Boundary layer nucleation as a source of new CCN in savannah environment

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 1957-1972

  Laakso, L ^a,b   Merikanto, J ^c   Vakkari, V ^c   Laakso, H ^c   Kulmala, M ^c   Molefe, M ^b   Kgabi, N ^b   Mabaso, D ^d   Carslaw, K S ^e   Spracklen, D V ^e   Lee, L A ^e   Reddington, C L ^e   Kerminen, V M ^a,c  

^a FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^b NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^d Department of Physics North West University ^*  (South Africa)

^e UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; BIOMASS BURNING; BOUNDARY LAYER; CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEUS; MODELING; NUCLEATION; PARTICLE SIZE; SAVANNA; SIZE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 84894265062     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-1957-2013     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Aalto, P., Hämeri, K., Becker, E., Weber, R., Salm, J., Mäkelä, J. M., Hoell, C., O'Dowd, C. D., Karlsson, H., Hansson, H.-C., Väkevä, M., Koponen, I. K., Buzorius, G., and Kulmala, M.: Physical characterization of aerosol particles during nucleation events, Tellus, 53B, 344-358, 2001.
2. Andreae, M. O. and Rosenfeld, D.: Aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols, Earth-Sci. Rev., 89, 13-41, 2008.
3. Benkovitz, C., Scholtz, M., Pacyna, J., Tarrasón, L., Dignon, J., Voldner, E., Spiro, P., Logan, J., and Graedel, T.: Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29239-29253, 1996.
4. Birmili, W., Schwirn, K., Nowak, A., Petäjä, T., Joutsensaari, J., Rose, D., Wiedensohler, A., Hämeri, K., Aalto, P., Kulmala, M., and Boy, M.: Measurements of humidified particle number size distributions in a Finnish boreal forest: derivation of hygroscopic particle growth factors, Boreal Environ. Res., 14, 458-480, 2009.
5. Cheung, H. C., Morawska, L., and Ristovski, Z. D.: Observation of new particle formation in subtropical urban environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3823-3833, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3823-2011, 2011.
6. Chipperfield, M.: New version of the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT offline chemical transport model: intercomparison of stratospheric tracer experiments, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 132, 1179-1203, doi:10.1256/qj.05.51, 2006.
7. Dal Maso, M., Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Wagner, R., Hussein, T., Aalto, P. P., and Lehtinen, K. E. J.: Formation and growth of fresh atmospheric aerosols: eight years of aerosol size distribution data from SMEAR II, Hyytiälä, Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 323-336, 2005.
8. Dentener, F., Kinne, S., Bond, T., Boucher, O., Cofala, J., Generoso, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Hoelzemann, J. J., Ito, A., Marelli, L., Penner, J. E., Putaud, J.-P., Textor, C., Schulz, M., van der Werf, G. R., and Wilson, J.: Emissions of primary aerosol and precursor gases in the years 2000 and 1750 prescribed data-sets for AeroCom, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4321-4344, doi:10.5194/acp-6-4321-2006, 2006.
9. Draxler, R. R. and Hess, G. D.: An overview of the HYSPLIT 4 modeling system for trajectories, dispersion and deposition, Aust. Meteorol, Mag., 47, 295-308, 1998.
10. Draxler, R. R. and Hess, G. D.: Description of the HYSPLIT 4 Modeling System, NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL ARL- 224, 2004.
11. Dusek, U., Frank, G. P., Hildebrandt, L., Curtius, J., Schneider, J., Walter, S., Chand, D., Drewnick, F., Hings, S., Jund, D., Borrmann, S., and Andreae, M. O.: Size matters more than chemistry for cloud-nucleating ability of aerosol particles, Science, 312, 1375-1378, 2006.
12. Fuchs, N. A.: On the Stationary Charge Distribution on, Aerosol Particles in a Bipolar Ionic Atmosphere, Geophys. Pure Appl., 56, 185-193, 1963.
13. Garstang, M., Tyson, M., Swap, R., Edwards, M., Kållberg, P., and Lindesay, J. A.: Horizontal and vertical transport of air over southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23721-23736, 1996.
14. Günther, A., Hewitt, C., Erickson, D., Geron, C., Graedal, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., McKay, W., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8873-8892, 1995.
15. Henning, S., Weintgartner, E., Schmidt, S., Wendisch, M., Gäggeler, H. W., and Baltensberger, U.: Size-dependent aerosol activation at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580masl), Tellus, 54B, 82-95, 2002.
16. Hoppel, W. A.: Determination of the aerosol size distribution from the mobility distribution of the charged fraction of aerosols, J. Aerosol Sci., 9, 41-54, 1978.
17. Hudson, J. G.: Variability of the relationship between particle size and cloud-nucleating ability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L08801, doi:10.1029/2006GL028850, 2007.
18. IPCC: Summary for Policymakers, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2007.
19. Ito, A., Ito, A., and Akimoto, H.: Seasonal and interannual variations in CO and BC emissions from open biomass burning in Southern Africa during 1998-2005, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB2011, doi:10.1029/2006GB002848, 2007.
20. Jones, T. A., Christopher, S. A., and Quaas, J.: A six year satellitebased assessment of the regional variations in aerosol indirect effects, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4091-4114, doi:10.5194/acp-9-4091-2009, 2009.
21. Kanakidou, M., Seinfeld, J. H., Pandis, S. N., Barnes, I., Dentener, F. J., Facchini, M. C., Van Dingenen, R., Ervens, B., Nenes, A., Nielsen, C. J., Swietlicki, E., Putaud, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Fuzzi, S., Horth, J., Moortgat, G. K., Winterhalter, R., Myhre, C. E. L., Tsigaridis, K., Vignati, E., Stephanou, E. G., and Wilson, J.: Organic aerosol and global climate modelling: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1053-1123, doi:10.5194/acp-5-1053-2005, 2005.
22. Kazil, J., Stier, P., Zhang, K., Quaas, J., Kinne, S., O'Donnell, D., Rast, S., Esch, M., Ferrachat, S., Lohmann, U., and Feichter, J.: Aerosol nucleation and its role for clouds and Earth's radiative forcing in the aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10733-10752, doi:10.5194/acp-10-10733-2010, 2010.
23. Kerminen, V.-M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Anttila, T., and Kulmala, M.: Dynamics of atmospheric nucleation mode particles: a timescale analysis, Tellus, 56B, 135-146, 2004.
24. Kerminen, V.-M., Paramonov, M., Anttila, T., Riipinen, I., Fountoukis, C., Korhonen, H., Asmi, E., Laakso, L., Lihavainen, H., Swietlicki, E., Svenningsson, B., Asmi, A., Pandis, S. N., Kulmala, M., and Petäjä, T.: Cloud condensation nuclei production associated with atmospheric nucleation: a synthesis based on existing literature and new results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 12037-12059, doi:10.5194/acp-12-12037-2012, 2012.
25. Khain, A. P.: Notes on state-of-the-art investigations of aerosol effects on precipitation: a critical review, Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 015004, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/015004, 2009.
26. Komppula, M., Lihavainen, H., Kerminen, V.-M., Kulmala, M., and Viisanen, Y.: Measurements of cloud droplet activation of aerosol particles at a clean subarctic background site, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D06204, doi:10.1029/2004JD005200, 2005.
27. Kuang, C., McMurry, P. H., McCormick, A. V., and Eisele F. L.: Dependence of nucleation rates on sulfuric acid vapor concentration in diverse atmospheric locations, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D10209, doi:10.1029/2007JD009253, 2008.
28. Kuang, C., McMurry, P. H., and McCormick, A. V.: Determination of cloud condensation production form measured new particle formation events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, l09822, doi:10.1029/2009GL037584, 2009.
29. Kulmala, M. and Kerminen, V.-M.: On the formation and growth of atmospheric nanoparticles, Atmos. Res., 90, 132-150, 2008.
30. Kulmala, M., Dal Maso, M., Mäkelä, J. M., Pirjola, L., Väkevä, M., Aalto, P., Miikkulainen, P., Hämeri, K., and O'Dowd, C. D.: On the formation, growth and composition of nucleation mode particles, Tellus, 53B, 479-490, 2001.
31. Kulmala, M., Vehkamaki, H., Petaja, T., Dal Maso, M., Lauri, A., Kerminen, V.-M., Birmili, W., and McMurry, P. H.: Formation and growth of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations, J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 143-176, 2004.
32. Laakso, L., Petäjä, T., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Kulmala, M., Paatero, J., Hõrrak, U., Tammet, H., and Joutsensaari, J.: Ion production rate in a boreal forest based on ion, particle and radiation measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1933-1943, doi:10.5194/acp-4-1933-2004, 2004.
33. Laakso, L., Laakso, H., Aalto, P. P., Keronen, P., Petäjä, T., Nieminen, T., Pohja, T., Siivola, E., Kulmala, M., Kgabi, N., Molefe, M., Mabaso, D., Phalatse, D., Pienaar, K., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Basic characteristics of atmospheric particles, trace gases and meteorology in a relatively clean Southern African Savannah environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4823-4839, doi:10.5194/acp-8-4823-2008, 2008.
34. Laaksonen, A., Hamed, A., Joutsensaari, J., Hiltunen, L., Cavalli, F., Junkermann, W., Asmi, A., Fuzzi, S., and Facchini, M. C.: Cloud condensation nucleus production from nucleation events at a highly polluted region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L06812, doi:10.1029/2004GL022092, 2005.
35. Lee, L. A., Carslaw, K. S., Pringle, K. J., Mann, G. W., and Spracklen, D. V.: Emulation of a complex global aerosol model to quantify sensitivity to uncertain parameters, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12253-12273, doi:10.5194/acp-11-12253-2011, 2011.
36. Lee, L. A., Carslaw, K. S., Pringle, K. J., and Mann, G.W.: Mapping the uncertainty in global CCN using emulation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9739-9751, doi:10.5194/acp-12-9739-2012, 2012.
37. Lee, L. A., Carslaw, K. S., Pringle, K. J., Mann, G. W., Spracklen, D. V., Pierce, J. A. and Carslaw, K. S.: The magnitude and causes of uncertainty in global model predictions of CCN, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., in press, 2013.
38. Lihavainen, H., Kerminen, V.-M., Komppula, M., Hatakka, J., Aaltonen, V., Kulmala, M., and Viisanen, Y.: Production of "potential" cloud concensation nuclei associated with atmospheric newparticle formation in northern Finland, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4782, doi:10.1029/2003JD003887, 2003.
39. Luo, G. and Yu, F.: Sensitivity of global cloud condensation nuclei concentrations to primary sulfate emission parameterizations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1949-1959, doi:10.5194/acp-11-1949-2011, 2011.
40. Makkonen, R., Asmi, A., Korhonen, H., Kokkola, H., Järvenoja, S., Räisänen, P., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Laaksonen, A., Kerminen, V.- M., Järvinen, H., Lohmann, U., Bennartz, R., Feichter, J., and Kulmala, M.: Sensitivity of aerosol concentrations and cloud properties to nucleation and secondary organic distribution in ECHAM5-HAM global circulation model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1747-1766, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1747-2009, 2009.
41. Makkonen, R., Asmi, A., Kerminen, V.-M., Boy, M., Arneth, A., Guenther, A., and Kulmala, M.: BVOC-aerosol-climate interactions in the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5.5-HAM2, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 10077-10096, doi:10.5194/acp-12-10077-2012, 2012.
42. Mann, G. W., Carslaw, K. S., Spracklen, D. V., Ridley, D. A., Manktelow, P. T., Chipperfield, M. P., Pickering, S. J., and Johnson, C. E.: Description and evaluation of GLOMAP-mode: a modal global aerosol microphysics model for the UKCA composition-climate model, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 519-551, doi:10.5194/gmd-3-519-2010, 2010.
43. Mann, G. W., Carslaw, K. S., Ridley, D. A., Spracklen, D. V., Pringle, K. J., Merikanto, J., Korhonen, H., Schwarz, J. P., Lee, L. A., Manktelow, P. T., Woodhouse, M. T., Schmidt, A., Breider, T. J., Emmerson, K. M., Reddington, C. L., Chipperfield, M. P., and Pickering, S. J.: Intercomparison of modal and sectional aerosol microphysics representations within the same 3-D global chemical transport model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4449-4476, doi:10.5194/acp-12-4449-2012, 2012.
44. Manninen, H. E., Nieminen, T., Asmi, E., Gagné, S., Häkkinen, S., Lehtipalo, K., Aalto, P., Vana, M., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Hõrrak, U., Plass-Dülmer, C., Stange, G., Kiss, G., Hoffer, A., Töro{double acute}, N., Moerman, M., Henzing, B., de Leeuw, G., Brinkenberg, M., Kouvarakis, G. N., Bougiatioti, A., Mihalopoulos, N., O'Dowd, C., Ceburnis, D., Arneth, A., Svenningsson, B., Swietlicki, E., Tarozzi, L., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Birmili, W., Sonntag, A., Wiedensohler, A., Boulon, J., Sellegri, K., Laj, P., Gysel, M., Bukowiecki, N., Weingartner, E., Wehrle, G., Laaksonen, A., Hamed, A., Joutsensaari, J., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: EUCAARI ion spectrometer measurements at 12 European sites - analysis of new particle formation events, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7907-7927, doi:10.5194/acp-10-7907-2010, 2010.
45. Mauldin III, R. L., Berndt, T., Sipilä, M., Paasonen, P., Petäjä, T., Kim, S., Kurtén, T., Stratmann, F., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: A new atmospherically relevant oxidant of sulphur dioxide, Nature, 488, 193-196, doi:10.1038/nature11278, 2012.
46. Merikanto, J., Spracklen, D. V., Mann, G. W., Pickering, S. J., and Carslaw, K. S.: Impact of nucleation on global CCN, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8601-8616, doi:10.5194/acp-9-8601-2009, 2009.
47. Mertes, S., Lehmann, K., Nowak, A, Massling, A, and Wiedensohler, A.: Link between aerosol hygroscopic growth and droplet activation observed for hill-capped clouds at connected flow conditions during FEBUKO, Atmos. Environ., 39, 4247-4256, 2005.
48. Metzger, A., Verheggen, B., Dommen, J., Duplissy, J., Prevot, A. S., Weingartner, E., Riipinen, I., Kulmala, M., Spracklen, D. V., Carslaw, K. S., and Baltensperger, U.: Evidence for the role of organics in aerosol particle formation under atmospheric conditions, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 107, 6646-6651, doi:10.1073/pnas.0911330107, 2010.
49. Odedina, M. O.: Rain Attenuation Modeling for Terrestrial & Satellite Communication Services at KU-band and above, Progress report on MSc-thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009.
50. Otter, L., Guenther, A., Wiedinmyer, C., Fleming, G., Harley, P., and Greenberg, J.: Spatial and temporal variations in biogenic volatile organic compound emissions for Africa south of the equator, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8505, doi:10.1029/2002JD002609, 2003.
51. Paasonen, P., Nieminen, T., Asmi, E., Manninen, H. E., Petäjä, T., Plass-Dülmer, C., Flentje, H., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Hõrrak, U., Metzger, A., Hamed, A., Laaksonen, A., Facchini, M. C., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: On the roles of sulphuric acid and low-volatility organic vapours in the initial steps of atmospheric new particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11223-11242, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11223-2010, 2010.
52. Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961-1971, doi:10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007, 2007.
53. Petäjä, T., Mauldin III, R. L., Kosciuch, E., McGrath, J., Nieminen, T., Paasonen, P., Boy, M., Adamov, A., Kotiaho, T., and Kulmala, M.: Sulfuric acid and OH concentrations in a boreal forest site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7435-7448, doi:10.5194/acp- 9-7435-2009, 2009.
54. Pierce, J. R. and Adams, P. J.: Efficiency of cloud condensation nuclei formation from ultrafine particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1367-1379, doi:10.5194/acp-7-1367-2007, 2007.
55. Pierce, J. R. and Adams, P. J.: Uncertainty in global CCN concentrations from uncertain aerosol nucleation and primary emission rates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1339-1356, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1339-2009, 2009.
56. Pryor, S. C., Spaulding, A. M., and Barthelmie, R. J.: New particle formation in the Midwwestern USA: Event characteristics, meteorological context and vertical profiles, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4413-4425, 2010.
57. Qian, S., Sakurai, H., and McMurry, P. H.: Characteristics of regional nucleation events in urban East St. Louis, Atmos. Environ., 41, 4119-4127, 2007.
58. Quinn, P. K., Bates, T. S., Coffman, D. J., and Covert, D. S.: Influence of particle size and chemistry on the cloud nucleating properties of aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1029-1042, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1029-2008, 2008.
59. Riipinen, I., Pierce, J. R., Yli-Juuti, T., Nieminen, T., Häkkinen, S., Ehn, M., Junninen, H., Lehtipalo, K., Petäjä, T., Slowik, J., Chang, R., Shantz, N. C., Abbatt, J., Leaitch, W. R., Kerminen, V.-M., Worsnop, D. R., Pandis, S. N., Donahue, N. M., and Kulmala, M.: Organic condensation: a vital link connecting aerosol formation to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3865-3878, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3865-2011, 2011.
60. Rohrer, F. and Berresheim, H.: Strong correlation between levels of tropospheric hydroxyl radicals and solar ultraviolet radiation, Nature, 442, 184-187, doi:10.1038/nature04924, 2006.
61. Ross, K. E., Piketh, S. J., Bruintjes, R. T., Burger, R. P., Swap, R. J., and Annegarn, H. J.: Spatial and seasonal variations in CCN distribution and the aerosol-CCN relationship over southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8481, doi:10.1029/2002JD002384, 2003.
62. Schultz, M. G., Heil, A., Hoelzemann, J. J., Spessa, A., Thonicke, K., Goldammer, J. G., Held, A. C., Pereira, J. M. C., and van het Bolscher, M.: Global wildland fire emissions from 1960 to 2000, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB2002, doi:10.1029/2007GB003031, 2008.
63. Spracklen, D. V., Pringle, K. J., Carslaw, K. S., Chipperfield, M. P., and Mann, G. W.: A global off-line model of sizeresolved aerosol microphysics: I. Model development and prediction of aerosol properties, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2227-2252, doi:10.5194/acp-5-2227-2005, 2005.
64. Spracklen, D. V., Carslaw, K. S., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Mann, G. W., and Sihto, S.-L.: The contribution of boundary layer nucleation events to total particle concentrations on regional and global scales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5631-5648, doi:10.5194/acp-6-5631-2006, 2006.
65. Spracklen, D. V., Carslaw, K. S., Kulmala, M., Kerminen, V.-M., Sihto, S.-L., Riipinen, I., Merikanto, J., Mann, G. W., Chipperfield, M. P., Wiedensohler, A., Birmili, W., and Lihavainen, H.: Contribution of particle formation to global cloud condensation nuclei concentrations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L06808, doi:10.1029/2007GL033038, 2008.
66. Spracklen, D. V., Carslaw, K. S., Merikanto, J., Mann, G. W., Reddington, C. L., Pickering, S., Ogren, J. A., Andrews, E., Baltensperger, U., Weingartner, E., Boy, M., Kulmala, M., Laakso, L., Lihavainen, H., Kivekäs, N., Komppula, M., Mihalopoulos, N., Kouvarakis, G., Jennings, S. G., O'Dowd, C., Birmili, W., Wiedensohler, A., Weller, R., Gras, J., Laj, P., Sellegri, K., Bonn, B., Krejci, R., Laaksonen, A., Hamed, A., Minikin, A., Harrison, R. M., Talbot, R., and Sun, J.: Explaining global surface aerosol number concentrations in terms of primary emissions and particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4775-4793, doi:10.5194/acp-10-4775-2010, 2010.
67. Tyson, P. D. and Preston-Whyte, R. A.: The weather and Climate of Southern Africa, Oxford University Press Southern Africa, 2000.
68. Vakkari, V., Laakso, H., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Mabaso, D., Molefe, M., Kgabi, N., and Laakso, L.: New particle formation events in semi-clean South African savannah, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3333-3346, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3333-2011, 2011.
69. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Kasibhatla, P. S., and Arellano Jr., A. F.: Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423-3441, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3423-2006, 2006.
70. Vehkamäki, H., Kulmala, M., Napari, I., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Timmreck, C., Noppel, M., and Laaksonen, A.: An improved parameterization for sulfuric acid-water nucleation rates for tropospheric and stratospheric conditions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4622-4631, 2002.
71. Wang, M. and Penner, J. E.: Aerosol indirect forcing in a global model with particle nucleation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 239-260, doi:10.5194/acp-9-239-2009, 2009.
72. Wiedensohler, A., Cheng, Y. F., Nowak, A., Wehner, B., Achtert, P., Berghof, M., Birmili, W., Wu, Z. J., Hu, M., Zhu, T., Takegawa, N., Kita, K., Kondo, Y., Lou, S., Hofzumahaus, A., Holland, F., Wahner, A., Gunthe, S. S., Rose, D., Su, H., and Pöschl, U.: Rapid aerosol particle growth and increase of cloud condensation nucleus activity by secondary aerosol formation and condensation: A case study for regional air pollution in north eastern China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, D00G08, doi:10.1029/2008JD010884, 2009.
73. Wiedensohler, A., Birmili, W., Nowak, A., Sonntag, A., Weinhold, K., Merkel, M., Wehner, B., Tuch, T., Pfeifer, S., Fiebig, M., Fjäraa, A. M., Asmi, E., Sellegri, K., Depuy, R., Venzac, H., Villani, P., Laj, P., Aalto, P., Ogren, J. A., Swietlicki, E., Williams, P., Roldin, P., Quincey, P., Hüglin, C., Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Riccobono, F., Santos, S., Grüning, C., Faloon, K., Beddows, D., Harrison, R., Monahan, C., Jennings, S. G., O'Dowd, C. D., Marinoni, A., Horn, H.-G., Keck, L., Jiang, J., Scheckman, J., McMurry, P. H., Deng, Z., Zhao, C. S., Moerman, M., Henzing, B., de Leeuw, G., Löschau, G., and Bastian, S.: Mobility particle size spectrometers: harmonization of technical standards and data structure to facilitate high quality long-term observations of atmospheric particle number size distributions, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 657-685, doi:10.5194/amt- 5-657-2012, 2012.
74. Winklmayr, W., Reischl, G., Lindner, A., and Berner, A.: A new electromobility spectrometer for the measurement of aerosol size distributions in the size range from 1 to 1000 nm, J. Aerosol Sci., 22, 289-296, 1991.
75. Yli-Juuti, T., Nieminen, T., Hirsikko, A., Aalto, P. P., Asmi, E., Hõrrak, U., Manninen, H. E., Patokoski, J., Dal Maso, M., Petäjä, T., Rinne, J., Kulmala, M., and Riipinen, I.: Growth rates of nucleation mode particles in Hyytiälä during 2003-2009: variation with particle size, season, data analysis method and ambient conditions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12865-12886, doi:10.5194/acp-11-12865-2011, 2011.
76. Yu, F.: A secondary organic aerosol formation model considering successive oxidation aging and kinetic condensation of organic compounds: global scale implications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1083-1099, doi:10.5194/acp-11-1083-2011, 2011.
77. Yu, F. and Luo, G.: Simulation of particle size distribution with a global aerosol model: contribution of nucleation to aerosol and CCN number concentrations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7691-7710, doi:10.5194/acp-9-7691-2009, 2009.
78. Zhou, J.: Hygroscopic properties of atmospheric aerosol particles in various environments, Ph.D. thesis, University of Lund, Division of Nuclear Physics, Sweden, 2001.