A simple model of global aerosol indirect effects

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 118, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 6688-6707

  Ghan, Steven J ^a   Smith, Steven J ^a   Wang, Minghuai ^a   Zhang, Kai ^a   Pringle, Kirsty ^b   Carslaw, Kenneth ^b   Pierce, Jeffrey ^c   Bauer, Susanne ^d   Adams, Peter ^e  

^a PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^c Engineering Research Center and Hydraulics Laboratory   (United States)

^d NASA GODDARD INSTITUTE FOR SPACE STUDIES   (United States)

^e CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

aerosol; climate; cloud; indirect; interactions

Indexed keywords

BEAM PLASMA INTERACTIONS; CLOUDS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; ESTIMATION; PARAMETER ESTIMATION; RANGE FINDING; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

AEROSOL INDIRECT EFFECT; ANALYTIC REPRESENTATION; ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS; CLIMATE; CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; INDIRECT; INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT MODELS; PHYSICALLY BASED MODELS;

AEROSOLS;

AEROSOL; CLIMATE MODELING; CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEUS; DROPLET; ENERGY BALANCE; HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE; INDUSTRIAL EMISSION; NUMERICAL MODEL; PARTICLE SIZE;

EID: 84880882329     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21698996     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50567     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Abdul-Razzak, H., and, S. J. Ghan, (2000), A parameterization of aerosol activation. Part 2: Multiple aerosol types, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6837-6844.
2. Ackerman, A. S., M. P. Kirkpatrick, D. E. Stevens, and, O. B. Toon, (2004), The impact of humidity above stratiform clouds on indirect aerosol climate forcing, Nature, 432, 1014-1017, doi: 10.1038/nature03174.
3. Adams, P. J., and, J. H. Seinfeld, (2003), Disproportionate impact of particulate emissions on global cloud condensation nuclei concentrations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (5), 1239, doi: 10.1029/2002GL016303.
4. Albrecht, B. A., (1989), Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245 (4923), 1227-1230, doi: 10.1126/science.245.4923.1227.
5. Bauer, S. E., and, S. Menon, (2012), Aerosol direct, indirect, semidirect, and surface albedo effects from sector contributions based on the IPCC AR5 emissions for preindustrial and present-day conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D01206, doi: 10.1029/2011JD016816.
6. Bauer, S. E., D. Wright, D. Koch, E. Lewis, R. McGraw, L.-S. Chang, S. Schwarz, and, R. Ruedy, (2008), Matrix (multiconfiguration aerosol tracker of mixing state): An aerosol microphysical module for global atmospheric models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6003-6035, doi: 10.5194/acp-8-6003-2008.
7. Bennartz, R., (2007), Global assessment of marine boundary layer cloud droplet number concentration from satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D02201, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007547.
8. Bond, T. C., E. Bhardwaj, R. Dong, R. Jogani, S. Jung, C. Roden, D. G. Streets, and, N. M. Trautmann, (2007), Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy-related combustion, 1850-2000, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB2018, doi: 10.1029/2006GB002840.
9. Bretherton, C. S., P. N. Blossey, and, J. Uchida, (2007), Cloud droplet sedimentation, entrainment efficiency, and subtropical stratocumulus albedo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L03813, doi: 10.1029/2006GL027648.
10. Chen, Y., and, J. E. Penner, (2005), Uncertainty analysis for estimates of the first indirect aerosol effect, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2935-2948.
11. Chin, M., R. B. Rood, S.-J. Lin, J.-F. Muller, and, A. Thompson, (2000), Atmospheric sulfur cycle simulated in the global model GOCART: Model description and global properties, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24,671-24,687.
12. Considine, G., J. A. Curry, and, B. Wielicki, (1997), Modeling cloud fraction and horizontal variability in marine boundary layer clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13,517-13,525.
13. Denman, K. L., et al. (2007), Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry, in Climate change 2007: The physical science basis, edited by, S. Solomon, et al., 129-234 pp., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
14. Donner, L. J., et al. (2011), The dynamical core, physical parameterizations, and basic simulation characteristics of the atmospheric component AM3 of the GFDL global coupled model CM3, J. Clim., 24, 3484-3519, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3955.1.
15. Donohoe, A., and, D. S. Battisti, (2011), Atmospheric and surface contributions to planetary albedo, J. Clim., 24, 4402-4418, doi: 10.1175/2011JCLI3946.1.
16. Forster, P., et al. (2007), Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing, in Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 129-234, edited by, S. Solomon, et al., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
17. Ghan, S. J., H. Abdul-Razzak, A. Nenes, Y. Ming, X. Liu, M. Ovchinnikov, B. Shipway, N. Meskhidze, J. Xu, and, X. Shi, (2011), Droplet nucleation: Physically-based parameterizations and comparative evaluation, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 3, M10001, doi: 10.1029/2011MS000074.
18. Ghan, S. J., X. Liu, R. C. Easter, R. Zaveri, P. J. Rasch, J.-H. Yoon, and, B. Eaton, (2012), Toward a minimal representation of aerosols in climate models: Comparative decomposition of aerosol direct, semi-direct and indirect radiative forcing, J. Climate, 25, 6461-6476, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00650.1.
19. Golaz, J.-C., M. Salzmann, L. J. Donner, L. W. Horowitz, Y. Ming, and, M. Zhao, (2011), Sensitivity of the aerosol indirect effect to subgrid variability in the cloud parame- terization of the GFDL Atmosphere General Circulation Model AM3, J. Climate, 24, 3145-3160, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3945.1.
20. Golaz, J.-C., L. W. Horowitz, and, J. Levy II, (2013), Cloud tuning in a coupled climate model: impact on 20th century warming, Geophys. Res. Lett., doi: 10.1002/grl.50232, in press.
21. Guo, H., J.-C. Golaz, and, L. J. Donner, (2011), Aerosol effects on stratocumulus water paths in a PDF-based parameterization, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L17808, doi: 10.1029/2011GL048611.
22. Haerter, J. O., E. Roeckner, L. Tomassini, and, J.-S. von Storch, (2009), Parametric uncertainty effects on aerosol radiative forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15707, doi: 10.1029/2009GL039050.
23. Hallquist, M., et al. (2009), The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5155-5236, doi: 10.5194/acp-9-5155-2009.
24. Hansen, J., M. Sato, and, R. Ruedy, (1997), Radiative forcing and climate response, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6831-6864.
25. Hill, A. A., G. Feingold, and, H. Jiang, (2009), The influence of entrainment and mixing assumption on aerosol-cloud interactions in marine stratocumulus, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1450-1464.
26. Hoose, C., J. E. Kristjánsson, T. Iversen, A. Kirkevåg, Ø. Seland, and, A. Gettelman, (2009), Constraining cloud droplet number concentration in GCMs suppresses the aerosol indirect effect, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L12807, doi: 10.1029/2009GL038568.
27. Hsieh, W. C., H. Jonsson, L.-P. Wang, G. Buzorius, R. C. Flagan, J. H. Seinfeld, and, A. Nenes, (2009), On the representation of droplet coalescence and autoconversion: Evaluation using ambient cloud droplet size distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D07201, doi: 10.1029/2008JD010502.
28. Jathar, S. H., S. C. Farina, A. L. Robinson, and, P. J. Adams, (2011), The influence of semi-volatile and reactive primary emissions on the abundance and properties of global organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 7727-7746, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-7727-2011.
29. Kay, J. E., (2012), Exposing global cloud biases in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) using satellite observations and their corresponding Instrument simulators, J. Clim., 25, 5190-5207.
30. Kaufman, Y. J., and, R. S. Fraser, (1991), Fossil fuel and biomass burning impact on climate-heating or cooling? J. Climate, 4, 578-588.
31. Khairoutdinov, M. F., and, Y. Kogan, (2000), A new cloud physics parameterization in a large-eddy simulation model of marine stratocumulus, Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 299-243.
32. Kiehl, J. T., (2007), Twentieth century climate model response and climate sensitivity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L22710, doi: 10.1029/2007GL031383.
33. Koch, D., D. Jacob, I. Tegen, D. Rind, and, M. Chin, (1999), Tropospheric sulfur simulation and sulfate direct radiative forcing in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23,799-23,822.
34. Koehler, K. A., S. M. Kreidenweis, P. J. DeMott, M. D. Petters, A. J. Prenni, and, C. M. Carrico, (2009), Hygroscopicity and cloud droplet activation of mineral dust aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L08805, doi: 10.1029/2009GL037348.
35. Lacis, A. A., and, Hansen, J. E., (1974), Parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the earth's atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 118-133.
36. Lamarque, J. F., et al. (2010), Historical (1850-2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7017-7039, doi: 10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010.
37. Lee, L. A., K. S. Carslaw, K. J. Pringle, G. W. Mann, and, D. V. Spracklen, (2011), Emulation of a complex global aerosol model to quantify sensitivity to uncertain parameters, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12,253-12,273, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-12253-2011.
38. Lee, L. A., K. J. Pringle, C. L. Reddington, G. W. Mann, P. Stier, D. V. Spracklen, J. R. Pierce, and, K. S. Carslaw, (2013), The magnitude and causes of uncertainty in global model simulations of cloud condensation nuclei, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 13, 6295-6378, doi: 10.5194/acpd-13-6295-2013.
39. Liu, Y., P. H. Daum, and, R. McGraw, (2004), An analytical expression for predicting the critical radius in the autoconversion parameterization, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L06121, doi: 10.1029/2003GL019117.
40. Liu, X., et al. (2012), Toward a minimal representation of aerosol in climate models: Description and evaluation in the Community Atmosphere Model CAM5, Geosci. Model. Dev., 5, 709-739, doi: 10.5194/gmd-5-709-2012.
41. Lohmann, U., and, S. Ferrachat, (2010), Impact of parametric uncertainties on the present-day climate and on the anthropogenic aerosol effect, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11373-11383, doi: 10.5194/acp-10-11373.
42. Lohmann, U., B. Karcher, and, J. Hendricks, (2004), Sensitivity studies of cirrus clouds formed by heterogeneous freezing in the ECHAM GCM, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D16204, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004443.
43. Lohmann, U., P. Stier, C. Hoose, S. Ferrachat, S. Kloster, E. Roeckner, and, J. Zhang, (2007), Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3425-3446.
44. Lohmann, U., L. Rotstayn, T. Storelvmo, A. Jones, S. Menon, J. Quaas, A. M. L. Ekman, D. Koch, and, R. Ruedy, (2010), Total aerosol effect: radiative forcing or radiative flux perturbation?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3235-3246, doi: 10.5194/acp-10-3235-2010.
45. Manktelow, P. T., G. W. Mann, K. S. Carslaw, D. V. Spracklen, and, M. P. Chipperfield, (2007), Regional and global trends in sulfate aerosol since the 1980s, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L14803, doi: 10.1029/2006GL028668.
46. Mann, G. W., et al. (2010), Description and evaluation of GLOMAP-mode: a modal global aerosol microphysics model for the UKCA composition-climate model, Geosci. Mod. Dev., 3, 519-551, doi: 10.5194/gmd-3-519-2010.
47. Martin, G. M., D. W. Johnson, and, A. Spice, (1994), The measurement and parameterization of effective radius of droplets in warm stratocumulus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1823-1842.
48. Meinshausen, M., S. C. B. Raper, and, T. M. L. Wigley, (2011a), Emulating coupled atmosphere-ocean and carbon cycle models with a simpler model, MAGICC6-Part 1: Model description and calibration, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1417-1456, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-1417-2011.
49. Meinshausen, M., T. M. L. Wigley, and, S. C. B. Raper, (2011b), Emulating atmosphere-ocean and carbon cycle models with a simpler model, MAGICC6-Part 2: Applications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1457-1471, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-1457-2011.
50. Menon, S., A. D. Del Genio, D. Koch, and, G. Tselioudis, (2002), GCM simulations of the aerosol indirect effect: Sensitivity to cloud parameterization and aerosol burden, J. Atmos. Sci., 59 (3), 692-713.
51. Murphy, D. M., S. Solomon, R. W. Portmann, K. H. Rosenlof, P. M. Forster, and, T. Wong, (2009), An observationally based energy balance for the Earth since 1950, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17107, doi: 10.1029/2009JD012105.
52. Napari, I., M. Noppel, H. Vehkamaki, and, M. Kulmala, (2002), Parametrization of ternary nucleation rates for H2SO 4-NH3-H2O vapors, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (D19), 4381, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002132.
53. Pan, W., M. A. Tatang, G. McRae, and, R. G. Prinn, (1998), Uncertainty analysis of indirect radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 3815-3823.
54. Penner, J. E., M. Andreae, H. Annegarn, L. Barrie, J. Feichter, D. Hegg, R. L. Jayaraman, D. Murphy, J. Nganga, and, G. Pitari, (2001), Aerosols, their direct and indirect effects, in Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 289-348, edited by, J. T. Houghton, et al., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
55. Petters, M. D., and, S. M. Kreidenweis, (2007), A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7 (8), 1961-1971, doi: 10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007.
56. Petters, M. D., C. M. Carrico, S. M. Kreidenweis, A. J. Prenni, P. J. DeMott, J. L. Collett Jr., and, H. Moosmuller, (2009), Cloud condensation nucleation activity of biomass burning aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D22205, doi: 10.1029/2009JD012353.
57. Pierce, J. R., and, P. J. Adams, (2009), Uncertainty in global CCN concentrations from uncertain aerosol nucleation and primary emission rates, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1339-1356.
58. Pierce, J. R., K. Chen, and, P. J. Adams, (2007), Contribution of primary carbonaceous aerosol to cloud condensation nuclei: processes and uncertainties evaluated with a global aerosol microphysics model, Atmos Chem Phys, 7 (20), 5447-5466.
59. Platnick, S., and, S. Twomey, (1994), Determining the susceptibility of cloud albedo to changes in droplet concentration with the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 334-347.
60. Quaas, J., et al. (2009), Aerosol indirect effects-general circulation model intercomparison and evaluation with satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8697-8717.
61. Rasch, P. J., and, J. E. Kristjansson, (1998), A comparison of the CCM3 model climate using diagnosed and predicted condensate parameterization, J. Climate, 11, 1587-1614.
62. Reddington, C. L., et al. (2011), Primary versus secondary contributions to particle number concentrations in the European boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12,007-12,036, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-12007-2011.
63. Rosenfeld, D., H. Wang, and, P. J. Rasch, (2012), The roles of cloud drop effective radius and LWP in determining rain properties in marine stratocumulus, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L13801, doi: 10.1029/2012GL052028.
64. Rossow, W. B., and, R. A. Schiffer, (1999), Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 2261-2287.
65. Rotstayn, L. D., (2000), On the « tuning» of autoconversion parameterizations in climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 15,495-15,507.
66. Schulz, M., et al. (2006), Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived from the AeroCom present-day and pre-industrial simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 5225-5246, doi: 10.5194/acp-6-5225-2006.
67. Smith, S. J., J. van Aardenne, Z. Klimont, R. Andres, A. Volke, and, S. Delgado Arias, (2011), Anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions: 1850-2005, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1101-1116, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-1101-2011.
68. Spracklen, D. V., et al. (2011), Aerosol mass spectrometer constraint on the global secondary organic aerosol budget, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12,109-12,136, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-12109-2011.
69. Stevens, R. G., J. R. Pierce, C. A. Brock, M. K. Reed, J. H. Crawford, J. S. Holloway, T. B. Ryerson, L. G. Huey, and, J. B. Nowak, (2012), Nucleation and growth of sulfate aerosol in coal-fired power plant plumes: Sensitivity to background aerosol and meteorology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 189-206, doi: 10.5194/acp-12-189-2012.
70. Stier, P., et al. (2005), The aerosol climate model ECHAM5-HAM, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1125-1156.
71. Storelvmo, T., J. E. Kristjansson, S. J. Ghan, A. Kirkevag, Ø. Seland, and, T. Iversen, (2006), Predicting cloud droplet number concentration in Community Atmosphere Model (CAM)-Oslo, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24208, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006300.
72. Storelvmo, T., U. Lohmann, and, R. Bennartz, (2009), What governs the spread in shortwave forcings in the transient IPCC AR4 models?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L01806, doi: 10.1029/2008GL036069.
73. Takemura, T., T. Nozawa, S. Emori, T. Y. Nakajima, and, T. Nakajima, (2005), Simulation of climate response to aerosol direct and indirect effects with aerosol transport-radiation model, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D02202, doi: 10.1029/2004JD005029.
74. Thomson, A. M., et al. (2011), RCP4.5: A pathway for stabilization of radiative forcing by 2100, Clim. Change, 109, 77-94, doi: 10.1007/s10584-011- 0151-4.
75. Twomey, S., (1977), Influence of pollution on shortwave albedo of clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34 (7), 1149-1152.
76. Twomey, S., (1991), Aerosols, clouds, and radiation, Atmos. Environ., 25A, 2435-2442.
77. Wang, M., and, J. E. Penner, (2009), Aerosol indirect forcing in a global model with particle nucleation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 239-260.
78. Wang, M., S. Ghan, M. Ovchinnikov, X. Liu, R. Easter, E. Kassianov, Y. Qian, R. Marchand, and, H. Morrison, (2011), Aerosol indirect effects in a multi-scale aerosol-climate model PNNL-MMF, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5431-5455, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-5431-2011.
79. Wang, M., et al. (2012), Strong constraints on cloud lifetime effects of aerosol using satellite observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L15709, doi: 10.1029/2012GL052204.
80. Whitby, K. T., (1978), Physical characteristics of sulfur aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 12 (1-3), 135-159, doi: 10.1016/0004-6981(78)90196-8.
81. Wigley, T. M. L., and, S. C. B. Raper, (1992), Implications for climate and sea level of revised IPCC emissions scenarios, Nature, 357, 293-300.
82. Wood, R., and, J. P. Taylor, (2001), Liquid water path variability in unbroken marine stratocumulus clouds, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 127, 2635-2662.
83. Wood, R., T. L. Kubar, and, D. L. Hartmann, (2009), Understanding the importance of microphysics and macrophysics for warm rain in marine low clouds. Part II: Heuristic models of rain formation, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 2974-2990.
84. Zhang, K., et al. (2012), The global aerosol-climate model ECHAM-HAM, version 2: Sensitivity to improvements in process representations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8911-8949, doi: 10.5194/acp-12-8911-2012.