The addition of soft tissue replacement grafts in plastic periodontal and implant surgery: Critical elements in design and execution

Journal of Clinical Periodontology

Volumn 41, Issue , 2014, Pages S123-S142

  Zuhr, Otto ^a,b   Bäumer, Daniel ^a   Hürzeler, Markus ^a,c  

^a Hürzeler Zuhr Dental Practice and Educational Center   (Germany)

^b GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Donor sites; Graft harvesting; Soft tissue augmentation; Soft tissue replacement graft; Soft tissue substitute; Subepithelial connective tissue graft

Indexed keywords

BIOMATERIAL; TOOTH IMPLANT;

AUTOGRAFT; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; GINGIVA; HUMAN; ORGAN DONOR; PATIENT CARE PLANNING; PERIODONTAL DISEASES; PLASTIC SURGERY; PROCEDURES; SURGERY; TOOTH IMPLANT; TRANSPLANTATION;

AUTOGRAFTS; BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; DENTAL IMPLANTS; GINGIVA; HUMANS; PATIENT CARE PLANNING; PERIODONTAL DISEASES; RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES; TISSUE AND ORGAN HARVESTING; TRANSPLANT DONOR SITE;

EID: 84900826361     PISSN: 03036979     EISSN: 1600051X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12185     Document Type: Review

References (180)

1. Abrahamsson, I., Berglundh, T., Glantz, P. O. & Lindhe, J. (1998) The mucosal attachment at different abutments. An experimental study in dogs. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 25, 721-727.
2. Agudio, G., Nieri, M., Rotundo, R., Franceschi, D., Cortellini, P. & Pini Prato, G. P. (2009) Periodontal conditions of sites treated with gingival- Augmentation surgery compared to untreated contralateral homologous sites: A 10- to 27-year long-term study. Journal of Periodontology 80, 1399-1405.
3. Allen, A. L. (1994) Use of the supraperiosteal envelope in soft tissue grafting for root coverage. I. Rationale and technique. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 14, 216-227.
4. Allen, E. P. & Miller, P. D. Jr (1989) Coronal positioning of existing gingiva: Short term results in the treatment of shallow marginal tissue recession. Journal of Periodontology 60, 316-319.
5. Al-Zahrani, M. S., Bissada, N. F., Ficara, A. J. & Cole, B. (2004) Effect of connective tissue graft orientation on root coverage and gingival augmentation. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 24, 65-69.
6. Aroca, S., Keglevich, T., Barbieri, B., Gera, I. & Etienne, D. (2009) Clinical evaluation of a modified coronally advanced flap alone or in combination with a platelet-rich fibrin membrane for the treatment of adjacent multiple gingival recessions: A 6-month study. Journal of Periodontology 80, 244-252.
7. Batista, E. L. Jr, Batista, F. C. & Novaes, A. B. Jr (2001) Management of soft tissue ridge deformities with acellular dermal matrix. Clinical approach and outcome after 6 months of treatment. Journal of Periodontology 72, 265-273.
8. Benninger, B., Andrews, K. & Carter, W. (2012) Clinical measurements of hard palate and implications for subepithelial connective tissue grafts with suggestions for palatal nomenclature. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 70, 149-153.
9. Berglundh, T., Lindhe, J., Ericsson, I., Marinello, C. P., Liljenberg, B. & Thomsen, P. (1991) The soft tissue barrier at implants and teeth. Clinical Oral Implants Research 2, 81-90.
10. Bernimoulin, J. P., Luscher, B. & Muhlemann, H. R. (1975) Coronally repositioned periodontal flap. Clinical evaluation after one year. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2, 1-13.
11. Bohannan, H. M. (1962) Studies in the alteration of vestibular depth. I. Complete denudation. Journal of Periodontology 33, 120-128.
12. Borghetti, A. & Gardella, J. P. (1990) Thick gingival autograft for the coverage of gingival recession: A clinical evaluation. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 10, 216-229.
13. Borghetti, A. & Louise, F. (1994) Controlled clinical evaluation of the subpedicle connective tissue graft for the coverage of gingival recession. Journal of Periodontology 65, 1107-1112.
14. Bouchard, P., Etienne, D., Ouhayoun, J. P. & Nilveus, R. (1994) Subepithelial connective tissue grafts in the treatment of gingival recessions. A comparative study of 2 procedures. Journal of Periodontology 65, 929-936.
15. Bowers, G. M. (1963) A study of the width of attached gingiva. Journal of Periodontology 34, 201-209.
16. Bradley, R. E., Gant, J. C. & Ivancie, G. P. (1959) Histologic evaluation of mucogingival surgery. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology 12, 1184-1199.
17. Bruno, J. F. (1994) Connective tissue graft technique assuring wide root coverage. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 14, 126-137.
18. Bruno, J. F. & Bowers, G. M. (2000) Histology of a human biopsy section following the placement of a subepithelial connective tissue graft. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 20, 225-231.
19. Burkhardt, R., Joss, A. & Lang, N. P. (2008) Soft tissue dehiscence coverage around endosseous implants: A prospective cohort study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 19, 451-457.
20. Burkhardt, R. & Lang, N. P. (2005) Coverage of localized gingival recessions: Comparison of micro- And macrosurgical techniques. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 32, 287-293.
21. Cairo, F., Pagliaro, U. & Nieri, M. (2008) Treatment of gingival recession with coronally advanced flap procedures: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35, 136-162.
22. Calcagni, M., Althaus, M. K., Knapik, A. D., Hegland, N., Contaldo, C., Giovanoli, P. & Lindenblatt, N. (2011) In vivo visualization of the origination of skin graft vasculature in a wild-type/GFP crossover model. Microvascular Research 82, 237-245.
23. Cardaropoli, D. & Cardaropoli, G. (2009) Healing of gingival recessions using a collagen membrane with a hemineralized xenograft: A randomized controlled clinical trial. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 29, 59-67.
24. Cardaropoli, D., Tamagnone, L., Roffredo, A. & Gaveglio, L. (2012) Treatment of gingival recession defects using coronally advanced flap with a porcine collagen matrix compared to coronally advanced flap with connective tissue graft: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of Periodontology 83, 321-328.
25. Carney, C. M., Rossmann, J. A., Kerns, D. G., Cipher, D. J., Rees, T. D., Solomon, E. S., Rivera- Hidalgo, F. & Beach, M. M. (2012) A comparative study of root defect coverage using an acellular dermal matrix with and without a recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor. Journal of Periodontology 83, 893-901.
26. Carnio, J., Camargo, P. M. & Kenney, E. B. (2003) Root resorption associated with a subepithelial connective tissue graft for root coverage: Clinical and histologic report of a case. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 23, 391-398.
27. Carnio, J., Camargo, P. M., Kenney, E. B. & Schenk, R. K. (2002) Histological evaluation of 4 cases of root coverage following a connective tissue graft combined with an enamel matrix derivative preparation. Journal of Periodontology 73, 1534-1543.
28. Carranza, F. A. Jr & Carraro, J. J. (1970) Mucogingival techniques in periodontal surgery. Journal of Periodontology 41, 294-299.
29. Chambrone, L., Pannuti, C. M., Tu, Y. K. & Chambrone, L. A. (2012) Evidence-based periodontal plastic surgery. II. An individual data meta-analysis for evaluating factors in achieving complete root coverage. Journal of Periodontology 83, 477-490.
30. Chambrone, L., Sukekava, F., Araujo, M. G., Pustiglioni, F. E., Chambrone, L. A. & Lima, L. A. (2010) Root-coverage procedures for the treatment of localized recession-type defects: A Cochrane systematic review. Journal of Periodontology 81, 452-478.
31. Cheung, W. S. & Griffin, T. J. (2004) A comparative study of root coverage with connective tissue and platelet concentrate grafts: 8-month results. Journal of Periodontology 75, 1678-1687.
32. Cordioli, G., Mortarino, C., Chierico, A., Grusovin, M. & Majzoub, Z. (2001) Comparison of 2 techniques of subepithelial connective tissue graft in the treatment of gingival recessions. Journal of Periodontology 72, 1470-1476.
33. Corn, H. (1962) Periosteal separation - its clinical significance. Journal of Periodontology 33, 144-152.
34. Cortellini, P. & Pini Prato, G. (2012) Coronally advanced flap and combination therapy for root coverage. Clinical strategies based on scientific evidence and clinical experience. Periodontology 2000 59, 158-184.
35. Cortellini, P., Tonetti, M., Baldi, C., Francetti, L., Rasperini, G., Rotundo, R., Nieri, M., Franceschi, D., Labriola, A. & Prato, G. P. (2009) Does placement of a connective tissue graft improve the outcomes of coronally advanced flap for coverage of single gingival recessions in upper anterior teeth? A multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, 68-79.
36. Cummings, L. C., Kaldahl, W. B. & Allen, E. P. (2005) Histologic evaluation of autogenous connective tissue and acellular dermal matrix grafts in humans. Journal of Periodontology 76, 178-186.
37. Del Pizzo, M., Modica, F., Bethaz, N., Priotto, P. & Romagnoli, R. (2002) The connective tissue graft: A comparative clinical evaluation of wound healing at the palatal donor site. A preliminary study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 29, 848-854.
38. Donn, B. J. Jr (1978) The free connective tissue autograft: A clinical and histologic wound healing study in humans. Journal of Periodontology 49, 253-260.
39. Dorfman, H. S., Kennedy, J. E. & Bird, W. C. (1982) Longitudinal evaluation of free autogenous gingival grafts. A four year report. Journal of Periodontology 53, 349-352.
40. Edel, A. (1974) Clinical evaluation of free connective tissue grafts used to increase the width of keratinised gingiva. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1, 185-196.
41. Eger, T., Muller, H. P. & Heinecke, A. (1996) Ultrasonic determination of gingival thickness. Subject variation and influence of tooth type and clinical features. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 23, 839-845.
42. Ericsson, I. & Lindhe, J. (1984) Recession in sites with inadequate width of the keratinized gingiva. An experimental study in the dog. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 11, 95-103.
43. Esposito, M., Maghaireh, H., Grusovin, M. G., Ziounas, I. & Worthington, H. V. (2012) Soft tissue management for dental implants: What are the most effective techniques? A Cochrane systematic review. European Journal of Oral Implantology 5, 221-238.
44. Farnoush, A. (1978) Techniques for the protection and coverage of the donor sites in free soft tissue grafts. Journal of Periodontology 49, 403-405.
45. Fickl, S., Zuhr, O., Wachtel, H., Bolz, W. & Huerzeler, M. (2008) Tissue alterations after tooth extraction with and without surgical trauma: A volumetric study in the beagle dog. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35, 356-363.
46. Friedman, N. (1962) Mucogingival surgery: The apically repositioned flap. Journal of Periodontology 33, 328-340.
47. Friedman, N. & Levine, H. L. (1964) Mucogingival surgery. Current status. Journal of Periodontology 35, 5-21.
48. Fu, J. H., Hasso, D. G., Yeh, C. Y., Leong, D. J., Chan, H. L. & Wang, H. L. (2011) The accuracy of identifying the greater palatine neurovascular bundle: A cadaver study. Journal of Periodontology 82, 1000-1006.
49. Gapski, R., Parks, C. A. & Wang, H. L. (2005) Acellular dermal matrix for mucogingival surgery: A meta-analysis. Journal of Periodontology 76, 1814-1822.
50. Gapski, R., Satheesh, K. & Cobb, C. M. (2006) Histomorphometric analysis of bone density in the maxillary tuberosity of cadavers: A pilot study. Journal of Periodontology 77, 1085-1090.
51. Gargiulo, A. W. & Arrocha, R. (1967) Histo-clinical evaluation of free gingival grafts. Periodontics 5, 285-291.
52. Goldstein, M., Boyan, B. D., Cochran, D. L. & Schwartz, Z. (2001) Human histology of new attachment after root coverage using subepithelial connective tissue graft. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 28, 657-662.
53. Gomes, S. C., Miranda, L. A., Soares, I. & Oppermann, R. V. (2005) Clinical and histologic evaluation of the periodontal response to restorative procedures in the dog. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 25, 39-47.
54. Griffin, T. J. & Cheung, W. S. (2009) Guided tissue regeneration-based root coverage with a platelet concentrate graft: A 3-year follow-up case series. Journal of Periodontology 80, 1192-1199.
55. Griffin, T. J., Cheung, W. S., Zavras, A. I. & Damoulis, P. D. (2006) Postoperative complications following gingival augmentation procedures. Journal of Periodontology 77, 2070-2079.
56. Guiha, R., el Khodeiry, S., Mota, L. & Caffesse, R. (2001) Histological evaluation of healing and revascularization of the subepithelial connective tissue graft. Journal of Periodontology 72, 470-478.
57. Haggerty, P. C. (1966) The use of a free gingival graft to create a healthy environment for full crown preparation. Case history. Periodontics 4, 329-331.
58. Hall, W. B. (1981) The current status of mucogingival problems and their therapy. Journal of Periodontology 52, 569-575.
59. Hangorsky, U. & Bissada, N. F. (1980) Clinical assessment of free gingival graft effectiveness on the maintenance of periodontal health. Journal of Periodontology 51, 274-278.
60. Harris, R. J. (1992) The connective tissue and partial thickness double pedicle graft: A predictable method of obtaining root coverage. Journal of Periodontology 63, 477-486.
61. Harris, R. J. (1994) The connective tissue with partial thickness double pedicle graft: The results of 100 consecutively-treated defects. Journal of Periodontology 65, 448-461.
62. Harris, R. J. (1997) A comparison of two techniques for obtaining a connective tissue graft from the palate. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 17, 260-271.
63. Harris, R. J. (1999) Human histologic evaluation of root coverage obtained with a connective tissue with partial thickness double pedicle graft. A case report. Journal of Periodontology 70, 813-821.
64. Harris, R. J. (2003) Histologic evaluation of connective tissue grafts in humans. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 23, 575-583.
65. Harris, R. J., Harris, L. E., Harris, C. R. & Harris, A. J. (2007) Evaluation of root coverage with two connective tissue grafts obtained from the same location. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 27, 333-339.
66. Herford, A. S., Akin, L., Cicciu, M., Maiorana, C. & Boyne, P. J. (2010) Use of a porcine collagen matrix as an alternative to autogenous tissue for grafting oral soft tissue defects. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 68, 1463-1470.
67. Hokett, S. D., Peacock, M. E., Burns, W. T., Swiec, G. D. & Cuenin, M. F. (2002) External root resorption following partial-thickness connective tissue graft placement: A case report. Journal of Periodontology 73, 334-339.
68. Huang, L. H., Neiva, R. E., Soehren, S. E., Giannobile, W. V. & Wang, H. L. (2005) The effect of platelet-rich plasma on the coronally advanced flap root coverage procedure: A pilot human trial. Journal of Periodontology 76, 1768-1777.
69. Hurzeler, M. B. & Weng, D. (1999) A single-incision technique to harvest subepithelial connective tissue grafts from the palate. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 19, 279-287.
70. Hwang, D. & Wang, H. L. (2006) Flap thickness as a predictor of root coverage: A systematic review. Journal of Periodontology 77, 1625-1634.
71. Ikuta, C. R., Cardoso, C. L., Ferreira-Junior, O., Lauris, J. R., Souza, P. H. & Rubira-Bullen, I. R. (2013) Position of the greater palatine foramen: An anatomical study through cone beam computed tomography images. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 35, 837-842.
72. Ivancie, G. P. (1957) Experimental and histological investigation of gingival regeneration in vestibular surgery. Journal of Periodontology 28, 259-263.
73. Jahnke, P. V., Sandifer, J. B., Gher, M. E., Gray, J. L. & Richardson, A. C. (1993) Thick free gingival and connective tissue autografts for root coverage. Journal of Periodontology 64, 315-322.
74. Jankovic, S., Aleksic, Z., Klokkevold, P., Lekovic, V., Dimitrijevic, B., Kenney, E. B. & Camargo, P. (2012) Use of platelet-rich fibrin membrane following treatment of gingival recession: A randomized clinical trial. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 32, e41-e50.
75. Jansen, W. A., Ruben, M. P., Kramer, G. M., Bloom, A. A. & Turner, H. (1969) Development of the blood supply to split-thickness free gingival autografts. Journal of Periodontology 39, 707-716.
76. Jepsen, K., Jepsen, S., Zucchelli, G., Stefanini, M., de Sanctis, M., Baldini, N., Greven, B., Heinz, B., Wennstrom, J., Cassel, B., Vignoletti, F. & Sanz, M. (2013) Treatment of gingival recession defects with a coronally advanced flap and a xenogeneic collagen matrix: A multicenter randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 40, 82-89.
77. Jhaveri, H. M., Chavan, M. S., Tomar, G. B., Deshmukh, V. L., Wani, M. R. & Miller, P. D. Jr (2010) Acellular dermal matrix seeded with autologous gingival fibroblasts for the treatment of gingival recession: A proof-ofconcept study. Journal of Periodontology 81, 616-625.
78. Joly, J. C., Carvalho, A. M., da Silva, R. C., Ciotti, D. L. & Cury, P. R. (2007) Root coverage in isolated gingival recessions using autograft versus allograft: A pilot study. Journal of Periodontology 78, 1017-1022.
79. Jung, R. E., Sailer, I., Hammerle, C. H., Attin, T. & Schmidlin, P. (2007) In vitro color changes of soft tissues caused by restorative materials. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 27, 251-257.
80. Karring, T., Cumming, B. R., Oliver, R. C. & Loe, H. (1975) The origin of granulation tissue and its impact on postoperative results of mucogingival surgery. Journal of Periodontology 46, 577-585.
81. Karring, T., Lang, N. R. & Loe, H. (1974) The role of gingival connective tissue in determining epithelial differentiation. Journal of Periodontal Research 10, 1-11.
82. Karring, T., Ostergaard, E. & Loe, H. (1971) Conservation of tissue specificity after heterotopic transplantation of gingiva and alveolar mucosa. Journal of Periodontal Research 6, 282-293.
83. Keceli, H. G., Sengun, D., Berberoglu, A. & Karabulut, E. (2008) Use of platelet gel with connective tissue grafts for root coverage: A randomized-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 35, 255-262.
84. Kisch, J., Badersten, A. & Egelberg, J. (1986) Longitudinal observation of "unattached", mobile gingival areas. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 13, 131-134.
85. Klosek, S. K. & Rungruang, T. (2009) Anatomical study of the greater palatine artery and related structures of the palatal vault: Considerations for palate as the subepithelial connective tissue graft donor site. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 31, 245-250.
86. Lafzi, A., Faramarzi, M., Shirmohammadi, A., Behrozian, A., Kashefimehr, A. & Khashabi, E. (2012) Subepithelial connective tissue graft with and without the use of plasma rich in growth factors for treating root exposure. Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science 42, 196-203.
87. Landsberg, C. J. & Bichacho, N. (1994) A modified surgical/prosthetic approach for optimal single implant supported crown. Part I-The socket seal surgery. Practical Periodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry 6, 11-17; quiz 19.
88. Lang, N. P. & Loe, H. (1972) The relationship between the width of keratinized gingiva and gingival health. Journal of Periodontology 43, 623-627.
89. Lang, N. P., Pun, L., Lau, K. Y., Li, K. Y. & Wong, M. C. (2012) A systematic review on survival and success rates of implants placed immediately into fresh extraction sockets after at least 1 year. Clinical Oral Implants Research 23 (Suppl 5), 39-66.
90. Langer, B. & Calagna, L. (1980) The subepithelial connective tissue graft. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 44, 363-367.
91. Langer, B. & Calagna, L. J. (1982) The subepithelial connective tissue graft. A new approach to the enhancement of anterior cosmetics. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 2, 22-33.
92. Langer, B. & Langer, L. (1985) Subepithelial connective tissue graft technique for root coverage. Journal of Periodontology 56, 715-720.
93. Lindenblatt, N., Calcagni, M., Contaldo, C., Menger, M. D., Giovanoli, P. & Vollmar, B. (2008) A new model for studying the revascularization of skin grafts in vivo: The role of angiogenesis. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 122, 1669-1680.
94. Lindenblatt, N., Platz, U., Althaus, M., Hegland, N., Schmidt, C. A., Contaldo, C., Vollmar, B., Giovanoli, P. & Calcagni, M. (2010) Temporary angiogenic transformation of the skin graft vasculature after reperfusion. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 126, 61-70.
95. Lindhe, J. & Nyman, S. (1980) Alterations of the position of the marginal soft tissue following periodontal surgery. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 7, 525-530.
96. Lorenzo, R., Garcia, V., Orsini, M., Martin, C. & Sanz, M. (2012) Clinical efficacy of a xenogeneic collagen matrix in augmenting keratinized mucosa around implants: A randomized controlled prospective clinical trial. Clinical Oral Implants Research 23, 316-324.
97. Lucchesi, J. A., Santos, V. R., Amaral, C. M., Peruzzo, D. C. & Duarte, P. M. (2007) Coronally positioned flap for treatment of restored root surfaces: A 6-month clinical evaluation. Journal of Periodontology 78, 615-623.
98. Mackenzie, I. C. & Fusenig, N. E. (1983) Regeneration of organized epithelial structure. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 81, 189s-194s.
99. Majzoub, Z., Landi, L., Grusovin, M. G. & Cordioli, G. (2001) Histology of connective tissue graft. A case report. Journal of Periodontology 72, 1607-1615.
100. Martins, T., Bosco, A., Nobrega, F., Nagata, M., Garcia, V. & Fucini, S. (2007) Periodontal tissue response to coverage of root cavities restored with resin materials: A histomorphometric study in dogs. Journal of Periodontology 78, 1075-1082.
101. Matter, J. (1982) Free gingival grafts for the treatment of gingival recession. A review of some techniques. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 9, 103-114.
102. McGuire, M. K. & Cochran, D. L. (2003) Evaluation of human recession defects treated with coronally advanced flaps and either enamel matrix derivative or connective tissue. Part 2: Histological evaluation. Journal of Periodontology 74, 1126-1135.
103. McGuire, M. K. & Scheyer, E. T. (2010) Xenogeneic collagen matrix with coronally advanced flap compared to connective tissue with coronally advanced flap for the treatment of dehiscence- type recession defects. Journal of Periodontology 81, 1108-1117.
104. McGuire, M. K., Scheyer, E. T. & Schupbach, P. (2009a) Growth factor-mediated treatment of recession defects: A randomized controlled trial and histologic and microcomputed tomography examination. Journal of Periodontology 80, 550-564.
105. McGuire, M. K., Scheyer, T., Nevins, M. & Schupbach, P. (2009b) Evaluation of human recession defects treated with coronally advanced flaps and either purified recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB with beta tricalcium phosphate or connective tissue: A histologic and microcomputed tomographic examination. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 29, 7-21.
106. Miller, P. D. Jr (1982) Root coverage using a free soft tissue autograft following citric acid application. Part 1: Technique. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 2, 65-70.
107. Miller, P. D. Jr (1985) Root coverage using the free soft tissue autograft following citric acid application. III. A successful and predictable procedure in areas of deep-wide recession. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 5, 14-37.
108. Miyasato, M., Crigger, M. & Egelberg, J. (1977) Gingival condition in areas of minimal and appreciable width of keratinized gingiva. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 4, 200-209.
109. Monnet-Corti, V., Santini, A., Glise, J. M., Fouque- Deruelle, C., Dillier, F. L., Liebart, M. F. & Borghetti, A. (2006) Connective tissue graft for gingival recession treatment: Assessment of the maximum graft dimensions at the palatal vault as a donor site. Journal of Periodontology 77, 899-902.
110. Mormann, W., Bernimoulin, J. P. & Schmid, M. O. (1975) Fluorescein angiography of free gingival autografts. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2, 177-189.
111. Mormann, W. & Ciancio, S. G. (1977) Blood supply of human gingiva following periodontal surgery. A fluorescein angiographic study. Journal of Periodontology 48, 681-692.
112. Moslemi, N., Mousavi Jazi, M., Haghighati, F., Morovati, S. P. & Jamali, R. (2011) Acellular dermal matrix allograft versus subepithelial connective tissue graft in treatment of gingival recessions: A 5-year randomized clinical study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 38, 1122-1129.
113. Muller, H. P., Schaller, N., Eger, T. & Heinecke, A. (2000) Thickness of masticatory mucosa. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 27, 431-436.
114. Murata, M., Okuda, K., Momose, M., Kubo, K., Kuroyanagi, Y. & Wolff, L. F. (2008) Root coverage with cultured gingival dermal substitute composed of gingival fibroblasts and matrix: A case series. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 28, 461-467.
115. Nabers, C. L. (1954) Repositioning the attached gingiva. Journal of Periodontology 25, 38-39.
116. Nabers, J. M. (1966) Free gingival grafts. Periodontics 4, 243-245.
117. Nelson, S. W. (1987) The subpedicle connective tissue graft. A bilaminar reconstructive procedure for the coverage of denuded root surfaces. Journal of Periodontology 58, 95-102.
118. Nemcovsky, C. E. (2001) Interproximal papilla augmentation procedure: A novel surgical approach and clinical evaluation of 10 consecutive procedures. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 21, 553-559.
119. Nevins, M., Nevins, M. L., Kim, S. W., Schupbach, P. & Kim, D. M. (2011) The use of mucograft collagen matrix to augment the zone of keratinized tissue around teeth: A pilot study. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 31, 367-373.
120. Nickles, K., Ratka-Kruger, P., Neukranz, E., Raetzke, P. & Eickholz, P. (2010) Ten-year results after connective tissue grafts and guided tissue regeneration for root coverage. Journal of Periodontology 81, 827-836.
121. Nobuto, T. (1986) Microvascularization of the free gingival autograft using corrosion casts. Journal of Dental Research 65, 528.
122. Nobuto, T. (1987) Experimental study on microvascularization following free gingival autograft- process of the recirculation to grafts. Nihon Shishubyo Gakkai Kaishi 29, 352-364.
123. Nobuto, T., Imai, H. & Yamaoka, A. (1988) Microvascularization of the free gingival autograft. Journal of Periodontology 59, 639-646.
124. Nordland, W. P., Sandhu, H. S. & Perio, C. (2008) Microsurgical technique for augmentation of the interdental papilla: Three case reports. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 28, 543-549.
125. Oates, T. W., Robinson, M. & Gunsolley, J. C. (2003) Surgical therapies for the treatment of gingival recession. A systematic review. Annals of Periodontology 8, 303-320.
126. Ochsenbein, C. (1960) Newer concept of mucogingival surgery. Journal of Periodontology 31, 175-185.
127. Oliver, R. C., Loe, H. & Karring, T. (1968) Microscopic evaluation of the healing and revascularization of free gingival grafts. Journal of Periodontal Research 3, 84-95.
128. Orban, B. J. (1957) Oral Histology and Embryology. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Company.
129. Orban, B. & Sicher, H. (1945) The oral mucosa. Journal of Dental Education 10, 94-103.
130. Ouhayoun, J. P., Sawaf, M. H., Gofflaux, J. C., Etienne, D. & Forest, N. (1988) Re-epithelialization of a palatal connective tissue graft transplanted in a non-keratinized alveolar mucosa: A histological and biochemical study in humans. Journal of Periodontal Research 23, 127-133.
131. Paolantonio, M., Dolci, M., Esposito, P., D'Archivio, D., Lisanti, L., Di Luccio, A. & Perinetti, G. (2002) Subpedicle acellular dermal matrix graft and autogenous connective tissue graft in the treatment of gingival recessions: A comparative 1-year clinical study. Journal of Periodontology 73, 1299-1307.
132. Pfeifer, J. S. (1963) The growth of gingival tissue over denuded bone. Journal of Periodontology 34, 10-16.
133. Pini Prato, G. P., Cairo, F., Nieri, M., Franceschi, D., Rotundo, R. & Cortellini, P. (2010) Coronally advanced flap versus connective tissue graft in the treatment of multiple gingival recessions: A split-mouth study with a 5-year follow-up. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 37, 644-650.
134. Pini Prato, G., Pagliaro, U., Baldi, C., Nieri, M., Saletta, D., Cairo, F. & Cortellini, P. (2000) Coronally advanced flap procedure for root coverage. Flap with tension versus flap without tension: A randomized controlled clinical study. Journal of Periodontology 71, 188-201.
135. Raetzke, P. B. (1985) Covering localized areas of root exposure employing the "envelope" technique. Journal of Periodontology 56, 397-402.
136. Rasperini, G., Silvestri, M., Schenk, R. K. & Nevins, M. L. (2000) Clinical and histologic evaluation of human gingival recession treated with a subepithelial connective tissue graft and enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain): A case report. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 20, 269-275.
137. Reiser, G. M., Bruno, J. F., Mahan, P. E. & Larkin, L. H. (1996) The subepithelial connective tissue graft palatal donor site: Anatomic considerations for surgeons. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 16, 130-137.
138. Roccuzzo, M., Bunino, M., Needleman, I. & Sanz, M. (2002) Periodontal plastic surgery for treatment of localized gingival recessions: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 29 Suppl 3, 178-194; discussion 195-176.
139. Roccuzzo, M., Gaudioso, L., Bunino, M. & Dalmasso, P. (2013) Surgical treatment of buccal soft tissue recessions around single implants: 1-year results from a prospective pilot study. Clinical Oral Implants Research doi: 10.1111/clr.12149. [Epub ahead of print].
140. Salkin, L. M., Freedman, A. L., Stein, M. D. & Bassiouny, M. A. (1987) A longitudinal study of untreated mucogingival defects. Journal of Periodontology 58, 164-166.
141. Santamaria, M. P., Ambrosano, G. M., Casati, M. Z., Nociti Junior, F. H., Sallum, A. W. & Sallum, E. A. (2009) Connective tissue graft plus resin-modified glass ionomer restoration for the treatment of gingival recession associated with non-carious cervical lesion: A randomized- controlled clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, 791-798.
142. Santamaria, M. P., Suaid, F. F., Casati, M. Z., Nociti, F. H., Sallum, A. W. & Sallum, E. A. (2008) Coronally positioned flap plus resinmodified glass ionomer restoration for the treatment of gingival recession associated with non-carious cervical lesions: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of Periodontology 79, 621-628.
143. Sanz, I., Garcia-Gargallo, M., Herrera, D., Martin, C., Figuero, E. & Sanz, M. (2012) Surgical protocols for early implant placement in postextraction sockets: A systematic review. Clinical Oral Implants Research 23 (Suppl 5), 67-79.
144. Sanz, M., Lorenzo, R., Aranda, J. J., Martin, C. & Orsini, M. (2009) Clinical evaluation of a new collagen matrix (Mucograft prototype) to enhance the width of keratinized tissue in patients with fixed prosthetic restorations: A randomized prospective clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 36, 868-876.
145. Scarano, A., Barros, R. R., Iezzi, G., Piattelli, A. & Novaes, A. B. Jr (2009) Acellular dermal matrix graft for gingival augmentation: A preliminary clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural evaluation. Journal of Periodontology 80, 253-259.
146. Schatzle, M., Land, N. P., Anerud, A., Boysen, H., Burgin, W. & Loe, H. (2001) The influence of margins of restorations of the periodontal tissues over 26 years. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 28, 57-64.
147. Schlee, M. & Esposito, M. (2011) Human dermis graft versus autogenous connective tissue grafts for thickening soft tissue and covering multiple gingival recessions: 6-month results from a preference clinical trial. European Journal of Oral Implantology 4, 119-125.
148. Schneider, D., Grunder, U., Ender, A., Hammerle, C. H. & Jung, R. E. (2011) Volume gain and stability of peri-implant tissue following bone and soft tissue augmentation: 1-year results from a prospective cohort study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 22, 28-37.
149. Schoo, W. H. & van der Velden, U. (1985) Marginal soft tissue recessions with and without attached gingiva. A five year longitudinal study. Journal of Periodontal Research 20, 209-211.
150. Seibert, J. S. (1983) Reconstruction of deformed, partially edentulous ridges, using full thickness onlay grafts. Part II. Prosthetic/periodontal interrelationships. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 4, 549-562.
151. Sharma, N. A. & Garud, R. S. (2013) Greater palatine foramen-key to successful hemimaxillary anaesthesia: A morphometric study and report of a rare aberration. Singapore Medical Journal 54, 152-159.
152. da Silva, R. C., Joly, J. C., de Lima, A. F. & Tatakis, D. N. (2004) Root coverage using the coronally positioned flap with or without a subepithelial connective tissue graft. Journal of Periodontology 75, 413-419.
153. Soileau, K. M. & Brannon, R. B. (2006) A histologic evaluation of various stages of palatal healing following subepithelial connective tissue grafting procedures: A comparison of eight cases. Journal of Periodontology 77, 1267-1273.
154. Song, J. E., Um, Y. J., Kim, C. S., Choi, S. H., Cho, K. S., Kim, C. K., Chai, J. K. & Jung, U. W. (2008) Thickness of posterior palatal masticatory mucosa: The use of computerized tomography. Journal of Periodontology 79, 406-412.
155. Staffileno, H., Wentz, F. M. & Orban, B. (1962) Histologic study of healing of split thickness flap surgery in dogs. Journal of Periodontology 33, 56-69.
156. Steiner, G. G., Pearson, J. K. & Ainamo, J. (1981) Changes of the marginal periodontium as a result of labial tooth movement in monkeys. Journal of Periodontology 52, 314-320.
157. Strebel, J., Ender, A., Paque, F., Krahenmann, M., Attin, T. & Schmidlin, P. R. (2009) In vivo validation of a three-dimensional optical method to document volumetric soft tissue changes of the interdental papilla. Journal of Periodontology 80, 56-61.
158. Studer, S. P., Allen, E. P., Rees, T. C. & Kouba, A. (1997) The thickness of masticatory mucosa in the human hard palate and tuberosity as potential donor sites for ridge augmentation procedures. Journal of Periodontology 68, 145-151.
159. Studer, S. P., Lehner, C., Bucher, A. & Scharer, P. (2000) Soft tissue correction of a singletooth pontic space: A comparative quantitative volume assessment. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 83, 402-411.
160. Sullivan, H. C. & Atkins, J. H. (1968) Free autogenous gingival grafts. III. Ultilzation of grafts in the treatment of gingival recession. Periodontics 6, 152-160.
161. Sullivan, H. C. & Atkins, J. H. (1969) The role of free gingival grafts in periodontal therapy. Dental Clinics of North America 13, 133-148.
162. Thalmair, T., Fickl, S., Schneider, D., Hinze, M. & Wachtel, H. (2013) Dimensional alterations of extraction sites after different alveolar ridge preservation techniques - A volumetric study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 40, 721-727.
163. Thoma, D. S., Benic, G. I., Zwahlen, M., Hammerle, C. H. & Jung, R. E. (2009) A systematic review assessing soft tissue augmentation techniques. Clinical Oral Implants Research 20 (Suppl 4), 146-165.
164. Thoma, D. S., Jung, R. E., Schneider, D., Cochran, D. L., Ender, A., Jones, A. A., Gorlach, C., Uebersax, L., Graf-Hausner, U. & Hammerle, C. H. (2010) Soft tissue volume augmentation by the use of collagen-based matrices: A volumetric analysis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 37, 659-666.
165. Thoma, D. S., Sancho-Puchades, M., Ettlin, D. A., Hammerle, C. H. & Jung, R. E. (2012) Impact of a collagen matrix on early healing, aesthetics and patient morbidity in oral mucosal wounds - A randomized study in humans. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 39, 157-165.
166. de Trey, E. & Bernimoulin, J. P. (1980) Influence of free gingival grafts on the health of the marginal gingiva. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 7, 381-393.
167. Wei, P. C., Laurell, L., Lingen, M. W. & Geivelis, M. (2002) Acellular dermal matrix allografts to achieve increased attached gingiva. Part 2. A histological comparative study. Journal of Periodontology 73, 257-265.
168. Weng, D., Hürzeler, M., Quinones, C., Pechstadt, B., Mota, L. & Caffesse, R. (1998) Healing patterns in recession defects treated with ePTFE membranes and with free connective tissue grafts. A histologic and histometric study in the beagle dog. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 25, 238-245.
169. Wennstrom, J. L., Lindhe, J., Sinclair, F. & Thilander, B. (1987) Some periodontal tissue reactions to orthodontic tooth movement in monkeys. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 14, 121-129.
170. Wessel, J. R. & Tatakis, D. N. (2008) Patient outcomes following subepithelial connective tissue graft and free gingival graft procedures. Journal of Periodontology 79, 425-430.
171. Wilderman, M. N. (1964) Exposure of bone in periodontal surgery. Dental Clinics of North America 8, 23-31.
172. Wilson, T. G. Jr, McGuire, M. K. & Nunn, M. E. (2005) Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of periodontal applications of a living tissueengineered human fibroblast-derived dermal substitute. II. Comparison to the subepithelial connective tissue graft: A randomized controlled feasibility study. Journal of Periodontology 76, 881-889.
173. Windisch, S. I., Jung, R. E., Sailer, I., Studer, S. P., Ender, A. & Hammerle, C. H. (2007) A new optical method to evaluate three-dimensional volume changes of alveolar contours: A methodological in vitro study. Clinical Oral Implants Research 18, 545-551.
174. Yotnuengnit, P., Promsudthi, A., Teparat, T., Laohapand, P. & Yuwaprecha, W. (2004) Relative connective tissue graft size affects root coverage treatment outcome in the envelope procedure. Journal of Periodontology 75, 886-892.
175. Zucchelli, G. (2013) Mucogingival Esthetic Surgery. Milan: Quintessenza Ediziono S.r.l.
176. Zucchelli, G., Amore, C., Sforza, N. M., Montebugnoli, L. & De Sanctis, M. (2003) Bilaminar techniques for the treatment of recession-type defects. A comparative clinical study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 30, 862-870.
177. Zucchelli, G., Mazzotti, C., Mounssif, I., Mele, M., Stefanini, M. & Montebugnoli, L. (2013) A novel surgical-prosthetic approach for soft tissue dehiscence coverage around single implant. Clinical Oral Implants Research 24, 957-962.
178. Zucchelli, G., Mele, M., Stefanini, M., Mazzotti, C., Marzadori, M., Montebugnoli, L. & de Sanctis, M. (2010) Patient morbidity and root coverage outcome after subepithelial connective tissue and de-epithelialized grafts: A comparative randomized-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 37, 728-738.
179. Zuhr, O. & Hürzeler, M. (2012) Plastic-Esthetic Periodontal and Implant Surgery - A Microsurgical Approach. Ltd: Quintessence Publishing Co.
180. Zuhr, O., Rebele, S., Schneider, D., Jung, R. & Hürzeler, M. (2013) Tunnel technique with connective tissue graft versus coronally advanced flap with enamel matrix derivate for root coverage: A RCT using 3D digital measuring methods. Part I. Clinical and patient-centered outcomes. Journal of Clinical Periodontology doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12178. [Epub ahead of print].