
107. Forman, R.T.T. 1995. Some general principles of landscape and regional ecology. Landscape Ecology 10(3):133-142.
108. Fornwalt, P.J.; Kaufmann, M.R.; Stoker, J.M.; Huckaby, L.S. 2002. Using the Forest Vegetation Simulator to reconstruct historical stand conditions in the Colorado Front Range. Pp. 108-115 in N.L. Crookston, N.L. and R.N. Havis (comps.). Second Forest Vegetation Simulator Conference. Proceedings RMRS-P-25. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 208 pp.
109. Franklin, J.F.; Spies, T.A. 1991. Ecological defini-tions of old-growth Douglas-fr forests. Pp. 61-69 in L.F. Ruggiero, K.B. Aubry, A.B. Carey, and M.H. Huff (tech. coords.). Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-fr Forests. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-285. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. 533 pp.
110. Franklin, J.F.; Spies, T.A.; Van Pelt, R.; Carey, A.B.; Thornburgh, D.A.; Berb, D.R.; Lindenmayer, D.B.; Harmon, M.E.; Keeton, W.S.; Shaw, D.C.; Bible, K.; Chen, J. 2012. Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fr forests as an example. Forest Ecology and Management 155:399-423.
111. Friederici, P. 2004. Establishing reference conditions for southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Working Papers in Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forest Restoration No. 7. Northern Arizona University, Ecological Restoration Institute, Flagstaff, AZ. 12 pp.
112. Fulé, P.Z. 2008. Does it make sense to restore wild-land fire in changing climate? Restoration Ecology 16:526-531.
113. Fulé, P.Z.; Covington, W.W.; Moore, M.M. 1997. Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Ecological Applications 7:895-908.
114. Fulé, P.Z.; Covington, W.W.; Moore, M.M.; Heinlein, T.A.; Waltz, A.E.M. 2002a. Natural variability in forests of the Grand Canyon, USA. Journal of Biogeography 29:31-47.
115. Fulé, P.Z.; Covington, W.W.; Smith, H.B.; Springer, J.D.; Heinlein, T.A.; Huisinga, K.D.; Moore, M.M. 2002b. Comparing ecological restoration alternatives: Grand Canyon, Arizona. Forest Ecology and Management 170(1-3):19-41.
116. Fulé, P.Z; Crouse, J.E.; Cocke, A.E.; Moore, M.M.; Covington, W.W. 2004. Changes in canopy fuels and potential fire behavior 1880-2040: Grand Canyon, Arizona. Ecological Modelling 175(3):231-248.
117. Fulé, P.Z.; Crouse, J.E.; Heinlein, T.A.; Moore, M.M.; Covington, W.W.; Vankamp, G. 2003. Mixed-severity fire regime in high-elevation forest of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. Landscape Ecology 18:465-486.
118. Fulé, P.Z.; Korb, J.E.; Wu, R. 2009. Changes in forest structure of a mixed-conifer forest, southwestern Colorado, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 258(7):1200-1210.
119. Fulé, P.Z.; Laughlin, D.C. 2007.Wildland fire effects on forest structure over an altitudinal gradient, Grand Canyon National Park, USA. Journal of Applied Ecology 44:136-146.
120. Fulé, P.Z.; McHugh, C.; Heinlein, T.A.; Covington, W.W. 2001. Potential fire behavior is reduced following forest restoration treatments. Pp. 28-35 in R.K. Vance, C.B. Edminster, W.W. Covington, and J.A. Blake (tech. coords.). Ponderosa Pine Ecosystem Restoration and Conservation: Steps Toward Stewardship. Proceedings RMRS-P-22. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. 188 pp.
121. Ganey, J.L.; Duncan, R.B.; Block, W.M. 1992. Use of oak and associated woodlands by Mexican spotted owls in Arizona. Pp. 125-128 in P.F. Ffolliott, G.J. Gottfried, D.A. Bennett, C.V.M. Hernandez, A. Ortega-Rubio, and H.R. Hamre (tech. coords.). Ecology and Management of Oak and Associated Woodlands: Perspectives in the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. General Technical Report RM-GTR-218. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 224 pp.
122. Goheen, D.; Hansen, E. 1993. Effects of pathogens and bark beetles on forests. Pp. 175-196 in T.D. Schowalter and G.M. Filip (eds.). Beetle-Pathogen Interactions in Conifer Forests. London, England: Academic Press.
123. Gori, D.; Schussman, H. 2005. State of the Las Cienegas National Conservation Area. Part I: Condition and trend of the desert grassland and watershed. The Nature Conservancy of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 63 pp.
124. Graham, R.T.; Harvey, A.E.; Martin, M.F.; Jain, T.B.; Tonn, J.R.; Page-Dumroese, D.S. 1994. Managing coarse woody debris in forests of the Rocky Mountains. Research Paper INT-RP-477. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. 12 pp.
125. Graham, R.T.; McCaffirey, S.; Jain, T.B. (tech. eds.). 2004. Science basis for changing forest structure to modify wildfire behavior and severity. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-120. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 43 pp.
126. Greenamyre, H.H. 1913. The composite type on the Apache National Forest. Bulletin 125. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
127. Grissino-Mayer, H.D.; Baisan, C.H.; Swetnam, T.W. 1995. Fire history in the Pinaleño Mountains of southeastern Arizona: Effects of human-related disturbances. Pp. 399-407 in L.F. Debano, G.J. Gottfried, R.H. Hamre, C.B. Edminster, P.F. Ffolliott, and A. Ortega-Rubio (eds.). Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago: The Sky Islands of Southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. General Technical Report GTR-RM-264. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 669 pp.
128. Grissino-Mayer, H.D.; Romme, W.H.; Floyd, M.L.; Hanna, D. 2004. Climatic and human influences on fire regimes in the southern San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA. Ecology 85: 1708-1724.
129. Gross, J.E.; Stoddart, L.C.; Wagner, F.H. 1974. Demographic analysis of a northern Utah jackrabbit population. Wildlife Monographs 40:3-68.
130. Hanks, J.P.; Fitzhugh, E.L.; Hanks, S.R. 1983. A habitat type classification system for ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona. Technical Report RM-GTR-97. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 22 pp.
131. Harmon, M.E.; Franklin, J.F.; Swanson, E.J.; [and others]. 1986. Ecology of coarse wood debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research 15:133-302.
132. Harr, R.D. 1983. Potential for augmenting water yield through forest practices in western Washington and western Oregon. Water Resource Bulletin 19:383-393.
133. Harrington, M.G. 1982. Stand, fuel, and potential fire behavior characteristics in an irregular southeastern Arizona ponderosa pine stand. Research Note RM-RN-418. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 6 pp.
134. Harrington, M.G.; Hawksworth, F.G. 1990. Interactions of fire and dwarf mistletoe on mortality of southwestern ponderosa pine. Pp. 234-240 in J.S. Krammes (tech. coord.). Effects of Fire Management of Southwestern Natural Resources: Proceedings. Technical Report RM-GTR-191. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 293 pp.
135. Harris, J.A.; Hobbs, R.J.; Higgs, E.; Aronson, J. 2006. Ecological restoration and global climate change. Restoration Ecology 14:170-176.
136. Harrod, R.J.; McRae, B.H.; Hartl, W.E. 1999. Historical stand reconstruction in ponderosa pine forests to guide silvicultural prescriptions. Forest Ecology and Management 114:433-446.
137. Hart, S.C.; DeLuca, T.H.; Newman, G.S.; MacKenzie, D.M.; Boyle, S.I. 2005. Post-fire vegetative dynamics as drivers of microbial community structure and function in forest soils. Forest Ecology and Management 220:166-184.
138. Harvey, A.E.; Jurgensen, M.F.; Graham, R.T. 1988. The role of residues in soils of ponderosa pine forests. Pp. 141-147 in D.M. Baumgartner and J.E. Lotans (eds.). Ponderosa Pine: The species and Its Management. Proceedings. Washington State University Cooperative Extension, Pullman, WA. 284 pp.
139. Hawksworth, F.G. 1961. Dwarf mistletoe of ponderosa pine in the Southwest. Technical Bulletin No. 1246. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 112 pp.
140. Hawksworth, F.G.; Wiens, D. 1996. Dwarf mistletoes: Biology, pathology, and systematics. Agricultural Handbook 709. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. 410 pp.
141. Heinlein, T.A.; Fulé, P.Z.; Waltz, A.E.M.; Springer, J.D. 1999. Changes in ponderosa pine forest of the Mt. Trumbull Wilderness. Unpublished report on fle at Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ. 36 pp.
142. Heinlein, T.A.; Moore, M.M.; Fulé, P.Z.; Covington, W.W. 2005. Fire history and stand structure of two ponderosa pine-mixed-conifer sites: San Francisco Peaks, Arizona, USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire 14:307-320.
143. Helms, J.A. 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Bethesda, MD: The Society of American Foresters.
144. Hernández, L.; Laundré, J.W.; Grajales, K.M.; Portales, G.L.; López-Portillo, J.; Gonzáles-Romero, A.; Garcia, A.; Martínez, J.M. 2011. Plant productivity, predation, and the abundance of black-tailed jack-rabbits in the Chihuahuan Desert of Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments 75:1043-1049.
145. Hessburg, P.F.; Agee, J.K.; Franklin, J.F. 2005. Dry mixed conifer forests of the Inland Northwest, USA: Contrasting the landscape ecology of the pre-settlement and modern eras. Forest Ecology and Management 211(1):117-139.
146. Hessburg, P.F.; Mitchell, R.G.; Filip, G.M. 1994. Historical and current roles of insects and pathogens in eastern Oregon and Washington forested landscapes. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-327. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. 72 pp.
147. Hessburg, P.F.; Smith, B.G.; Salter, R.B. 1999. Detecting change in forest spatial patterns from reference conditions. Ecological Applications 9(4):1232-1252.
148. Hiers, J.K.; O'Brien, J.J.; Mitchell, R.J.; Grego, J.M.; Loudermilk, E.L. 2009. The wildland fuel cell concept: An approach to characterize fine-scale variation in fuels and fire in firequently burned longleaf pine forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18(3):315-325.
149. Hill, D.; Daniel, T. 2008. Foundations for an ecological aesthetic: Can information alter landscape preferences? Society and Natural Resources 21:34-49.
150. Hoffman, C.M.; Mathiasen, R.; Sieg, C.H. 2007. Dwarf mistletoe effects on fuel loadings in ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37(3):662-670.
151. Hoffman, R.W.; Shaw, H. G.; Rumble, M.A.; Wakeling, B.F.; Mollohan, C.M.; Schemnitz, S.D.; Engle-Wilson, R.; Hengel, D.A. 1993. Management guidelines for Merriam's wild turkeys. Report No. 18. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver, CO, and USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 24 pp.
152. Holthausen, R.S.; Raphael, M.G.; Sampson, F.B.; Elbert, D.; Hiebert, R.; Manasco, K. 1999. Population viability in ecosystem management. Pp. 135-156 in N. Johnson, R.C. Szaro, W.T. Sexton (eds.). Ecological Stewardship: A Common Reference for Ecosystem Management. Oxford, United Kingdoms: Elsevier Science.
153. Honig, K.A.; Fulé, P.Z. 2012. Simulating effects of climate change and ecological restoration on fire behavior in a south-western USA ponderosa pine forest. International Journal of Wildland Fire 21(6):731-742.
154. Hostetler, J.A.; Kneip, E.; Van Vuren, D.H.; Oli, M.K. 2012. Stochastic population dynamics of a montane ground-dwelling squirrel. PLoS ONE 7:1-10.
155. Hunter, M.E.; Shepperd, W.D.; Lentile, L.B.; Lundquist, J.E.; Andreu, M.G.; Butler, J.L.; Smith, F.W. 2007. A comprehensive guide to fuels treatment practices for ponderosa pine in the Black Hills, Colorado Front Range, and Southwest. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-198. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 99 pp.
156. Ingraldi, M.F. 2005. A skewed sex ratio in northern goshawks: Is it a sign of a stressed population? Journal of Raptor Research 39:247-253.
157. James, G.A.; Cordell, H.K. 1970. Importance of shading to visitors selecting a campsite at Indian Boundary Campground in Tennessee. Research Note SE-RN-130. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeast Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, NC. 5 pp.
158. Jenkins, M.J.; Hebertson, E.; Page, W.; Jorgenson, C.A. 2008. Bark beetles, fuels, fires and implications for forest management in the Intermountain West. Forest Ecology and Management 254:16-34.
159. Johnson, C.N. 1996. Interactions between mammals and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11(12):503-507.
160. Johnson, M. 1994. Changes in Southwestern forests: Stewardship implications. Journal of Forestry 92(12):16-19.
161. Johnson, N.C.; Graham, J.H.; Smith, F.A. 1997. Functioning of mycorrhizal associations along the mutualism-parasitism continuum. New Phytologist 135(4):575-586.
162. Kalies, E.L.; Dickson, B.G.; Chambers, C.L.; Covington, W.W. 2012. Community occupancy responses of small mammals to restoration treatments in ponderosa pine forests, northern Arizona, USA. Ecological Applications 22:204-217.
163. Karl, T.R.; Melillo, J.M.; Peterson, T.C. (eds.). 2009. Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
164. Kaufmann, M.R.; Binkley, D.; Fulé, P.Z.; Johnson, M.; Stephens, S.L.; Swetnam, T.W. 2007. Defining old growth for fire-adapted forests of the western United States. Ecology and Society 12(2):15.
165. Kaufmann, M.R.; Graham, R.T.; Boyce, D.A., Jr.; [and others]. 1994. An ecological basis for ecosystem management. General Technical Report RM-GTR-246. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 22 pp.
166. Kaye, M.W.; Swetnam, T.W. 1999. An assessment of fire, climate, and Apache history in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, USA. Physical Geography 20:305-330.
167. Keane, R.E.; Hessburg, P.F.; Landres, P.B.; Swanson, F.J. 2009. The use of historical range and variability (HRV) in landscape management. Forest Ecology and Management 258(7):1025-1037.
168. Kennedy, P.L. 1991. Reproductive strategies of northern goshawks and Cooper's hawks in north-central New Mexico. Dissertation. Utah State University, Logan, UT.
169. Kerns, B.K.; Moore, M.M.; Timpson, M.E.; Hart, S.C. 2003. Soil properties associated with vegetation patches in Pinus ponderosa bunchgrass mosaic. Western North American Naturalist 63(4):452-462.
170. Klironomos, J.N.; McCune, J.; Hart, M.; Neville, J. 2000. The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on the relationship between plant diversity and productivity. Ecology Letters 3:137-141.
171. Kolb, T.E.; Holmberg, K.M.; Wagner, M.R.; Stone, J.E. 1998. Regulation of ponderosa pine foliar physiology and insect resistance mechanisms by basal area treatments. Tree Physiology 18:375-381.
172. Koonce, A.L.; Roth, L.F. 1980. The effects of prescribed burning on dwarf mistletoe in ponderosa pine. Pp. 197-203 in R.E. Martin, R.L. Edmonds, and D.A. Faulkner (eds.). Proceedings, Sixth Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 304 pp.
173. Korb, J.E.; Johnson, N.C.; Covington, W.W. 2003. Arbuscular mycorrhizal propagule densities respond rapidly to ponderosa pine restoration treatments. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:101-110.
174. Korb, J.E.; Springer, J.D. 2003. Understory vegetation. Pp. 233-250 in P. Friederici (ed.). Ecological Restoration of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests. Washington, DC: Island Press.
175. Korb, J.E.; Fule, P.Z.; Wu, R. 2013. Variability of warm/dry mixed conifer forests in southwestern Colorado, USA: Implications for ecological restoration. Forest Ecology and Management 304:182-191.
176. Koske, R.E.; Gemma, J.N. 1997. Mycorrhizae and succession in plantings of beachgrass in sand dunes. American Journal of Botany 84:118-130.
177. Laacke, R.J. 1990. Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. (White fr). Pp. 36-46 in Burns, R.M.; Honkala, B.H (tech. coords.). Silvics of North America: Volume 1 (Conifers). Agriculture Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. 877 pp.
178. LANDFIRE. 2007. LANDFIRE rapid assessment reference condition models. U.S. Department of Agriculture Service and U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, DC. Online at: http://www.landfire.gov/models_EW.php; last accessed May 2013.
179. Landres, P.B.; Morgan, P.; Swanson, F.J. 1999. Overview of the use of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems. Ecological Applications 9(4):1179-1188.
180. Lang, D.M.; Stewart, S.S. 1910. Reconnaissance of the Kaibab National Forest, 1909. Unpublished document on fle at the North Kaibab Ranger District. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Kaibab National Forest, Firedonia, AZ. 58 pp.
181. Langsaeter, A. 1944. Om tynning i enaldret gran-og furuskog. Referat: Produktionsuntersuchungen von Fichtenwald. Medd. Det norske Skogforsoksvesen VIII:131-216.
182. Larson, A.J.; Churchill, D. 2012. Tree spatial patterns in fire-firequent forests of western North America, including mechanisms of pattern formation and implications for designing fuel reduction and restoration treatments. Forest Ecology and Management 267:74-92.
183. Latta, R.G.; Mitton, J.B. 1999. Historical separation and present gene fow through a zone of secondary contact in ponderosa pine. Evolution 53:769-776.
184. Laughlin, D.C.; Moore, M.M.; Bakker, J.D.; Casey, C.A.; Springer, J.D.; Fulé, P.Z.; Covington, W.W. 2006. Assessing targets for the restoration of herbaceous vegetation in ponderosa pine forests. Restoration Ecology 14:548-560.
185. Leopold, A. 1924. Grass, brush, timber, and fire in southern Arizona. Journal of Forestry 22:2-8.
186. Lieberg, J.B.; Rixon, T.F.; Dodwell, A. 1904. Forest conditions in the San Francisco Mountain Reserve, Arizona. Professional Paper No. 22. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC. 96 pp.
187. Lindenmayer, D.B.; Likens, G.E. 2010. The science and application of ecological monitoring. Biological Conservation 143:1317-1328.
188. Linkhart, B.D.; Reynolds, R.T.; Ryder, R.A. 1998. Home range and habitat of breeding fammu-lated owls in Colorado. The Wilson Bulletin 110(3):342-351.
189. Littell, J.S.; McKenzie, D.; Peterson, D.L.; Westerling, A.L. 2009. Climate and wildfire area burned in western US ecoprovinces, 1916-2003. Ecological Applications 19(4):1003-1021.
190. Long, J.N. 1985. A practical approach to density management. Forestry Chronicle 61:23-27.
191. Long, J.N.; Dean, T.J.; Roberts, S.D. 2004. Linkages between silviculture and ecology: Examination of several important conceptual models. Forest Ecology and Management 200:249-261.
192. Long, J.N.; Smith, F.W. 2000. Restructuring the forest: Goshawks and the restoration of Southwestern pon-derosa pine. Journal of Forestry 98:25-30.
193. Los Alamos National Laboratory [LANL]. 2011. Road geology & ecology of the Pajarito Plateau & Jemez Mountains: Selection Portions, North Central New Mexico. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM. Online at: http://www.lanl.gov/source/orgs/ees/ees14/feldtrip.shtml; last accessed 13 April 2011.
194. Lowe, K. 2006. Snags and forest restoration. Working Papers in Ecological Restoration No. 16. Ecological Restoration Institute, Flagstaff, AZ.
195. Lundquist, J.E. 1995. Pest interactions and canopy gaps in ponderosa pine stands in the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 74:37-48.
196. Lynch, A.M.; Anhold, J.A.; McMillin, J.D.; Dudley, S.M.; Fitzgibbon, R.A.; Fairweather, M.L. 2010. Forest insect and disease activity on the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest and Fort Apache Indian Reservation, 1918-2009. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Arizona Zone Office, Flagstaff, AZ.
197. MacDonald, L.H.; Stednick, J.D. 2003. Forests and water: A state-of-the art review for Colorado. Colorado Water Resources Research Institute Completion Report No. 196. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. 65 pp.
198. Madany, M.H.; West, N.E. 1983. Livestock grazing-fire regime interactions within montane forests of Zion National Park, Utah. Ecology 64(4):661-667.
199. Maffei, H.; Beatty, J. 1988. Changes in the incidence of dwarf mistletoe over 30 years in the Southwest. Pp. 88-90 in B.J. van der Kamp (ed.). Proceedings of the Thirty-sixth Western International Forest Disease Work Conference, Park City, Utah. University of British Columbia, Department of Forest Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 153 pp.
200. Mast, J.N.; Fulé, P.Z.; Moore, M.M.; Covington, W.W.; Waltz, A.E.M. 1999. Restoration of presettlement age structure of an Arizona ponderosa pine forest. Ecological Applications 9:228-239.
201. Mast, J.N.; Veblen, T.T. 1999. Tree spatial patterns and stand development along the pine-grassland ecotone in the Colorado Front Range. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29:575-584.
202. Mast, J.N.; Veblen, T.T.; Linhart, Y.B. 1998. Disturbance and climatic influences on age structure of ponderosa pine at the pine/grassland ecotone, Colorado Front Range. Journal of Biogeography 25:743-767.
203. Mast, J.N.; Wolf, J.J. 2004. Ecotonal changes and altered tree spatial patterns in lower mixed-conifer forests, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA. Landscape Ecology 19(2):167-180.
204. Mast, J.N.; Wolf, J.J. 2006. Spatial patch patterns and altered forest structure in middle elevation versus upper ecotonal mixed-conifer forests, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 236(2-3):241-250.
205. McKay, D.O. 1974. Dynamics of a population of mountain cottontail rabbits in central Oregon. Thesis. Oregon State University, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Corvallis, OR. 63 pp.
206. McKenzie, D.; Gedalof, Z.A.; Peterson, D.L.; Mote, P. 2004. Climate change, wildfire, and conservation. Conservation Biology 18: 890-902.
207. McPherson, G.; Wade, E.; Phillips, C.B. 1990. Glossary of Wildland Fire Management Terms. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters.
208. Menzel, J.P.; Covington, W.W. 1997. Changes from 1876 to 1994 in a forest ecosystem near Walnut Canyon, northern Arizona. Pp. 151-172 in C. van Riper III and E.T. Deshler (eds.). Proceedings of the Third Biennial Conference of Research on the Colorado Plateau. Transactions and Proceedings Series NPS/NRNAU/NRTP-97/12. US. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, DC. 256 pp.
209. Meyer, W.H. 1934. Growth in selectively cut ponder-osa pine forests of the Pacific Northwest. Technical Bulletin 407. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 64 pp.
210. Millar, C.I.; Stephenson, N.L.; Stephens, S.L. 2007. Climate change and forests of the future: Managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecological Applications 17:2145-2151.
211. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Washington, DC: Island Press.
212. Miller, J.D.; Safford, H.D.; Crimmins, M.; Thode, A.E. 2009. Quantitative evidence for increasing forest fire severity in the Sierra Nevada and Southern Cascade Mountains, California and Nevada, USA. Ecosystems 12:16-32.
213. Miller, J.M.; Keen, F.P. 1960. Biology and control of the western pine beetle: A summary of the first fifty years of research. Miscellaneous Publication 800. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. 381 p.
214. Miller, M. 2000. Chapter 2: Fire autecology. Pp. 9-34 in J.K. Brown and J.K. Smith (eds.). Wildland Fire in Ecosystems: Effects of Fire on Flora. Vol. 2. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. 257 pp.
215. Minnich, R.A.; Barbour, M.G.; Burk, J.H.; Sosa-Ramírez, J. 2000. Californian mixed-conifer forests under unmanaged fire regimes in the Sierra San Pedro Mártir, Caja California, Mexico. Journal of Biogeography 27(1):105-129.
216. Minor, C.O. 1964. Site-index curves for young-growth ponderosa pine in Northern Arizona. Research Note RM-RN-37. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 8 pp.
217. Mitchell, S.R.; Harmon, M.E.; O'Connell, K.E. 2009. Forest fuel reduction alters fire severity and long-term carbon storage in three Pacific Northwest ecosystems. Ecological Applications 19(3):643-655.
218. Moeck, H.A.; Wood, D.L.; Lindahl, K.Q, Jr. 1981. Host selection behavior of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attacking Pinus ponderosa, with special emphasis on the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis. Journal of Chemical Ecology 7(1):49-83.
219. Moir, W.H. 1966. Influence of ponderosa pine on herbaceous vegetation. Ecology 47:1045-1048.
220. Moore, M.M.; Casey, C.A.; Bakker, J.D.; Springer, J.D.; Fulé, P.Z.; Covington, W.W.; Laughlin, D.D. 2006. Herbaceous vegetation responses (1992-2004) to restoration treatments in a ponderosa pine forest. Rangeland Ecology and Management 59:135-144.
221. Moore, M.M.; Covington, W.W.; Fulé, P.Z. 1999. Evolutionary environment, reference conditions, and ecological restoration: A southwestern pon-derosa pine perspective. Ecological Applications 9:1266-1277.
222. Moore, M.M.; Deiter, D.A. 1992. Stand density index as a predictor of forage production in northern Arizona pine forests. Journal of Range Management 45:267-271.
223. Moore, M.M.; Huffman, D.W.; Fulé, P.Z.; Covington, W.W.; Crouse, J.E. 2004. Comparison of historical and contemporary forest structure and composition on permanent plots in southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Forest Science 50:162-176.
224. Morgan, P.; Aplet, G.H.; Haufer, J.B.; Humphries, H.C.; Moore, M.M.; Wilson, W.D. 1994. Historical range of variability: A useful tool for evaluating ecosystem change. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 2:87-111.
225. Morgan, T.A.; Fiedler, C.E.; Woodall, C.W. 2002. Characteristics of dry site old-growth ponderosa pine in the Bull Mountains of Montana, USA. Natural Areas Journal 22:11-19.
226. Muldavin, E.; Tonne, P. 2003. A vegetation survey and preliminary ecological assessment of Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico. Report for Cooperative Agreement No. 01CRAG0014. University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM.
227. Mulder, B.S.; Noon, B.R.; Spies, T.A.; Raphael, M.G.; Palmer, C.J.; Olsen, A.R.; Reeves, G.H.; Welsh, H.H. (eds.). 1999. The strategy and design of the effectiveness monitoring program for the Northwest Forest Plan. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. 138 pp.
228. Murray, C.; Marmorek, D. 2003. Adaptive management and ecological restoration. Pp. 417-428 in P. Friederici (ed.). Ecological Restoration of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
229. Naeem, S.; Chapin, F.S., III; Costanza, R.; [and others]. 1999. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Maintaining natural life support processes. Issues in Ecology No. 4. Ecological Society of America, Washington, DC.
230. Nafcy, C.; Sala, A.; Keeling, E.G.; Graham, J.; DeLuca, T.H. 2010. Interactive effects of historical logging and fire exclusion on ponderosa pine structure in the northern Rockies. Ecological Applications 20:1851-1864.
231. Naumburg, E.; DeWald, L.E. 1999. Relationships between Pinus ponderosa forest structure, light characteristics, and understory graminoid species presence and abundance. Forest Ecology and Management 124:205-215.
232. Negrón, J. 1997. Estimating probabilities of infestation and extent of damage by the roundheaded pine beetle in ponderosa pine in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27:1634-1645.
233. Negrón, J.F.; McMillin, J.D.; Anhold, J.A.; Coulson, D. 2009. Bark beetle-caused mortality in a drought-affected ponderosa pine landscape in Arizona, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 257(4):1353-1362.
234. Noon, B.R. 2003. Conceptual issues in monitoring ecological resources. Pp. 27-71 in D.E. Busch and J.C. Trexler (eds.). Monitoring Ecosystems: Interdisciplinary Approaches for Evaluating Ecoregional Initiatives. Washington, DC: Island Press.
235. Noss, R.F.; Franklin, J.F.; Baker, W.L.; Schoennagel, T.; Moyle, P.B. 2006. Managing fire-prone forests in the western United States. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4(9):481-487.
236. National Wildfire Coordination Group [NWCG]. 2012. Glossary of wildland fire terminology. Product Management System PMS-205. National Wildfire Coordination Group, Program Management Unit, Boise, ID. 190 pp.
237. Oliver, C.D.; Osawa, A.; Camp, A. 1998. Forest dynamics and resulting animal and plant population changes at the stand and landscape levels. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 6:281-312.
238. Overpeck, J.; Garfn, G.; Jardine, A.; [and others]. 2012. Chapter 1: Summary for decisions makers. In G. Garfn, A. Jardine, R. Merideth, M. Black, and J. Overpeck (eds.). Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwestern United States: A technical Report Prepared for the U.S. National Climate Assessment. June 2012 Southwest Climate Summit Draft. Southwest Climate Alliance, Tucson, AZ.
239. Palmer, C. J.; Mulder, B.S. 1999. Components of the effectiveness monitoring program. Pp. 69-98 in B.S. Mulder, B.R. Noon, T.A. Spies, M.G. Raphael, C.J. Palmer, A.R. Olsen, G.H. Reeves, and H.H. Welsh (eds.). The Strategy and Design of the Effectiveness Monitoring Program for the Northwest Forest Plan. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. 138 pp.
240. Parker, V.T.; Muller, C.H. 1982. Vegetational and environmental changes beneath isolated live oak trees (Quercus agrifolia) in a California annual grassland. American Midland Naturalist 107:69-81.
241. Parker, W.C.; Colombo, S.J.; Cherry, M.L.; Flannigan, M.D.; Greifen, S.; McAlpine, R.S.; Papadopol, C.; Scarr, T. 2000. Third millennium forestry: What climate change might mean to forests and forest management in Ontario. Forestry Chronicle 76:445-463.
242. Parsons, D.J.; DeBenedetti, S.H. 1979. Impact of fire suppression on a mixed-conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management 2:21-23.
243. Patton, D.R.; Severson, K.E. 1989. WILDSHARE: A wildlife habitat relationship data model for southwestern ponderosa pine. Pp. 268-276 in A. Techle, W.W. Covington, and R.H. Hamre (tech. coords.). Multiresource Management of Ponderosa Pine Forests. General Technical Report RM-GTR-185. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 282 pp.
244. Pearson, G.A. 1923. Natural reproduction of western yellow pine in the Southwest. Bulletin No. 1105. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC. 144 pp.
245. Pearson, G.A. 1950. Management of ponderosa pine in the Southwest: As developed by research and experimental practice. Agriculture Monograph No. 6. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO. 34 pp.
246. Pielou, E.C. 1960. A single mechanism to account for regular, random and aggregated populations. Journal of Ecology 48(3):575-584.
247. Pilliod, D.S.; Bull, E.L.; Hayes, J.L.; Wales, B.C. 2006. Wildlife and invertebrate response to fuel reduction treatments in dry coniferous forests of the Western United States: A synthesis. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-173. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 34 pp.
248. Plummer, F.G. 1904. Forest conditions in the Black Mesa Forest Reserve, Arizona. Professional Paper No. 23. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC. 62 pp.
249. Porter, W.F. 1992. Habitat requirements. Pp. 202-213 in J.G. Dickson, (ed.). The Wild Turkey: Biology and Management. Stackpole Books: Harrisburg, PA.
250. Prather, J.W.; Noss, R.F.; Sisk, T.D. 2008. Real versus perceived conficts between restoration of ponderosa pine forests and conservation of the Mexican spotted owl. Forest Policy and Economics 10:140-150.
251. Price, M.F.; Neville, G.R. 2003. Designing strategies to increase the resilience of alpine/montane systems to climate changes. Pp. 73-94 in L.J. Hansen, J.L. Biringer, and J.R. Hoffman (eds.). Buying Time: A User's Manual for Building Resistance and Resilience to Climate Change in Natural Systems. World Wildlife Fund International, Gland, Switzerland. 246 pp.
252. Puhlick, J.J. 2011. Regional- and local-scale modeling of ponderosa pine seedling densities in the Southwest. Thesis. Northern Arizona University, School of Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ. 80 pp.
253. Puhlick, J.J.; Laughlin, D.C.; Moore, M.M. 2012. Factors influencing ponderosa pine regeneration in the southwestern USA. Forest Ecology and Management 264:10-19.
254. Rasmussen, D.I. 1941. Biotic communities of the Kaibab Plateau, Arizona. Ecological Monographs 11:229-275.
255. Reynolds, R.T.; Graham, R.T.; Boyce, D.A., Jr. 2006a. An ecosystem-based conservation strategy for the northern goshawk. Studies in Avian Biology 31:299-311.
256. Reynolds, R.T.; Graham, R.T.; Reiser, M.H.; Bassett, R.L.; Kennedy, P.L.; Boyce, D.A., Jr.; Goodwin, G.; Smith, R.; Fisher, E.L. 1992. Management recommendations for the northern goshawk in the Southwestern United States. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-217. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 90 pp.
257. Reynolds, R.T.; Joy, S.M.; Leslie, D.G. 1994. Nest productivity, fidelity, and spacing of northern goshawks in northern Arizona. Studies in Avian Biology 16:106-113.
258. Reynolds, R.T.; Wiens, J.D.; Joy, S.M.; Salafsky, S.R. 2005. Sampling considerations for demographic and habitat studies of northern goshawks. Journal of Raptor Research 39:274-285.
259. Reynolds, R.T.; Wiens, J.D.; Salafsky, S.R. 2006b. A review and evaluation of factors limiting northern goshawk populations. Studies in Avian Biology 31:260-273.
260. Rieman, B.; Clayton, J. 1997. Wildlife and native fish: Issues of forest health of sensitive species. Fisheries 22:6-15.
261. Rippy, R.C.; Stewart, J.E.; Zambino, P.J.; Klopfenstein, N.B.; Tirocke, J.M.; Kim, M.S.; Thies, W.G. 2005. Root diseases in coniferous forests of the Inland West: Potential implications of fuels treatments. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-141. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 32 p.
262. Roccaforte, J.P.; Fulé, P.Z.; Covington, W.W. 2008. Landscape-scale changes in canopy fuels and potential fire behavior following ponderosa pine restoration treatments. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17(2):293-303.
263. Roccaforte, J.P.; Fulé, P.Z.; Covington, W.W. 2010. Monitoring landscape-scale ponderosa pine restoration treatment implementation and effectiveness. Restoration Ecology 18:820-833.
264. Romme, W.H.; Floyd, M.L.; Hanna, D. 2009. Historical range of variability and current landscape condition analysis: South Central Highlands Section, Southwestern Colorado & Northwestern New Mexico. Colorado State University, Colorado Forest Restoration Institute, Fort Collins, CO, and USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Golden, CO.
265. Rosenstock, S.S. 1998. Influence of Gambel oak on breeding birds in Northern Arizona. Condor 100:485-492.
266. Roth, L.F.; Rolph, L.; Cooley, S. 1980. Identifying infected ponderosa pine stumps to reduce costs of controlling Armillaria root rot. Journal of Forestry 78(3):145-151.
267. Ryan, R.L. 2005. Social science to improve fuels management: A synthesis of research an aesthetics and fuels management. General Technical Report NC-GTR-261. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, St. Paul, MN. 58 pp.
268. Sackett, S.S.; Haase, S.M. 1998. Two case histories for using prescribed fire to restore ponderosa pine ecosystems in northern Arizona. Pp. 380-389 in T.L. Pruden and L.A. Brennan (eds.). Fire in Ecosystem Management: Shifting the Paradigm from Suppression to Prescription. Proceedings of the 20th Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, 7-10 May 1996, Boise, ID. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL.
269. Salafsky, S.R.; Reynolds, R.T.; Noon, B.R. 2005. Patterns of temporal variation in goshawks reproduction and prey resources. Journal of Raptor Research 39:237-246.
270. Salafsky, S.R.; Reynolds, R.T.; Noon, B.R.; Wiens, J.A. 2007. Reproductive responses of northern goshawks to variable prey populations. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:2274-2283.
271. Sánchez Meador, A.J.; Moore, M.M. 2010. Lessons from long-term studies of harvest methods in southwestern ponderosa pine-Gambel oak forests on the Fort Valley Experimental Forest. Forest Ecology and Management 260:193-206.
272. Sánchez Meador, A.J.; Moore, M.M.; Bakker, J.D.; Parysow, P.F. 2009. 108 years of change in spatial pattern following selective harvest of a Pinus pon-derosa stand in northern Arizona, USA. Journal of Vegetation Science 20:79-90.
273. Sánchez Meador, A.J.; Parysow, P.F.; Moore, M.M. Historical stem-mapped permanent plots increase precision of reconstructed reference data in ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona. Restoration Ecology 18:224-234.
274. Sánchez Meador, A.J.; Parysow, P.F.; Moore, M.M. A new method for delineating tree patches and assessing spatial reference conditions of pon- derosa pine forest in northern Arizona. Restoration Ecology 19(4):490-499.
275. Savage, M.; Mast, J.N. 2005. How resilient are southwestern ponderosa pine forests after crown fire? Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35: 967-977.
276. Scheffer, M.; Carpenter, S.; Foley, J.A.; Folke, C.; Walker, B. 2001. Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413:591-596.
277. Schmidt, K.M.; Menakis, J.P.; Hardy, C.C.; Wendel, J.; Bunnell, D.L. 2002. Development of coarse-scale spatial data for wildland fire and fuel management. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-87. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 41 pp. + CD.
278. Schneider, E. 2012. Reference conditions and historical changes in an unharvested ponderosa pine stand: Implications for forest health. Thesis. Northern Arizona University, School of Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ.
279. Scholes, R.J.; Archer, S.R. 1997. Tree-grass interactions in savannas. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28:517-544.
280. Scholl, A.E.; Taylor, A.H. 2010. Fire regimes, forest change, and self-organization in an old-growth mixed-conifer forest, Yosemite National Park, USA. Ecological Applications 20:362-380.
281. Schubert, G.H. 1974. Silviculture of southwestern ponderosa pine: The status of our knowledge. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Research Paper RM-213. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 71 p.
282. Scott, J.H.; Burgan, R.E. 2005. Standard fire behavior fuel models: A comprehensive set for use with Rothermel's surface fire spread model. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-153. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 72 pp.
283. Seager, R.M.; Ting, M.F.; Held, I.M.; [and others]. 2007. Model projections of an imminent transition to a more arid climate in southwestern North America. Science 316:1181-1184.
284. Shafer, S.L.; Bartlein, P.J.; Thompson, R.S. 2001. Potential changes in the distributions of western North America tree and shrub taxa under future climate scenarios. Ecosystems 4:200-215.
285. Sitko, S.; Hurteau, S. 2010. Evaluating the impacts of forest treatments: The first five years of the White Mountain Stewardship Project. The Nature Conservancy, Phoenix, AZ.
286. Smith, C.K.; Youtz, J.; Bradley, A.; Allen-Reid, D.; Evans, A.; Johnson, M.; Bird, B.; Bada, C.; Fúle, P. 2008. Climate change and mixed-conifer/aspen systems in New Mexico: Consideration for managers. New Mexico Forest Restoration Series Working Paper No. 7. New Mexico Highlands University, New Mexico Forest and Watershed Restoration Institute, Las Vegas, NM.
287. Smith, E. 2006a. Historical range of variation and state and transition modeling of historical and current landscape conditions for mixed-conifer of the Southwestern U.S. The Nature Conservancy, Tucson, AZ. 31 pp.
288. Smith, E. 2006b. Historical range of variation and state and transition modeling of historical and current landscape conditions for ponderosa pine of the Southwestern U.S. The Nature Conservancy, Tucson, AZ. 43 pp.
289. Smith, E. 2006c. Historical range of variation and state and transition modeling of historical and current landscape conditions for spruce-fr of the Southwestern U.S. The Nature Conservancy, Tucson, AZ. 37 pp.
290. Society for Ecological Restoration [SER]. 2004. The SER international primer on ecological restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration International, Science & Policy Working Group, Washington, DC.
291. Spittlehouse, D.L.; Stewart, R.B. 2003. Adaptation to climate change in forest management. Journal of Ecosystems and Management 4(1).
292. Spracklen, D.V.; Mickley, L.J.; Logan, J. A.; Hudman, R.C.; Yevich, R.; Flannigan, M.D.; Westerling, A.L. 2009. Impacts of climate change from 2000 to 2050 on wildfire activity and carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in the western United States. Journal of Geophysical Research 114:D20301.
293. Steele, R.; Arno, S.F.; Geier-Hayes, K. 1986. Wildfire patterns change in central Idaho's ponderosa pine-Douglas-fr forest. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 1(1):16-18.
294. Stephens, S.L.; Fry, D.L. 2005. Spatial distribution of regeneration patches in an old-growth Pinus jeffirey-mixed-conifer forest in northwestern Mexico. Journal of Vegetation Science 16(6):693-702.
295. Stephens, S.L.; Fry, D.L.; Franco-VizcaÍno, E. 2008. Wildfire and spatial patterns in forests in northwestern Mexico: The United States wishes it had similar fire problems. Ecology and Society 13: 10.
296. Stephens, S.L.; Moghaddas, J.J.; Edminster, C.; [and others]. 2009. Fire treatment effects on vegetation structure, fuels, and potential fire severity in western U.S. forests. Ecological Applications 19(2):305-320.
297. Stevens, R.E.; Hawksworth, F.G. 1984. Insect-dwarf mistletoe associations: An update. General Technical Report RM-GTR-111. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO:94-101.
298. Stratton, R.D. 2004. Assessing the effectiveness of landscape fuel treatments on fire growth and behavior. Journal of Forestry 102:32-40.
299. Strom, B.A.; Fulé, P.Z. 2007. Pre-wildfire fuel treatments affect long-term ponderosa pine forest dynamics. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16:128-138.
300. Swetnam, T.W.; Allen, C.D.; Betancourt, J.L. 1999. Applied historical ecology: Using the past to manage for the future. Ecological Applications 9:1189-1206.
301. Swetnam, T.W.; Baisan, C.H. 1996. Historical fire regime patterns in the southwestern United States since AD 1700. Pp. 11-32 in C.D. Allen (ed.). 2nd La Mesa Fire Symposium; Los Alamos, NM. General Technical Report RM-GTR-286. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 216 pp.
302. Swetnam, T.W.; Betancourt, J.L. 1990. Fire-southern oscillation relations in the southwestern United States. Science 249:1017-1020.
303. Swetnam, T.W.; Dieterich, J.H. 1985. Fire history of ponderosa pine forests in the Gila Wilderness, New Mexico. Pp. 390-397 in J. Lotan, B.M. Kilgore, W.C. Fischer, and R.W. Mutch (tech. coords.). Proceedings, Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire, Missoula, MT. General Technical Report INT-GTR-182. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. 434 pp.
304. Tainter, F.H.; Baker, F.A. 1996. Principles of Forest Pathology. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
305. Taylor, A.H. 2010. Fire disturbance and forest structure in an old-growth Pinus ponderosa forest, southern Cascades, USA. Journal of Vegetation Science 21(3):561-572.
306. Taylor, A.H.; Skinner, C.N. 2003. Spatial patterns and controls on historical fire regimes and forest structure in the Klamath Mountains. Ecological Application 13(3):704-719.
307. Thaxton, J.M.; Platt, W.J. 2006. Small-scale fuel variation alters fire intensity and shrub abundance in a pine savanna. Ecology 87(5):1331-1337.
308. Touchan, R.; Allen, C.D.; Swetnam, T.W. 1996. Fire history and climatic patterns in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forests of the Jemez Mountains, northern New Mexico. Pp. 179-195 C.D. Allen (tech. ed.). Fire Effects in Southwestern Forests: Proceedings of the Second La Mesa Fire Symposium. General Technical Report RM-GTR-286. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 216 pp.
309. Triepke, F.J.; Higgins, B.J.; Weisz, R.N.; Youtz, J.A.; Nicolet, T. 2011. Diameter caps and forest restoration: Evaluation of a 16-inch cut limit on achieving desired conditions. Forestry Report FR-R3-16-3. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Regional Offce, Albuquerque, NM. 31 pp.
310. Troendle, C.A. 1983. The potential for water yield augmentation from forest management in the Rocky Mountain region. Water Resource Bulletin 19:359-373.
311. Turner, M.G. 1989. Landscape ecology: The effect of pattern on process. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20:171-197.
312. USDA Forest Service. 1990. Silvics of North America, Volume 1, Conifers. Agriculture Handbook 654. Washington D.C. 675 pp.
313. USDA Forest Service. 1997. Plant associations of Arizona and New Mexico. Vol. 1, 3rd ed. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Albuquerque, NM. 291 pp.
314. USDA Forest Service. 2004. Forest insect and disease conditions in the Southwestern Region, 2003. Report R3-04-02. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Albuquerque, NM. 34 pp.
315. USDA Forest Service. 2012. Forest insect and disease conditions in the Southwestern Region, 2011. Report R3-16-8. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Albuquerque, NM. 43 pp.
316. van der Heijden, M.G.A.; Klironomos, J.N.; Ursic, M.; Moutoglis, P.; Streitwolf-Engel, R.; Boller, T.; Wiemken, A.; Sanders, I.R. 1998. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature 396:69-72.
317. Van Wagner, C.E. 1977. Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 7:23-34.
318. Van Wagner, C.E. 1993. Prediction of crown fire behavior in two stands of jack pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23:442-449.
319. Villa-Castillo, J.; Wagner, M.R. 2002. Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) species assemblage as an indicator of forest condition in northern Arizona ponderosa pine forests. Environmental Entomology 31(2):242-252.
320. Von Schrenck, H. 1903. The "bluing" and the "red rot" of the western yellow pine, with special reference to the Black Hills Forest Reserve. Bulletin 36. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, DC. 40 pp.
321. Wagner, M.R.; Block, W.M.; Geils, B.W.; Wenger, K.F. 2000. Restoration ecology: A new forest management paradigm, or another merit badge for foresters? Journal of Forestry 98(10):22-27.
322. Walters, C.J. 1986. Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishers.
323. Waltz, A.E.M.; Covington, W.W. 2003. Ecological restoration treatments increase butterfly richness and abundance: Mechanisms of response. Restoration Ecology 12:85-96.
324. Waltz, A.E.M.; Fulé, P.Z. 1998. Changes in pondero-sa pine forests of the Mt. Logan Wilderness. Paper on fle at Northern Arizona University. Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ.
325. Watson, J.W.; Hayes, D.W.; Finn, S.P.; Meehan-Martin, P. 1998. Prey of breeding goshawks in Washington. Journal of Raptor Research 32:297-305.
326. Weaver, H. 1951. Fire as an ecological factor in southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Journal of Forestry 49:93-98.
327. West, N.E. 1969. Tree patterns in central Oregon pon-derosa pine forests. American Midland Naturalist 81:584-590.
328. Westerling, A.L.; Hidalgo, H.G.; Cayan, D.R.; Swetnam, T.W. 2006. Warming and earlier spring increase western US forest wildfire activity. Science 313(5789):940-943.
329. Wheeler, G.M. (ed.). 1875. Annual report upon the geographical explorations and surveys west of the one hundredth meridian in California, Nevada, Nebraska, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming, and Montana: Appendix LL of the annual report of the Chief of Engineers for 1875. Washington Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 196 pp.
330. White, A.S. 1985. Presettlement regeneration patterns in a Southwestern ponderosa pine stand. Ecology 66:589-594.
331. White, M.A.; Vankat, J.L. 1993. Middle and high elevation coniferous forest communities of the North Rim region of the Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA. Vegetatio 109:161-174.
332. Wickman, B.E. 1963. Mortality and growth reduction of white fr following defoliation by the Douglas-fr tussock moth. Research Paper PSW-RP-7. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest & Range Experimental Station, Berkeley, CA. 15 pp.
333. Wightman, C.S.; Germaine, S.S. 2006. Forest stand characteristics altered by restoration affect western bluebird habitat quality. Restoration Ecology 14(4):653-661.
334. Williams, B.K.; Szaro, R.C.; Shapiro, C.D. 2009. Adaptive management: The U.S. Department of the Interior technical guide. U.S. Department of the Interior, Adaptive Management Working Group, Washington, DC. 72 pp.
335. Williams, M.A.; Baker, W.L. 2011. Testing the accuracy of new methods for reconstructing historical structure of forest landscapes using GLO survey data. Ecological Monographs 81:63-88.
336. Williams, M.A.; Baker, W.L. 2012. Spatially extensive reconstructions show variable-severity fire and heterogeneous structure in historical western United States dry forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography 21(10):1042-1052.
337. Winthers, E.; Fallon, D.; Haglund, J.; [and others]. 2005.Terrestrial ecological unit inventory technical guide. General Technical Report WO-68. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Ecosystem Management Coordination, Washington, DC. 245 pp.
338. Wood, R.E. 1983. Mortality caused by root diseases and associated pests on six National Forests in Arizona and New Mexico. Report R3-83-13. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Forest Pest Management, Albuquerque, NM. 31 p.
339. Woodall, C.W. 2000. The growth and structural dynamics of uneven-aged ponderosa pine stands in eastern Montana. Dissertation, University of Montana, College of Forestry and Conservation, Missoula, MT.
340. Woolsey, T.S., Jr. 1911. Western yellow pine in Arizona and New Mexico. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Bulletin 101. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 64 pp.
341. York, R.A.; Heald, R.C.; Battles, J.J.; York, J.D. 2004. Group selection management in conifer forests: Relationship between opening size and tree growth. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34:630-641.
342. Youngblood, A.; Max, T.; Coe, K. 2004. Stand structure in eastside old-growth ponderosa pine forests of Oregon and northern California. Forest Ecology and Management 119:191-217.
343. Youtz, J.A.; Vandendrieshe, D. 2012. Long-term sustained yield projections for Southwestern Region national forests planning. Unpublished report on fle with the Southwestern Region USDA Forest Service, Albuquerque, NM.