Trends in atmospheric new-particle formation: 16 years of observations in a boreal-forest environment

Boreal Environment Research

Volumn 19, Issue , 2014, Pages 191-214

  Nieminen, Tuomo ^a   Asmi, Ari ^a   Aalto, Pasi P ^a   Keronen, Petri ^a   Petäjä, Tuukka ^a   Kulmala, Markku ^a   Kerminen, Veli Matti ^a   Dal Maso, Miikka ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899753121     PISSN: 12396095     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Aalto P., Hämeri K., Becker E., Weber R., Salm J., Mäkelä J.M., Hoell C., O'Dowd C.D., Karlsson H., Hansson H.-C., Väkevä M., Koponen I.K., Buzorius G. & Kulmala M. 2001. Physical characterization of aerosol particles during nucleation events. Tellus 53B: 344-358.
2. Ahlm L., Julin J., Fountoukis C., Pandis S.N. & Riipinen I. 2013. Particle number concentrations over Europe in 2030: the role of emissions and new particle formation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13: 10271-10283.
3. Almeida J., Schobesberger S., Kürten A., Ortega I.K., Kupiainen-Määttä O., Praplan A., Adamov A., Amorim A., Bianchi F., Breitenlechner M., David A., Dommen J., Donahue N.M., Downard A., Dunne E., Duplissy J., Ehrhart S., Flagan R.C., Franchin A., Guida R., Hakala J., Hansel A., Heinritzi M., Henschel H., Jokinen T., Junninen H., Kajos M., Kangasluoma J., Keskinen H., Kupc A., Kurtén T., Kvashin A.N., Laaksonen A., Lehtipalo K., Leiminger M., Leppä J., Loukonen V., Makhmutov V., Mathot S., McGrath M.J., Nieminen T., Olenius T., Onnela A., Petäjä T., Riccobono F., Riipinen I., Rissanen M., Rondo L., Ruuskanen T., Santos F.D., Sarnela N., Schallhart S., Schnitzhofer R., Seinfeld J.H., Simon M., Sipilä M., Stozhkov Y., Stratmann F., Tomé A., Tröstl J., Tsagkogeorgas G., Vaattovaara P., Viisanen Y., Virtanen A., Vrtala A., Wagner P.E., Weingartner E., Wex H., Williamson C., Wimmer D., Ye P., Yli-Juuti T., Carslaw K.S., Kulmala M., Curtius J., Baltensperger U., Worsnop D.R., Vehkamäki H. & Kirkby J. 2013. Molecular understanding of sulphuric acid-amine particle nucleation in the atmosphere. Nature 502: 359-363.
4. Anttila P. & Tuovinen J.-P. 2010. Trends of primary and secondary pollutant concentrations in Finland in 1994- 2007. Atmos. Environ. 44: 30-41.
5. Asmi E., Kivekäs N., Kerminen V.-M. Komppula M., Hyvärinen A.-P., Hatakka J., Viisanen Y. & Lihavainen H. 2011a. Secondary new particle formation in northern Finland Pallas site between the years 2000 and 2010. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11: 12959-12972.
6. Asmi A., Collaud Coen M., Ogren J.A., Andrews E., Sheridan P., Jefferson A., Weingartner E., Baltensperger U., Bukowiecki N., Lihavainen H., Kivekäs N., Asmi E., Aalto P.P., Kulmala M., Wiedensohler A., Birmili W., Hamed A., O'Dowd C., Jennings S.G., Weller R., Flentje H., Fjaeraa A.M., Fiebig M., Myhre C.L., Hallar A.G., Swietlicki E., Kristensson A. & Laj P. 2013. Aerosol decadal trends — Part 2: in-situ aerosol particle number concentrations at GAW and ACTRIS stations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13: 895-916.
7. Asmi A., Wiedensohler A., Laj P., Fjaeraa A.-M., Sellegri K., Birmili W., Weingartner E., Baltensperger U., Zdimal V., Zikova N., Putaud J.-P., Marinoni A., Tunved P., Hansson H.-C., Fiebig M., Kivekäs N., Lihavainen H., Asmi E., Ulevicius V., Aalto P.P., Swietlicki E., Kristensson A., Mihalopoulos N., Kalivitis N., Kalapov I., Kiss G., de Leeuw G., Henzing B., Harrison R.M., Beddows D., O'Dowd C., Jennings S.G., Flentje H., Weinhold K., Meinhardt F., Ries L. & Kulmala M. 2011b. Number size distributions and seasonality of submicron particles in Europe 2008-2009. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11: 5505-5538.
8. 4, OH, and monoterpenes measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3: 361-376.
9. Boy M., Kulmala M., Ruuskanen T.M., Pihlatie M., Reissel A., Aalto P.P., Keronen P., Dal Maso M., Hellen H., Hakola H., Jansson R., Hanke M. & Arnold F. 2005. Sulphuric acid closure and contribution to nucleation mode particle growth. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5: 863-878.
10. 2 by stabilized Criegee intermediate (sCI) radicals as a crucial source for atmospheric sulfuric acid concentrations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13: 3865-3879.
11. Buenrostro Mazon S., Riipinen I., Schultz D.M., Valtanen M., Dal Maso M., Sogacheva L., Junninen H., Nieminen T., Kerminen V.-M. & Kulmala M. 2009. Classifying previously undefined days from eleven years of aerosolparticle- size distribution data from the SMEAR II station, Hyytiälä, Finland. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9: 667-676.
12. Collaud Coen M., Andrews E., Asmi A., Baltensperger U., Bukowiecki N., Day D., Fiebig M., Fjaeraa A.M., Flentje H., Hyvärinen A., Jefferson A., Jennings S.G., Kouvarakis G., Lihavainen H., Lund Myhre C., Malm W.C., Mihapopoulos N., Molenar J.V., O'Dowd C., Ogren J.A., Schichtel B.A., Sheridan P., Virkkula A., Weingartner E., Weller R. & Laj P. 2013. Aerosol decadal trends — Part 1: in-situ optical measurements at GAW and IMPROVE stations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13: 869-894.
13. Dal Maso M., Kulmala M., Riipinen I., Wagner R., Hussein T., Aalto P.P. & Lehtinen K.E.J. 2005. Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 323-336.
14. Dal Maso M., Sogacheva L., Aalto P.P., Riipinen I., Komppula M., Tunved P., Korhonen L., Suur-Uski V., Hirsikko A., Kurtén T., Kerminen V.-M., Lihavainen H., Viisanen Y., Hansson H.-C. & Kulmala M. 2007. Aerosol size distribution measurements at four Nordic field stations: identification, analysis and trajectory analysis of new particle formation bursts. Tellus 59B: 350-361.
15. Dee D.P., Uppala S.M., Simmons A.J., Berrisford P., Poli P., Kobayashi S., Andrae U., Balmaseda M.A., Balsamo G., Bauer P., Bechtold P., Beljaars A.C.M., van de Berg L., Bidlot J., Bormann N., Delsol C., Dragani R., Fuentes M., Geer A.J., Haimberger L., Healy S.B., Hersbach H., Hólm E.-V., Isaksen L., Kållberg P., Köhler M., Matricardi M., McNally A.P., Monge-Sanz B.M., Morcrette J.-J., Park B.-K., Peubey C., de Rosnay P., Tavolato C., Thépaut J.-N. & Vitart F. 2011. The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quat. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137: 553-597.
16. 2 trends in Europe. Sci. Total Environ. 408: 4795-4806.
17. Eastman R. & Warren S.G. 2013. A 39-yr survey of cloud changes from land stations worldwide 1971-2009: longterm trends, relation to aerosols, and expansion of the tropical belt. J. Climate 26: 1286-1303.
18. Ehn M., Vuollekoski H., Petäjä T., Kerminen V.-M., Vana M., Aalto P., de Leeuw G., Ceburnis D., Dupuy R., O'Dowd C.D. & Kulmala M. 2010. Growth rates during coastal and marine new particle formation in western Ireland. J. Geophys. Res. 115, D18218, doi:10.1029/2010JD014292.
19. Ehrhart S. & Curtius J. 2013. Influence of aerosol lifetime on the interpretation of nucleation experiments with respect to the first nucleation theorem. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13: 11465-11471.
20. Ghan S.J., Smith S.J., Wang M., Zhang K., Pringle K.J., Carslaw K.S., Pierce J.R., Bauer S.E. & Adams P.J. 2013. A simple model of global aerosol indirect effects. J. Geophys. Res. 118: 6688-6707.
21. Hari P. & Kulmala M. 2005. Station for Measuring Ecosystem- Atmosphere Relations (SMEAR II). Boreal Env. Res. 10: 315-322.
22. Hess A., Iyer H. & Malm W. 2001. Linear trend analysis: a comparison of methods. Atmos. Environ. 35: 5211-5222.
23. Hirsikko A., Laakso L., Hõrrak U., Aalto P.P., Kerminen V.-M. & Kulmala M. 2005. Annual and size dependent variation of growth rates and ion concentrations in boreal forest. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 357-369.
24. Hussein T., Dal Maso M., Petäjä T., Koponen I.K., Paatero P., Aalto P.P., Hämeri K. & Kulmala M. 2005. Evaluation of an automatic algorithm for fitting the particle number size distributions. Boreal Env. Res. 10 337-355.
25. IPCC 2013. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
26. Junninen H., Hulkkonen M., Riipinen I., Nieminen T., Hirsikko A., Suni T., Boy M., Lee S.-H., Vana M., Tammet H., Kerminen V.-M. & Kulmala M. 2008. Observations on nocturnal growth of atmospheric clusters. Tellus 60B: 365-371.
27. Kalivitis N., Stavroulas I., Bougiatioti A., Kouvarakis G., Gagné S., Manninen H.E., Kulmala M. & Mihalopoulos N. 2012. Night-time enhanced atmospheric ion concentrations in the marine boundary layer. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12: 3627-3638.
28. Kerminen V.-M., Lihavainen H., Komppula M., Viisanen Y. & Kulmala M. 2005. Direct observational evidence linking atmospheric aerosol formation and cloud droplet activation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L14803, doi:10.1029/2005GL023130.
29. Kerminen V.-M., Petäjä T., Manninen H.E., Paasonen P., Nieminen T., Sipilä M., Junninen H., Ehn M., Gagne S., Laakso L., Riipinen I., Vehkamäki H., Kurtén T., Ortega I.K., Dal Maso M., Brus D., Hyvärinen A., Lihavainen H., Leppä J., Lehtinen K.E.J., Mirme A., Mirme S., Hõrrak U., Berndt T., Stratmann F., Birmili W., Wiedensohler A., Metzger A., Dommen J., Baltensperger U., Kiendler-Scharr A., Mentel T.F., Wildt J., Winkler P.M., Wagner P.E., Petzold A., Minikin A., Plass-Dülmer C., Pöschl U., Laaksonen A. & Kulmala M. 2010. Atmospheric nucleation: highlights of the EUCAARI project and future directions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10: 10829- 10848.
30. Kerminen V.-M., Paramonov M., Anttila T., Riipinen I., Fountoukis C., Korhonen H., Asmi E., Laakso L., Lihavainen H., Swietlicki E., Svenningsson B., Asmi A., Pandis S.N., Kulmala M. & Petäjä T. 2012. Cloud condensation nuclei production associated with atmospheric nucleation: a synthesis based on existing literature and new results. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12: 12037-12059.
31. Kirkby J., Curtius J., Almeida J., Dunne E., Duplissy J., Ehrhart S., Franchin A., Gagné S., Ickes L., Kürten A., Kupc A., Metzger A., Riccobono F., Rondo L., Schobesberger S., Tsagkogeorgas G., Wimmer D., Amorim A., Bianchi F., Breitenlechner M., David A., Dommer J., Downard A., Ehn M., Flagan R., Haider S., Hansel A., Hauser D., Jud W., Junninen H., Kreissl F., Kvashin A., Laaksonen A., Lehtipalo K., Lima J., Lovejoy E.R., Makhmutov V., Mathot S., Mikkilä J., Minginette P., Mogo S., Nieminen T., Onnela A., Pereira P., Petäjä T., Schnitzhofer R., Seinfeld J.H., Sipilä M., Stozhkov Y., Stratmann F., Tomé A., Vanhanen J., Viisanen Y., Vrtala A., Wagner P.E., Walther H., Weingartner E., Wex H., Winkler P.M., Carslaw K.S., Worsnop D.R., Baltensperger U. & Kulmala M. 2010. Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Nature 476: 429-433.
32. Korhonen H., Kerminen V.-M., Kokkola H. & Lehtinen K.E.J. 2014. Estimating atmospheric nucleation rates from size distribution measurements: Analytical equations for the case of size dependent growth rates. J. Aerosol Sci. 69: 13-20.
33. 2O in the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 104: 26349-26353.
34. Krejci R., Ström J., Reus M., Hoor P., Williams J., Fischer H. & Hansson H.-C. 2003. Evolution of aerosol properties over the rain forest in Surinam, South America, observed from aircraft during the LBA-CLAIRE 98 experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 4561, doi:10.1029/2001JD001375.
35. Kulmala M. & Kerminen V.-M. 2008. On the formation and growth of atmospheric nanoparticles. Atmos. Res. 90: 132-150.
36. Kulmala M., Lehtinen K.E.J. & Laaksonen A. 2006. Cluster activation theory as an explanation of the linear dependence between formation rate of 3 nm particles and sulphuric acid concentration. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6: 787-793.
37. Kulmala M., Toivonen A., Mäkelä M. & Laaksonen A. 1998. Analysis of the growth of nucleation mode particles observed in boreal forest. Tellus 50B: 449-462.
38. 2O. J. Geophys. Res. 107(D19), 8111, doi: 10.1029/2001JD000900.
39. Kulmala M., Vehkamäki H., Petäjä T., Dal Maso M., Lauri A., Kerminen V.-M., Birmili W. & McMurry P.H. 2004. Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations. J. Aerosol Sci. 35: 143-176.
40. Kulmala M., Petäjä T., Nieminen T., Sipilä M., Manninen H.E., Lehtipalo K., Dal Maso M., Aalto P.P., Junninen H., Paasonen P., Riipinen I., Lehtinen K.E.J., Laaksonen A. & Kerminen V.-M. 2012. Measurement of the nucleation of atmospheric aerosol particles. Nature Protoc. 7: 1651-1667.
41. Kulmala M., Riipinen I., Nieminen T., Hulkkonen M., Sogacheva L., Manninen H.E., Paasonen P., Petäjä T., Dal Maso M., Aalto P.P., Viljanen A., Usoskin I., Vainio R., Mirme S., Mirme A., Minikin A., Petzold A., Hõrrak U., Plass-Dülmer C., Birmili W. & Kerminen V.-M. 2010. Atmospheric data over a solar cycle: no connection between galactic cosmic rays and new particle formation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10: 1885-1898.
42. Kulmala M., Kontkanen J., Junninen H., Lehtipalo K., Manninen H.E., Nieminen T., Petäjä T., Sipilä M., Schobesberger S., Rantala P., Franchin A., Jokinen T., Järvinen E., Äijälä M., Kangasluoma J., Hakala J., Aalto P.P., Paasonen P., Mikkilä J., Vanhanen J., Aalto J., Hakola H., Makkonen U., Ruuskanen T., Mauldin R.L.III, Duplissy J., Vehkamäki H., Bäck J., Kortelainen A., Riipinen I., Kurtén T., Johnston M.V., Smith J.N., Ehn M., Mentel T.F., Lehtinen K.E.J., Laaksonen A., Kerminen V.-M. & Worsnop D.R. 2013a. Direct observation of atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Science 339: 943-946.
43. 2-induced terrestrial climate feedback mechanism: From carbon sink to aerosol source and back. Boreal Env. Res. 19 (suppl. B): 122-131.
44. Kurtén T., Loukonen V., Vehkamäki H. & Kulmala M. 2008. Amines are likely to enhance neutral and ioninduced sulfuric acid-water nucleation in the atmosphere more effectively than ammonia. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8: 4095-4103.
45. Kyrö E.-M., Väänänen R., Kerminen V.-M., Virkkula A., Petäjä T., Asmi A., Dal Maso M., Nieminen T., Juhola S., Shcherbinin A., Riipinen I., Lehtipalo K., Keronen P., Aalto P.P., Hari P. & Kulmala M. 2013. Trends in new particle formation in Eastern Lapland, Finland: effect of decreasing sulphur emissions from Kola Peninsula. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14: 4383-4396.
46. Laakso L., Merikanto J., Vakkari V., Laakso H., Kulmala M., Molefe M., Kgabi N., Mabaso D., Carslaw K.S., Spracklen D.V., Lee L.A., Reddington C.L. & Kerminen V.-M. 2013. Boundary layer nucleation as a source of new CCN in savannah environment. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13: 1957-1972.
47. Laaksonen A., Hamed A., Joutsensaari J., Hiltunen L., Cavalli F., Junkermann W., Asmi A., Fuzzi S. & Facchini M.C. 2005. Cloud condensation nuclei production from nucleation events at a highly polluted region. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, 06812, doi:10.1029/2004GL022092.
48. Lappalainen H.K., Sevanto S., Bäck J., Ruuskanen T.M., Kolari P., Taipale R., Rinne J., Kulmala M. & Hari P. 2009. Day-time concentrations of biogenic volatile organic compounds in a boreal forest canopy and their relation to environmental and biological factors. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9: 5447-5459.
49. Lee L.A., Pringle K.J., Reddington C.L., Mann G.W., Stier P., Spacklen D.V., Pierce J.R. & Carslaw K.S. 2013. The magnitude and causes of uncertainty in global model simulations of cloud condensation nuclei. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13: 8879-8914.
50. Loukonen V., Kurtén T., Ortega I.K., Vehkamäki H., Pádua A.A.H., Sellegri K. & Kulmala M. 2010. Enhancing effect of dimethylamine in sulfuric acid nucleation in the presence of water — a computational study. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10: 4961-4974.
51. Makkonen R., Asmi A., Kerminen V.-M., Boy M., Arneth A., Hari P. & Kulmala M. 2012. Air pollution control and decreasing new particle formation lead to strong climate warming. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12: 1515-1524.
52. Mauldin R.L.III, Berndt T., Sipilä M., Paasonen P., Petäjä T., Kim S., Kurtén T., Stratmann F., Kerminen V.-M. & Kulmala M. 2012. A new atmospherically relevant oxidant of sulphur dioxide. Nature 488: 193-196.
53. Merikanto J., Spracklen D.V., Mann G.W., Pickering S.J. & Carslaw K.S. 2009. Impact of nucleation on global CCN. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9: 8601-8616.
54. Metzger A., Verheggen B., Dommen J., Duplissy J., Prevot A.S.H., Weingartner E., Riipinen I., Kulmala M., Spracklen D.V., Carslaw K. & Baltensperger U. 2010. Evidence for the role of organics in aerosol particle formation under atmospheric conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107: 6646-6651.
55. Mikkonen S., Romakkaniemi S., Smith J.N., Korhonen H., Petäjä T., Plass-Duelmer C., Boy M., McMurry P.H., Lehtinen K.E.J., Joutsensaari J., Hamed A., Mauldin R.L.III, Birmili W., Spindler G., Arnold F., Kulmala M. & Laaksonen A. 2011. A statistical proxy for sulphuric acid concentration. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11: 11319- 11334.
56. Mudelsee, M. 2010. Climate time series analysis. Springer, Heidelberg.
57. Mäkelä J.M., Aalto P., Jokinen V., Pohja T., Nissinen A., Palmroth S., Markkanen T., Seitsonen K., Lihavainen H. & Kulmala M. 1997. Observations of ultrafine aerosol particle formation and growth in boreal forest. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24: 1219-1222.
58. Nieminen T., Lehtinen K.E.J. & Kulmala M. 2010. Sub-10 nm particle growth by vapor condensation — effects of vapor molecule size and particle thermal speed. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10: 9773-9779.
59. Nieminen T., Manninen H.E., Sihto S.-L., Yli-Juuti T., Mauldin R.L.III, Petäjä T., Riipinen I., Kerminen V.-M. & Kulmala M. 2009. Connection of sulfuric acid to atmospheric nucleation in boreal forest. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43: 4715-4721.
60. O'Dowd C., Jimenez J., Bahreini R., Flagan R., Seinfeld J., Hämeri K., Pirjola L., Kulmala M., Jennigns S. & Hoffmann T. 2002. Marine aerosol formation from biogenic iodine emissions. Nature 417: 632-636.
61. Paasonen P., Nieminen T., Asmi E., Manninen H.E., Petäjä T., Plass-Dülmer C., Flentje H., Birmili W., Wiedensohler A., Hõrrak U., Metzger A., Hamed A., Laaksonen A., Facchini M.C., Kerminen V.-M. & Kulmala M. 2010: On the roles of sulphuric acid and low-volatility organic vapours in the initial steps of atmospheric new particle formation 2010. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10: 11223-11242.
62. Paasonen P., Asmi A., Petäjä T., Kajos M.K., Äijälä M., Junninen H., Holst T., Abbatt J.P.D., Arneth A., Birmili W., Denier van der Gon H., Hamed A., Hoffer A., Laakso L., Laaksonen A., Leaitch W.R., Plass-Dülmer C., Pryor S.C., Räisänen P., Swietlicki E., Wiedensohler A., Worsnop D.R., Kerminen V.-M. & Kulmala M. 2013. Warming-induced increase in aerosol number concentration likely to moderate climate change. Nature Geosci. 6: 438-442.
63. Paramonov M., Aalto P.P., Asmi A., Prisle N., Kerminen V.-M., Kulmala M. & Petäjä T. 2013. The analysis of size-segregated cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC) data and its implications for aerosol-cloud interactions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13: 10285-10301.
64. Petäjä T., Mauldin R.L.III, Kosciuch E., McGrath J., Nieminen T., Paasonen P., Boy M., Adamov A., Kotiaho T. & Kulmala M. 2009. Sulfuric acid and OH concentrations in a boreal forest site. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9: 7435-7448.
65. Petäjä T., Sipilä M., Paasonen P., Nieminen T., Kurtén T., Ortega I.K., Stratmann F., Vehkamäki H., Berndt T. & Kulmala M. 2011. Experimental observation of strongly bound dimers of sulfuric acid: application to nucleation in the atmosphere. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 228302, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.228302.
66. Riipinen I., Sihto S.-L., Kulmala M., Arnold F., Dal Maso M., Birmili W., Saarnio K., Teinilä K., Kerminen V.-M., Laaksonen A. & Lehtinen K.E.J. 2007. Connections between atmospheric sulphuric acid and new particle formation during QUEST III-IV campaigns in Heidelberg and Hyytiälä. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7: 1899-1914.
67. 3 to the SMEAR II station in Finland in 1996-2008. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13: 2153-2164.
68. Rohrer F. & Berresheim H. 2006. Strong correlation between levels of tropospheric hydroxyl radicals and solar ultraviolet radiation. Nature 442: 184-187.
69. Sihto S.-L., Kulmala M., Kerminen V.-M., Dal Maso M., Petäjä T., Riipinen I., Korhonen H., Arnold F., Janson R., Boy M., Laaksonen A. & Lehtinen K.E.J. 2006. Atmospheric sulphuric acid and aerosol formation: implications from atmospheric measurements for nucleation and early growth mechanisms. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6: 4079-4091.
70. Sihto S.-L., Vuollekoski H., Leppä J., Riipinen I., Kerminen V.-M., Korhonen H., Lehtinen K.E.J., Boy M. & Kulmala M. 2009. Aerosol dynamics simulations on the connection of sulphuric acid and new particle formation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9: 2933-2947.
71. Sihto S.-L., Mikkilä J., Vanhanen J., Ehn M., Liao L., Lehtipalo K., Aalto P.P., Duplissy J., Petäjä T., Kerminen V.-M., Boy M. & Kulmala M. 2011. Seasonal variation of CCN concentrations and aerosol activation properties in boreal forest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11: 13269-13285.
72. Sipilä M., Berndt T., Petäjä T., Brus D., Vanhanen J., Stratmann F., Patokoski J., Mauldin R.L.III, Hyvärinen A.-P., Lihavainen H. & Kulmala M. 2010. The role of sulfuric acid in atmospheric nucleation. Science 327: 1243-1246.
73. Sogacheva L., Dal Maso M., Kerminen V.-M. & Kulmala M. 2005. Probability of nucleation events and aerosol particle concentrations in different air mass types arriving at Hyytiälä, southern Finland, based on back trajectories analysis. Boreal Env. Res. 10: 479-491.
74. Spracklen D.V., Carslaw K.S., Kulmala M., Kerminen V.-M., Sihto S.-L., Riipinen I., Merikanto J., Mann G.W., Chipperfield M.P., Wiedensohler A., Birmili W. & Lihavainen H. 2008. Contribution of particle formation to global condensation nuclei concentrations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L06808, doi:10.1029/2007GL033038.
75. Spracklen D.V. & Rap A. 2013. Natural aerosol-climate feedbacks suppressed by anthropogenic aerosol. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40: 5316-5319.
76. Street J.O., Carroll R.J. & Ruppert D. 1998. A note on computing robust regression estimates via iteratively reweighted least squares. The American Statistician 42: 152-154.
77. Weatherhead E.C., Reinsel G.C., Tiao G.C., Meng X.-L., Choi D., Cheang W.-K., Keller T., DeLuisi J., Wuebbles D.J., Kerr J.B., Miller A.J., Oltmans S.J. & Frederick J.E. 1998. Factors affecting the detection of trends: statistical considerations and applications to environmental data. J. Geophys. Res. 103: 17149-17161.
78. Vehkamäki H., McGrath M.J., Kurtén T., Julin J., Lehtinen K.E.J. & Kulmala M. 2012. Rethinking the application of the first nucleation theorem to particle formation. J. Chem. Phys. 136, 094107, doi:10.1063/1.3689227.
79. Vestreng V., Myhre G., Fagerli H., Reis S. & Tarrason L. 2007. Twenty-five years of continuous sulphur dioxide emission reduction in Europe. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7: 3663-3681.
80. Weber R.J., McMurry P.H., Eisele F.L. & Tanner D.J. 1995. Measurement of expected nucleation precursor species and 3 to 500 nm diameter particles at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. J. Atmos. Sci. 52: 2242-2257.
81. Weber R.J., Lee S., Chen G., Wang B., Kapustin V., Moore K., Clarke A.D., Mauldin L., Kosciuch E., Cantrell C., Eisele F., Thornton D.C., Bandy A.R., Sachse G.W. & Fuelberg H.E. 2003. New particle formation in anthropogenic plumes advecting from Asia observed during TRACE-P. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 8814, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003112.
82. Wiedensohler A., Chen Y.F., Nowak A., Wehner B., Achtert P., Berghof M., Birmili W., Wu Z.J., Hu M., Zhu T., Takegawa N., Kita K., Kondo Y., Lou S.R., Hofzumahaus A., Holland F., Wahner A., Gunthe S.S, Rose D., Su H. & Pöschl U. 2009. Rapid aerosol particle growth and increase of cloud condensation nucleus activity by secondary aerosol formation and condensation: a case study for regional air pollution in northeastern China. J. Geophys. Res. 114, 00G08, doi:10.1029/2008JD010884.
83. Yli-Juuti T., Nieminen T., Hirsikko A., Aalto P.P., Asmi E., Hõrrak U., Manninen H.E., Patokoski J., Dal Maso M., Petäjä T., Rinne J., Kulmala M. & Riipinen I. 2011. Growth rates of nucleation mode particles in Hyytiälä during 2003-2009: variation with particle size, season, data analysis method and ambient conditions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11: 12865-12886.
84. Yoon Y.J., O'Dowd C.D., Jennings S.G. & Lee S.H. 2006. Statistical characteristics and predictability of particle formation events in Mace Head. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D13204, doi:10.1029/2005JD006284.
85. Yu F. & Luo G 2009. Simulation of particle size distribution with a global aerosol model: contribution of nucleation to aerosol and CCN number concentrations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9: 7691-7710.
86. Yu H., McGraw R. & Lee S.H. 2012. Effects of amines on formation of sub-3 nm particles and their subsequent growth. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L02807, doi:10.1029/2011GL050099.
87. Zhao J., Smith J.N., Eisele F.L., Chen M., Kuang C. & McMurry P.H. 2011. Observation of neutral sulfuric acid-amine containing clusters in laboratory and ambient measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11: 10823-10836.