Mass destruction: The men and giant mines that wired America and scarred the planet

Mass Destruction: The Men and Giant Mines That Wired America and Scarred the Planet

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-273

  LeCain, Timothy J ^a  

^a MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84899354806     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (600)

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2. Andrea Gemmet, "Steve Jobs Wins Fight to Tear Down Woodside House," Almanac, 22 December 2004.
3. Patricia Leigh Brown, "In Silicon Valley, Tear-Down Interrupted," New York Times, 15 July 2004.
4. Patty Fisher, "Historic? By Whose Definition?" Mercury News, 18 January 2006.
5. www.friendsofthejacklinghouse.org/letteri.html
6. See, for example, Ira Beaman Joralemon, Romantic Copper: Its Lure and Lore (New York and London: D. Appleton-Century, 1934);
7. Watson Davis, The Story of Copper (New York and London: Century, 1924
8. A. B. Parsons and American Institute of Mining Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, The Porphyry Coppers (New York: AIMMPE, 1933
9. T. A. Rickard, Man and Metals: A History of Mining in Relation to the Development of Civilization (New York and London: Whit-tlesey House, McGraw-Hill, 1932).
10. Quoted in Gemmet, "The House That Jackling Built.
11. Ronald C. Brown, "Daniel C. Jackling and Kennecott: A Mining Entrepreneur's Adjustment to Corporate Bureaucracy," Mining History Journal 10 (2003): 133.
12. Douglas Brinkley, Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress (New York: Penguin Books, 2003), 517.
13. "Henry Ford Is Dead at 83 in Dearborn," New York Times, 8 April 1947.
14. Utah History Encyclopedia, "Daniel Cowan Jackling."
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16. William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: Norton, 1991), 256-257.
17. This point is well made in Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 10-11.
18. William Cronon, "The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature," Environmental History 1 (1996): 7-28.
19. "Ancient Lead Emissions Polluted Arctic," Science News, 5 November 1994.
20. Duncan Adams, "Did Toxic Stew Cook the Goose?" High Country News, 11 December 1995;
21. Mark Levine, "As the Snake Did Away with the Geese," Outside (September 1996).
22. Edwin Dobb, "Pennies from Hell: In Montana, the Bill for America's Copper Comes Due," Harper's (October 1996): 42-53.
23. Levine, "As the Snake Did Away with the Geese.
24. Jeffrey St. Clair, "Something About Butte," Counterpunch (January 2003).
25. Mumford's fascination with the Deutsches Museum mines is related in Rosalind Williams, Notes on the Underground: An Essay on Technology, Society, and the Imagination (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990), 4-5.
26. Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization (1934; New York: Harcourt Brace, 1963), 65-77, quote from 69-70.
27. Williams, Notes on the Underground, 7-8.
28. Richard White, "From Wilderness to Hybrid Landscapes: The Cultural Turn in Environmental History (American West Portrayals)," Historian 66, no. 3 (2004): 560.
29. See, for example, T. C. Onstott et al., "The Deep Gold Mines of South Africa: Windows into the Subsurface Biosphere," Proceedings of the SPIE 3111 (1997): 344-357
30. See Susan R. Schrepfer and Philip Scranton, eds., Industrializing Organisms: Introducing Evolutionary History (New York: Routledge, 2004).
31. Christopher Sellers, "Body, Place and the State: The Makings of An 'Environmentalist' Imaginary in the Post-World War II U.S.," Radical History Review 74 (1999): 31-64;
32. Conevery Bolton Valencius, The Health of the Country: How American Settlers Understood Themselves and Their Land (New York: Basic Books, 2002);
33. Gregg Mitman, "In Search of Health: Landscape and Disease in American Environmental History," Environmental History 10 (2005): 184-210;
34. Linda Nash, "Finishing Nature: Harmonizing Bodies and Environments in Late-Nineteenth-Century California," Environmental History 10 (2003): 25-52.
35. See Bruno Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988
36. We Have Never Been Modern (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993).
37. Richard White, The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River (New York: Hill and Wang, 1996);
38. Mark Fiege, Irrigated Eden (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999).
39. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York; Routledge, 1991), 149-181.
40. See Tim LeCain, "The SHOT/HSS Roundtable on Envirotech Themes," Envirotech Newsletter 5, no. 2 (Fall 2005), 1-3, available online at http://www.stanford.edu/~jhowe/Envirotech/newsletters. html#Archived%2oNewsletters, accessed 7 June 2007.
41. Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xix.
42. Donald MacMillan, "A History of the Struggle to Abate Air Pollution from Copper Smelters of the Far West, 1885-1933" (Ph.D. diss., University of Montana, 1973), 111
43. Robert Friedel, "New Light on Edison's Light," American Heritage of Invention and Technology (Summer 1985): 22-27.
44. Thomas P. Hughes, "Edison's Method," in Technology at the Turning Point, ed. W. B. Pickett (San Francisco: San Francisco Press, 1977), 9.
45. Association of Edison Illuminating Companies, Committee on St. Louis Exposition, "Edisonia" (New York, 1904), 49-50.
46. Frank Lewis Dyer and Thomas Commerford Martin, Edison, His Life and Inventions (New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1910), 626.
47. On American electrification, see Thomas Parke Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880 - 1930 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), 18-46;
48. David E. Nye, Electrifying America : Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880-1940 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990);
49. idem, "Electrifying the West, 1880-1940," European Contributions to American Studies 16 (1989): 183-202;
50. Warren D. Devine Jr., "From Shafts to Wires: Historical Perspectives on Electrification," Journal of Economic History 43 (1983): 347-372;
51. Richard F. Hirsh, Technology and Transformation in the American Electric Utility Industry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989);
52. and Harold I. Sharlin, The Making of the Electrical Age: From the Telegraph to Automation (London: Abelard-Schuman, 1963).
53. Harold I. Sharlin, "Electrical Generation and Transmission," in Technology in Western Civilization, ed. Melvin Kranzberg and Carroll W. Pursell (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 579.
54. Watson Davis, The Story of Copper (New York: Century, 1924), 257.
55. Bureau of Mines, 1952 Materials Survey: Copper (Washington, D.C.: National Security Resources Board, 1952), S-i.
56. D. C. Jackling, "Copper - The Everlasting Metal," Mines Magazine 27 (November 1937): 15.
57. Davis, Story of Copper, xii.
58. Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization (1934; New York: Harcourt Brace, 1963), 70,221-224,229-230,255.
59. David E. Nye, American Technological Sublime (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994
60. Charles Henry Janin, "The Copper Situation," a paper presented to the Commonwealth Club of California, 26 June 1924, Charles H. Janin Collection, folder 13, box 15, Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
61. Thomas A. Rickard, Interviews with Mining Engineers (San Francisco: Mining and Scientific Press, 1922), 215;
62. Carrie Johnson, "Electrical Power, Copper, and John D. Ryan," Montana: The Magazine of Western History 38 (1988): 24-37.
63. "Overland by Electric Cars Near Reality: Men Behind Biggest Power Supplying Corporations in West Also Control Mines That Supply Copper Required for Electrification," Salt Lake City Tribune, 19 January 1912.
64. A. B. Parsons, The Porphyry Coppers in i%6 (New York: American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, 1957), 27.
65. Davis, Story of Copper, 246;
66. Christopher J. Schmitz, "The Changing Structure of the World Copper Market, 1870-1939," Journal of European Economic History 26 (1997): 296-297 and n. 4.
67. Kenneth Barbalace, "Periodic Table of the Elements," available online at http://EnvironmentalChemistry.com/yogi/periodic/, accessed 10 October 2007.
68. Donatella Romano and Francesca Matteucci, "Contrasting Copper Evolution in co Centauri and the Milky Way," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Letters 378 (1): L59-L63.
69. http://kencroswell.com/Copper.html
70. Croswell, "Stellar Origin of Copper."
71. Ira Joralemon, Copper: The Encompassing Story of Mankind's First Metal (Berkeley: Howell-North Books, 1973), 202;
72. Christopher H. Gammons, John J. Metesh, and Terrence E. Duaime, "An Overview of the Mining History and Geology of Butte, Montana," Mine Water and the Environment 25 (2007): 70-72.
73. Walter H. Weed, "Geology and Ore Deposits of the Butte District, Montana," U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 74 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1912), 50.
74. James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 183.
75. Quoted in Kent Curtis, "An Ecology of Industry: Mining and Nature in Western Montana, 1860-1907" (Ph.D. diss., University of Kansas, 2001), 95.
76. Eric Nystrom, "Mapping Underground Drifton: The Evolution of Underground Mine Maps," Canal History and Technology Proceedings 25 (2006): 79-96.
77. Andrew C. Isenberg, Mining California: An Ecological History (New York: Hill and Wang, 2005), 34-35.
78. Isenberg, Mining California, 24-25.
79. Otis E. Young Jr., Western Mining: An Informal Account of Precious-Metals Prospecting, Placering, Lode Mining, and Milling on the American Frontier from Spanish Times to 18% (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970), 247.
80. Rodman W Paul, Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1848-1880 (New York: Holt, 1963), 64.
81. Notes to Pages 40-47 35. Paul, Mining Frontiers, 68.
82. Martin Lynch, Mining in World History, (London: Reaktion, 2003), 152.
83. Michael P. Malone and Richard B. Roeder, Montana: A History of Two Centuries (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976), 202.
84. Paul, Mining Frontiers, 147;
85. Malone, Montana, 202-204;
86. Isaac Frederick Marcosson, Anaconda (New York: Dodd, 1957), 41-42.
87. Paul, Mining Frontiers, 146-147;
88. Malone, Montana, 204-205.
89. Marcosson, Anaconda, 40-41.
90. Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, May 1915, xxviii.
91. Michael Punke, Fire and Brimstone: The North Butte Mining Disaster of 1917 (New York: Hyperion, 2006), 22.
92. Bruce Braun, "Producing Vertical Territory: Geology and Government in Late Victorian Canada," Ecumene 7 (2000): 22-23.
93. F. A. Linforth, "Application of Geology to Mining in the Ore Deposits at Butte Montana," in Ore Deposits of the Western States (New York: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, 1933), 700.
94. "The Knowles Steam-Pumps," Manufacturer and Builder 8 (January 1876): 4-5
95. Young, Western Mining, 150;
96. Curtis, "Ecology of Industry," 115-118.
97. Alan Derickson, Worker's Health, Worker's Democracy: The Western Miners' Struggle for Health and Safety (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988).
98. Iron and Coal Trade Review, 29 October 1920, 587.
99. Kenneth Ackerman, "Deep-Sea Diving a Century Ago," American Heritage of Invention & Technology 4 (1994): 58-63.
100. G. W. Grove, Self-Contained Oxygen Breathing Apparatus: A Handbook for Miners (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, 1941), 6-11;
101. E. H. Denny and M. W. von Bernewitz, Value of Oxygen Breathing Apparatus to the Mining Industry (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, 1923).
102. James W. Paul, The Use and Care of Mine-Rescue Breathing Apparatus (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, 1911), 1-5.
103. Punke, Fire and Brimstone, 47-59.
104. Grove, Oxygen Breathing Apparatus, 6-11.
105. Denny, Value of Oxygen Breathing Apparatus, 4.
106. Thomas Thornton Read, The Development of Mineral Industry Education in the United States (New York: American Institute of Mining Engineers, 1941), 258;
107. F. W. Sperr, "The National Mine Safety Demonstration," Bulletin of the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education 2 (1912): 231-241.
108. C. A. Mitke, "Method of Testing Draeger Oxygen Helmets at the Copper Queen Mine," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 47 (1914): 78-81.
109. On the Phelps Dodge fire, see Joseph P. Hodgson, "Mining Methods at the Copper Queen Mines," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 44 (1914): 324.
110. Brian Shovers, "The Perils of Working in the Butte Underground: Industrial Fatalities in the Copper Mines, 1880-1920," Montana: The Magazine of Western History (Spring 1987): 26-39.
111. See the collection of articles in Greg Mitman, Michelle Murphy, and Christopher Sellers, eds., Landscapes of Exposure: Knowledge and Illness in Modern Environments (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004).
112. Malone, Montana, 271-275.
113. Michael P. Malone, The Battle for Butte: Mining and Politics on the Northern Frontier, 1864 - 1906 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981).
114. David F. Noble, Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation (New York: Knopf, 1984).
115. Punke, Fire and Brimstone, 8-15.
116. Malone, Montana, 274.
117. Punke, Fire and Brimstone.
118. Malone, Montana, 274-275.
119. Punke, Fire and Brimstone, 2.
120. Malone, Montana, 274-275.
121. Charles Perrow, Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
122. Punke, Fire and Brimstone, 10-11.
123. Scott, Seeing Like a State.
124. T. A. Rickard, The Utah Copper Enterprise (San Francisco: Abbott Press, 1919), 38.
125. Peter J. Bowler, The Earth Encompassed: A History of the Environmental Sciences (New York: Norton, 1992), 377.
126. Oredigger, 4 September 1923.
127. Oredigger, 25 March 1924.
128. Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880 - 1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
129. Michael L. Smith, Pacific Visions: California Scientists and the Environment, 1850 - 1915 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), 76-96.
130. Jesse Robert Morgan, A World School: The Colorado School of Mines (Denver: Sage Books, 1955), 109-111.
131. Oredigger, 29 March 1927.
132. "Women in Engineering," Oredigger, 14 December 1926.
133. Mary Midgley, Science as Salvation: A Modern Myth and Its Meaning (New York: Routledge, 1992).
134. David F Noble, A World Without Women: The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Knopf, 1992);
135. The Religion of Technology (New York: Knopf, 1997).
136. Judy Wajcman, Feminism Confronts Technology (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991), 143.
137. Sally Hacker, Pleasure, Power and Technology (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989);
138. "The Culture of Engineering: Woman, Workplace and Machine," Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 341-353.
139. Ruth Oldenziel, Making Technology Masculine: Men, Women, and Modern Machines in America, 1870 - 1945 (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2004);
140. Arwen Palmer Mohun, Steam Laundries: Gender, Technology, and Work in the United States and Great Britain, 1880 - 1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002);
141. Nina E. Lerman, Ruth Oldenziel, and Arwen Mohun, Gender and Technology: A Reader (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003).
142. Mark David Spence, Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
143. Karl Jacoby, Crimes Against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hidden History of American Conservation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
144. Conevery Bolton Valencius, The Health of the Country: How American Settlers Understood Themselves and Their Land (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
145. Linda Nash, Inescapable Ecologies: A History of Environment, Disease, and Knowledge (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).
146. "Electrical Show Opened by Edison," New York Times, 12 October 1911.
147. See the letter to the editor, Nathan Shalit, New York Times, 6 July 1997.
148. Paul Israel, Edison: A Life of Invention (New York: John Wiley, 1998), 440-446.
149. Walter H. Weed, "Geology and Ore Deposits of the Butte District, Montana," U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 74 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1912), 73-82.
150. See the explanation of what constitutes ore in H. Ries, Economic Geology (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1947), 347.
151. Donald MacMillan, "A History of the Struggle to Abate Air Pollution from Copper Smelters of the Far West, 1885-1933" (Ph.D. diss., University of Montana, 1973), 22.
152. James E. Fells, Ores to Metals: The Rocky Mountain Smelting Industry (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979), 27-30,273-274.
153. Donald M. Levy, Modern Copper Smelting (London: Charles Griffin, 1912);
154. Edward Dyer Peters, The Practice of Copper Smelting (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1911).
155. Edmund Newell, "Atmospheric Pollution and the British Copper Industry, 1690-1920," Technology and Culture 38 (1997): 660;
156. M.-L. Quinn, "Early Smelter Sites: A Neglected Chapter in the History and Geography of Acid Rain in the United States," Atmospheric Environment 23 (1989): 1281-1292.
157. Charles K. Hyde, Copper for America (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998), 104.
158. Weed, "Geology and Ore Deposits," 20-21;
159. Robert G. Raymer, A History of Copper Mining in Montana (Chicago: Lewis Publishing, 1930), 67.
160. MacMillan, "Struggle to Abate Air Pollution," 108-112, quote from 108.
161. Hyde, Copper for America, 94-100.
162. Edward Dyer Peters, Modern Copper Smelting, 10th ed. (New York: Scientific Publishing, 1895), 104-107.
163. Donald MacMillan, Smoke Wars: Anaconda Copper, Montana Air Pollution, and the Courts, 1890 - 1924 (Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 2000), 90-92.
164. Hyde, Copper for America, 102.
165. Gorden Morris Bakken, "Was There Arsenic in the Air? Anaconda Versus the Farmers of the Deer Lodge Valley," Montana 41 (1991): 39-41.
166. Fredric L. Quivik, "Smoke and Tailings: An Environmental History of Copper Smelting Technologies in Montana, 1880-1930" (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1998), 309.
167. Quivik, "Smoke and Tailings," 320-321.
168. See, for example, Peter Dorman, "Environmental Protection, Employment, and Profit: The Politics of Public Interest in the Tacoma/Asarco Arsenic Dispute," Review of Radical Political Economics 16 (1984): 151-176.
169. Charles H. Fulton, Metallurgical Smoke (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, 1915), 83-84;
170. Robert E. Swain, "Smoke and Fume Investigations," Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 41 (1949): 2385.
171. Peters, Modern Copper Smelting, 107.
172. M. L. Quinn, "Industry and Environment in the Appalachian Copper Basin, 1890-1930," Technology and Culture 34 (1993): 592.
173. John E. Lamborn, "The Substance of the Land: Agriculture v. Industry in the Smelter Cases of 1904 and 1906," Utah Historical Quarterly 53 (1985): 310-312.
174. Fulton, Metallurgical Smoke, 82-83;
175. MacMillan, "Struggle to Abate Air Pollution," 311-312;
176. Bakken, "Was There Arsenic in the Air?" 34.
177. see Fulton, Metallurgical Smoke, 49
178. Peters, Copper Smelting, 578-597.
179. Joseph A. Blum, "South San Francisco: The Making of an Industrial City," California History 63 (1984): 128.
180. "Selby Plant Makes Liquid SO2 from Waste Smelter Gases," Engineering and Mining Journal 150 (1949): 138-142.
181. Joseph A. Holmes, First Annual Report of the Director of the Bureau of Mines (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, 1910), 44.
182. Joseph A. Holmes et al., Report of the Selby Smelter Commission, Bulletin 98 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, 1915).
183. David F. Tver, Dictionary of Dangerous Pollutants, Ecology, and Environment (New York: Industrial Press, 1981), 311;
184. William H. Hallenbeck and Kathleen M. Cuningham-Burns, Pesticides and Human Health (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985), 128.
185. James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 264.
186. Charles Lyons, Fifteenth Annual Report of the Director of the Bureau of Mines (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, 1925), 16.
187. Fulton, Metallurgical Smoke, 7.
188. Quivik, "Smoke and Tailings," 335.
189. Frank Cameron, Cottrell: Samaritan of Science (New York: Doubleday, 1952), 38.
190. Cameron, Cottrell, 53-54;
191. John W. Servos, Physical Chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 3-4,53-70.
192. Robert E. Swain, "Smoke and Fume," 2384
193. Cameron, Cottrell, 110-112.
194. Joseph Warren Barker, Research Corporation (1912 - 1952): Dedicated to Progress in Education and Science (New York: Newcomen Society in North America, 1952), 8
195. See Cottrell, "The Electrical Precipitation of Suspended Particles," in Recent Copper Smelting, ed. Thomas T. Read (San Francisco: Mining and Scientific Press, 1914), 246.
196. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1977), 673.
197. Barker, Research Corporation, 9.
198. Cameron, Cottrell, 121-124.
199. Barker, Research Corporation, 9-10.
200. Cameron, Cottrell, 126-130.
201. Frederick G. Cottrell, "The Social Responsibility of the Engineer," Science 85 (1937): 529-531, quote from 530.
202. National Cyclopedia of American Biography.
203. Cameron, Cottrell, 128.
204. United States Patent Office, Official Gazette, Patent Number 895,729, August 11, 1908,1233-1234.
205. Cameron, Cottrell, 128-130.
206. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 677-682;
207. Cameron, Cottrell, 129-130.
208. Linn Bradley, "Practical Applications of Electrical Precipitation and Progress of the Research Corporation," Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 43 (1915): 425;
209. "The Cottrell Plant at Garfield, Utah," Engineering and Mining Journal 98 (1914): 873;
210. W. H. Howard, "Electrical Fume Precipitation at Garfield," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 44 (1914): 540-560.
211. Cameron, Cottrell, 146.
212. Servos, Physical Chemistry, 242;
213. Cameron, Cottrell, 113,150,209.
214. See Edwin T. Layton Jr., The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
215. Cottrell, "Social Responsibility," 529-531.
216. Frederick Cottrell, "The Research Corporation, an Experiment in Public Administration of Patent Rights," Journal of Industrial Engineering Chemistry 4 (1912): 864-867;
217. James S. Coles, "The Cottrell Legacy: Research Corporation, a Foundation for the Advancement of Science," in Cottrell Centennial Symposium: Air Pollution and Its Impact on Agriculture (Turlock, CA: Cal State Associates, 1977), viii-xvii.
218. Cottrell, "Social Responsibility," 532-533.
219. Walter A. Schmidt,"The Control of Dust in Portland Cement Manufacture by Cottrell Precipitation Processes," Eighth Annual Congress of Applied Chemistry 5 (1912): 117-124;
220. Cameron, Cottrell, 146-148.
221. Encyclopedia Of Chemical Technology 683.
222. "Mineral Losses in Gases and Fumes," in Read, Recent Copper Smelting, 227.
223. MacMillan, "Struggle to Abate Air Pollution," 157-162;
224. Fulton, Metallurgical Smoke, 84-85.
225. MacMillan, "Struggle to Abate Air Pollution," 229.
226. J. K. Haywood, Injury to Vegetation and Animal Life Along Silver Bow and Warm Springs Creek, Bulletin 113 (Washington: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1908), 21-36.
227. MacMillan, "Struggle to Abate Air Pollution," 201-202.
228. Quoted in MacMillan, Smoke Wars, 213.
229. MacMillan, "Struggle to Abate Air Pollution," 302.
230. Marcosson, Anaconda, 256-259;
231. Kenneth S. Mernitz, "Governmental Research and the Corporate State: The Rittman Refining Process," Technology and Culture?,! (1990): 88.
232. "The Director of the Bureau of Mines," The Engineering and Mining Jour-nal&9 (1910): 1096.
233. Engineering and Mining Journal 89 (1910): 4.
234. MacMillan, "Struggle to Abate Air Pollution," 305.
235. Fred Wilbur Powell, The Bureau of Mines: Its History and Activities (New York: D. Appleton, 1922), 21.
236. Wells, Smelter Smoke, 19.
237. Cameron, Cottrell, 154.
238. Holmes, Second Annual Report of the Director of the Bureau of Mines (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, 1912), 68;
239. Wells, Smelter Smoke, 32;
240. Edgar M. Dunn, "Determination of Gases in Smelter Fumes," and "Notes on the Determination of Dust Losses at the Washoe Reduction Works, Anaconda, Montana," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 46 (1913): 648-652.
241. Van H. Manning, Seventh Annual Report of the Director of the Bureau of Mines (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, 1917), 79-87.
242. Van H. Manning to Karl Eilers, President of the American Smelting and Refining Company, August 23,1916, National Archives, Record Group 70, box 223.
243. Swain, "Smoke and Fume," 2385;
244. Wells, Smelter Smoke, 25.
245. J. O. Elton, "Arsenic Trioxide from Flue Dust," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 46 (1913): 690.
246. Wells, Smelter Smoke, 25, 53;
247. H. Welch and L. H. Duschak, "The Vapor Pressure of Arsenic Trioxide," Technical Paper 81 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, 1914).
248. Quoted in MacMillan, Smoke Wars, 213.
249. Wells, Smelter Smoke, 2.
250. MacMillan, "Struggle to Abate Air Pollution," 313-314.
251. Wells, Smelter Smoke, 50.
252. Wells, Smelter Smoke, 30.
253. MacMillan, "Struggle to Abate Air Pollution," 332-349.
254. See Peter Dorman, "Environmental Protection, Employment, and Profit: The Politics of Public Interest in the Tacoma/Asarco Arsenic Dispute," Review of Radical Political Economics 16 (1984): 151-176.
255. Vannevar Bush, "Frederick Gardner Cottrell," National Academy of Science Biographical Memoirs 22, (1952): 1-11
256. Cameron, Cottrell, 133.
257. Fumio Matsumura, Toxicology of Insecticides (New York: Plenum Press, 1985), 92-93
258. Hallenbeck, Pesticides, 17.
259. Matsumura, Toxicology of Insecticides, 92-93;
260. James C. Whorton, Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), 17
261. Alan S. Newell, "A Brief Historical Overview of Anaconda Copper Mining Company's Principal Mining and Smelting Facilities Along Silver Bow and Warm Spring Creeks, Montana" (Missoula: Montana Historical Research Associates, 1995), 52;
262. Joshua Lipton, "Cleaning Up Montana: Superfund Accomplishments" (Helena: Montana Department of Environmental Quality, 1996), 35.
263. Laurie K. Mercier," 'The Stack Dominated Our Lives': Metal Manufacturing in Four Montana Communities," Montana: The Magazine of Western History 38 (1988): 40-57.
264. Lawrence A. Smith et al., Remedial Options for Metals Contaminated Sites (Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers, 1995), 17.
265. Leonard J. Arrington and Gary B. Hansen, The Richest Hole on Earth: A History of the Bingham Copper Mine (Logan: Utah State University Press, 1963), 7.
266. T. A. Rickard, "The Utah Copper Enterprise - I: History," Mining and Scientific Press, 5 October 1918, 447;
267. Wilbur Smith, "Early Day Bingham and Utah Copper Mining," typed unpublished manuscript, folder 1, box 1, Wilbur Smith Papers, University of Utah Marriott Library, Salt Lake City.
268. S. F. Emmons, Economic Geology of the Mercur Mining District, Utah (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey, 1918).
269. Leonard J. Arrington, "Abundance from the Earth: The Beginnings of Commercial Mining in Utah," Utah Historical Quarterly 31 (1963): 194;
270. Arrington, Richest Hole, 11;
271. Harvey O'Connor, The Guggenheims: The Making of an American Dynasty (New York: Covici, Friede, 1937), 275.
272. Quoted in Gary B. Hansen, "Industry of Destiny: Copper in Utah," Utah Historical Quarterly 31 (1963): 263.
273. Arrington, "Abundance from the Earth," 200;
274. Lynn Robison Bailey, Old Reliable: A History of Bingham Canyon, Utah (Tucson, Ariz.: Westernlore Press, 1988), 16.
275. Hansen, "Industry of Destiny," 265-278.
276. Bruce D. Whitehead and Robert E. Rampton, "Bingham Canyon," in From the Ground Up: The History of Mining in Utah, ed. Colleen Whitley (Logan: Utah State University Press, 2006), 226-227.
277. See Clarence Nelson Roberts, History of the University of Missouri School of Mines ([Rolla?], Mo.: n.p, 1946);
278. Clair Victor Mann, A Brief History of Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy (Rolla, Mo.: N.p., 1939);
279. The History of Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy (Rolla, Mo.: Phelps County Historical Society, 1941).
280. Larry Gragg," 'Hell, I Saved the School': George E. Ladd and the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, 1897-1907," University of Missouri-Rolla, available online at http://campus.umr.edu/archives/Pages/ Archival Resources/About MSM/ladd.html, accessed 23 June 2007.
281. Bailey, Old Reliable, 42-43.
282. Robert W. Fogel et al., "Secular Change in American and British Stature and Nutrition," Journal of Interdisciplinary History 7 (1994): 463;
283. O'Connor, Guggenheims, 277.
284. Whitehead, "Bingham Canyon," 227.
285. T. A. Rickard, Interviews with Mining Engineers (San Francisco: Mining and Scientific Press, 1922), 191-199;
286. Arnold Irvine, "The People Who Make Kenne-cott," Deseret News, 27 March 1985.
287. Rickard, Interviews, 204-205.
288. Bailey, Old Reliable, 40-41.
289. Rickard, Interviews, 204-205.
290. "The Boston Consolidated Copper Mine," Engineering and Mining Journal 68 (1899): 614.
291. Parsons, Porphyry Coppers, 7.
292. Arrington, Richest Hole, 34.
293. Parsons, The Porphyry Coppers in 1956 (New York: American Institute of Mining Engineers, 1957), 32.
294. Joralemon, Romantic Copper, 233-234;
295. Arrington, Richest Hole, 35.
296. Helen R. Fairbanks and Charles P. Berkey, Life and Letters ofR.A.F. Penrose, Jr. (New York: Geological Society of America, 1952), 308.
297. Jeffrey J. Safford, The Mechanics of Optimism: Mining Companies, Technology, and the Hot Spring Gold Rush, Montana Territory, 1864 - 1868 (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2004).
298. Jackling quoted in Salt Lake City Herald-Republican, 6 March 1913.
299. Whitehead, "Bingham Canyon," 226.
300. "Boston Copper Gossip: Metal Market Reported Bare of Copper," New York Times, 26 March 1906.
301. Joralemon, Romantic Copper, 229.
302. http://minerals.usgs.gov/ds/2005/140/copper.pdf
303. "The Copper Collapse," New York Times, 22 September 1907.
304. Porter and Edelstein, "Copper Statistics."
305. Joralemon, Copper, 229.
306. Porter and Edelstein, "Copper Statistics."
307. Joralemon, Copper, 203.
308. William T. Parry, "Geology and Utah's Mineral Treasures," in Whitley, From the Ground Up, 26-30.
309. Arrington, Richest Hole, 83;
310. Joralemon, Copper, 231.
311. Joralemon, Copper, 229.
312. Charles K. Hyde, Copper for America: The United States Copper Industry from Colonial Times to the 1990s (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998), 140 - 141.
313. Mike Gorrell, "Miner Who Brought Block Caving to Utah Honored," Salt Lake City Tribune, 14 September 2005.
314. Arrington, Richest Hole, 90.
315. Bailey, Old Reliable, 47-48.
316. Hyde, Copper for America, 141.
317. Porter and Edelstein, "Copper Statistics.
318. Arrington, Richest Hole, 41.
319. Hyde, Copper for America, 141;
320. Bailey, Old Reliable, 47-48.
321. Joralemon, Copper, 235.
322. Arrington, Richest Hole, 45.
323. Joralemon, Copper, viii.
324. Jackling quoted in "Electrical Development Praised: They Marvel at Butte and Superior," Anaconda Standard, 13 October 1913.
325. Arrington, Richest Hole, 1.
326. Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880 - 1930 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983).
327. Harold Barger and Sam H. Schurr, The Mining Industries, 1899 - 1939: A Study of Output, Employment, and Productivity (New York: Arno Press, 1975), 107.
328. Parsons, Porphyry Coppers, 35.
329. For contemporary examples, see the otherwise excellent article by Logan Hovis and Jeremy Mouat, "Miners, Engineers, and the Transformation of Work in the Western Mining Industry," Technology and Culture 37 (1996): 433;
330. Parsons, Porphyry Coppers, 1.
331. David A. Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800 - 1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), 1-2.
332. Richard White, The Organic Machine (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995).
333. David Igler, Industrial Cowboys: Miller & Lux and the Transformation of the Far West, 1850 - 1920 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).
334. Deborah Fitzgerald, Every Farm a Factory: The Industrial Ideal in American Agriculture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003).
335. Lindy Biggs, "The Engineered Factory," Technology and Culture 36 (Supplement, 1995): S174-S188;
336. Alfred D. Chandler, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1977), 244-283.
337. Lewis Mumford, The Myth of the Machine: The Pentagon of Power (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), 188-211, quotes from 191,196.
338. Conquering the Earth, 24.
339. Stephen George, "The Origins and Discovery of the First Nitrated Organic Explosives" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1977), 96.
340. "Gold Mining - From Prospecting Days to the Present," DuPont Magazine, 6 June 1928.
341. Otis E. Young, Black Powder and Hand Steel (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976), 37-39
342. Norman B. Wilkinson, Lammot du Pont and the American Explosives Industry, 1850 - 1884 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1984), 248;
343. H. C. Chelson, "From Gunpowder to Dynamite," Engineering and Mining Journal 137 (1936): 232-233.
344. Wilkinson, Lammot du Pont, 248-264.
345. Barger, Mining Industries, 122.
346. William S. Dutton, DuPont: One Hundred and Forty Years (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1942), 188-189;
347. Arthur Pine Van Gelder, History of the Explosives Industry in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1927), 611;
348. David A. Hounshell and John Kenly Smith Jr., Science and Corporate Strategy: DuPontR&D, 1902 - 1980 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), ii, 20-26.
349. Parsons, Porphyry Coppers, 375-376.
350. Van Gelder, Explosives Industry, 962-973.
351. Parsons, Porphyry Coppers, 374-375.
352. Brian Hayes, Infrastructure: The Book of Everything for the Industrial Landscape (New York: Norton, 2005), 21.
353. E. D. Gardner and McHenry Mosier, Open-Cut Metal Mining, Bulletin 433 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, 1941), 112,130.
354. Rickard, Utah Copper Enterprise, 40.
355. Rickard, Utah Copper Enterprise, 37,40.
356. Parsons, Porphyry Coppers, 355;
357. Barger, Mining Industries, 119.
358. A Brief History ofBucyrus and the Excavating Industry (South Milwaukee: Bucyrus-Erie, 1947), 13;
359. Larry Lankton, Cradle to Grave: Life, Work, and Death at the Lake Superior Copper Mines (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991);
360. idem., "The Machine Under the Garden: Rock Drills Arrive at the Lake Superior Copper Mines, 1868-1883," Technology and Culture 24 (1983): 1-37.
361. Charles F. Jackson, Sampling and Estimation of Ore Deposits (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, 1932), 13-17;
362. Parsons, Porphyry Coppers, 357-358.
363. Jackson, Sampling and Estimation of Ore Deposits, 32, 40;
364. C. E. Nighman and O. E. Kiessling, Mineral Technology and Output per Man Studies: Rock Drilling (Philadelphia: Bureau of Mines, 1940), 56-57;
365. James D. Cummings, Diamond Drill Handbook (Toronto: J. K. Smith & Sons of Canada, 1956), 30.
366. Parsons, Porphyry Coppers, 363.
367. Hovis, "Western Mining Industry," 441;
368. Parsons, Porphyry Coppers, 356.
369. The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1935), 517.
370. Barger, Mining Industries, 115;
371. Jackson, Sampling and Estimation of Ore Deposits, 1-12.
372. Clark Spence, Mining Engineers and the American West: The Lace-Boot Brigade, 1849 - 1933 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970), 244.
373. Hovis, "Western Mining Industry," 441.
374. John Hays Hammond, 517.
375. Parsons, Porphyry Coppers, 369.
376. Barbara Elleman, Virginia Lee Burton: A Life in Art (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2002).
377. Parsons, Porphyry Coppers, 369.
378. Chandler, Visible Hand, 244.
379. Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production, 237.
380. Quoted in Chandler, Visible Hand, 265-266.
381. "Obituary: Alfred Chandler, Chronicler of Corporations, Died on May 9th, Aged 88," Economist, 17 May 2007.
382. "Harvard Business School Professor Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Preeminent Business Historian, Dead at 88," Harvard Business School press release, 11 May 2007, available online at http://www.hbs.edu/news/releases/ o5iiO7-chandler.html, accessed 19 September 2007.
383. See, for example, Paul R. Josephson, Industrialized Nature: Brute Force Technology and the Transformation of the Natural World (Washington, D.C.: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 2002).
384. William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: Norton, 1991).
385. Chandler, Visible Hand, 242.
386. Barger, Mining Industries, 232.
387. Barger, Mining Industries, 232.
388. Gardner, Open-Cut Metal Mining, 2.
389. Brief History of Bucyrus, 1-7.
390. Harold Francis Williamson and Kenneth H. Myers, Designed for Digging, Northwestern University Studies in Business History (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1955), 23-25,27.
391. George B. Anderson, One Hundred Booming Years: A History of Bucyrus- Erie Company (South Milwaukee: Bucyrus-Erie, 1980
392. Keith Haddock, A History of Marion Power Shovel's First 100 Years (Marion, Ohio: Marion Power Shovel Division, Dresser Industries, 1984
393. Williamson and Myers, Designed for Digging, 92-99;
394. David McCullough, The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870 - 1914 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977).
395. Gardner, Open-Cut Metal Mining, 2.
396. F. E. Cash and M. W. Bernewitz, Methods, Costs, and Safety in Stripping and Mining Coal, Copper Ore, Bauxite, and Pebble Phosphate, Bulletin 298 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, 1929), 1-5;
397. Grant Holmes, "Early Coal Stripping Full of Heartbreaks," Coal Age, 29 May 1924.
398. C. K. Leith, The Mesabi Iron-Bearing District, Monograph 43 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey, 1903);
399. C. E. Bailey, "Mining Methods on the Mesabi Range," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 27 (1897): 529-536;
400. Horace V. Winchell, "The Mesabi Iron-Range," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 21 (1892-93): 644-686;
401. Margaret Banning, Mesabi (New York: Harper & Row, 1969).
402. Arrington, Richest Hole on Earth.
403. Parsons, Porphyry Coppers, 53.
404. Rickard, Utah Copper Enterprise, 47.
405. Rickard, Interviews with Mining Engineers, 209.
406. Bailey, Old Reliable, 53.
407. Arrington, Richest Hole, 52-53;
408. H. C Goodrich, "Steam Shovel and Ore Shipping at Bingham, Utah," Mining and Engineering World, 2 December 1911, 1114-1116.
409. Eugene Delos Gardner and McHenry Mosier, Open-Cut Metal Mining (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1941), 126.
410. Barger, Mining Industries, 138.
411. Williamson and Myers, Designed for Digging, 75.
412. Barger, Mining Industries, 139-140;
413. Goodrich, "Shovel Operations at Bingham," 576,580.
414. Gardner, Open-Cut Metal Mining, 11.
415. Rickard, Utah Copper Enterprise, 524, 551.
416. H. C. Goodrich, "Shovel Operations at Bingham, Utah Copper Co.," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 72 (1925): 582;
417. Robert Strong Lewis, Elements of Mining (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1933), 217-218;
418. Parsons, Porphyry Coppers, 381.
419. Williamson and Myers, Designed for Digging, 78.
420. Niles White, "From Tractor to Tank," American Heritage of Invention & Technology (February 1993): 58-64;
421. Walter A. Payne, Benjamin Holt: The Story of the Caterpillar Tractor (Stockton, Calif.: University of the Pacific, 1982).
422. E. D. Gardner and C. H. Johnson, Copper Mining in North America (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, 1938), 136.
423. Gardner, Open-Cut Metal Mining, 8.
424. G. Townsend Harley, "A Study of Shoveling as Applied to Mining," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers 41 (1920): 147-187.
425. Howard L. Hartman and Jan M. Mutmansky, Introductory Mining Engineering (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002), 189.
426. Keith Haddock, Colossal Earthmovers (Osceola, Wisc.: MBI, 2000), 67.
427. "The World's Largest," Arch of Illinois News, February-March, 1985.
428. Chandler, Visible Hand, 242.
429. Rickard, Utah Copper Enterprise, 51-52.
430. Young, Western Mining, 138-139;
431. Robert H. Richards, A Textbook of Ore Dressing (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1925), 220-228.
432. James Colquhoun, The History of the Clifton-Morenci District (London: John Murray, 1924), 1-78.
433. Jay E. Niebur, Arthur Redman Wilfley (Denver: Western Business History Research Center of the Colorado Historical Society, 1982), 4-46.
434. "A Biography of the Mine & Smelter Supply Company," Mines Magazine 12, no. 7 (1922): 13-15.
435. Niebur, Wilfley, 90-91.
436. "A Biography of the Mine & Smelter Supply Company," Mines Magazine, 13-15.
437. Elroy Nelson, "The Mineral Industry: A Foundation of Utah's Economy," Utah Historical Quarterly 31 (1963): 184.
438. Rickard, Utah Copper Enterprise, 713-714.
439. Arrington, Richest Hole, 49-50;
440. Kennecott, "Summarized History Mining and Milling Developments, Utah Copper Company," D. C. Jackling Collection, Ringbinder 3, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
441. T. A. Rickard and O. C. Ralston, Flotation (San Francisco: Mining and Scientific Press, 1917), 5-11.
442. Rickard, "The Utah Copper Enterprise - I: History," Mining and Scientific Press (5 October 1918): 749.
443. Arrington, Richest Hole, 69.
444. A. Soderberg, Mining Methods and Costs at the Utah Copper Co., Bingham Canyon, Utah, Information Circular 6234 (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, 1930), 19;
445. Rickard, "Utah Copper Enterprise," 787-789.
446. David Wilburn, Thomas Goonan, and Donald Bleiwas, "Technological Advancement - A Factor in Increasing Resource Use," U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-197 (2001), 55, available online only at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/06)1-197/, accessed 17 December 2007.
447. Daniel C. Jackling, "The Engineer's Province and Obligation in Organized Society," Journal of the Western Society of Engineers 45 (1940): 24-27, quotation on 24.
448. Salt Lake Tribune, 14 October 1909.
449. Joralemon, Copper, 295-297.
450. Porter and Edelstein, "Copper Statistics."
451. Parsons, "An Achievement of Engineers," chapter 1 of Porphyry Coppers, 1-18.
452. Millie Robbins, "The Fabulous Life of Daniel Jackling," San Francisco Chronicle, 25 February 1959.
453. Jackling, "Engineer's Province," 24.
454. Brian Shovers, "The Perils ofWorking in the Butte Underground: Industrial Fatalities in the Copper Mines, 1880-1920," Montana: The Magazine of Western History 37, no. 2 (Spring 1987): 26.
455. T. A. Rickard and O. C. Ralston, Flotation (San Francisco: Mining and Scientific Press, 1917), 11-25.
456. Arthur E. Wells, "Report of the Anaconda Smelter Smoke Commission," 1 October 1920,35-37, National Archives, Record Group 70, box 278.
457. Fredric L. Quivik, "Smoke and Tailings: An Environmental History of Copper Smelting Technologies in Montana, 1880-1930" (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1998), 370;
458. Donald MacMillan, Smoke Wars: Anaconda Copper, Montana Air Pollution, and the Courts, 1890-1924 (Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 2000), 241-242.
459. Donald MacMillan, "A History of the Struggle to Abate Air Pollution from Copper Smelters of the Far West, 1885-1933" (Ph.D. diss., University of Montana, 1973) "332-349
460. K. E. Porter and D. L. Edelstein, comps., U.S. Geological Survey, "Copper Statistics," available online at http://minerals.usgs.gov/ds/ 2005/140/copper.pdf, accessed 13 May 2008.
461. Donald Dewees, "Sulfur Dioxide Emissions from Smelters: The Historical Inefficiency of legal Institutions," 11 April 1996, unpublished manuscript in author's possession.
462. MacMillan, Smoke Wars, 246-247;
463. Quivik, "Smoke and Tailings," 474.
464. MacMillan, Smoke Wars, 251.
465. Quivik, "Smoke and Tailings," 493.
466. Edwin Layton, The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986,1971).
467. Marcosson, Anaconda, 272-280.
468. A similar idea is suggested in Gavin Bridge, "The Social Regulation of Resource Access and Environmental Impact: Production, Nature, and Contradiction in the US Copper Industry," Geoforum 31 (2000): 241.
469. "Butte, One of the World's Greatest Mining Areas," Anaconda Copper Trailsman 1, no. 1 (August 15,1956).
470. Sherwood Ross, "How the United States Reversed Its Policy on Bombing Civilians," Humanist (July/August 2005): 19-20.
471. Stephen L. McFarland, America's Pursuit of Precision Bombing, 1910 - 1945 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995).
472. "Archbishop's Appeal," Times (London), 28 December 1937,9.
473. Edmund Russell, War and Nature: Fighting Humans and Insects with Chemicals from World War I to Silent Spring (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 170-171.
474. John W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986).
475. Russell, War and Nature, 170-71.
476. Jörg Friedrich, The Fire: The Bombing of Germany, 1940 - 1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), 83.
477. Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: A Search for Limits in an Age of High Technology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986);
478. Autonomous Technology: Technics-out-of-Control as a Theme in Political Thought (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1977);
479. Merritt Roe Smith and Leo Marx, Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994).
480. Donald A. MacKenzie, Inventing Accuracy: An Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance, Inside Technology (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990);
481. Donald A. MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman, The Social Shaping of Technology: How the Refrigerator Got Its Hum (Milton Keynes and Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1985);
482. Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas Parke Hughes, and T. J. Pinch, The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987).
483. Ronald Schaffer, Wings of Judgment: American Bombing in World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 162.
484. Gary Cross, An All-Consuming Century: Why Commercialism Won in Modern America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).
485. R. L. Agassiz, "Review of the Copper and Brass Research Association," Mining Congress Journal 17 (1931): 467.
486. Cohen, Consumer's Republic; Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform (New York: Knopf, 1995).
487. Cohen, Consumer's Republic, 125.
488. Cohen, Consumer's Republic, 195-197.
489. Porter and Edelstein, "Copper Statistics.
490. Charles K. Hyde, Copper for America: The United States Copper Industry from Colonial Times to the 1990s (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998), 177.
491. "How many workshops to make a howitzer," Anaconda Company advertisement, Saturday Evening Post, 20 October 1951;
492. Marcosson, Anaconda, 340-341.
493. T. A. Rickard, "The Utah Copper Enterprise - I: History," Mining and Scientific Press, 5 October 1918,524.
494. Otto P. Chendron, Thoughts and Meditations upon Beholding the Utah Copper Mine (Salt Lake City: Otto P. Chendron, 1943), unpaginated.
495. F. Keith Stepan, "Visitors Center for Bingham Canyon, Utah" (architecture thesis, University of Utah, 1965), 19,37-38.
496. Anaconda, "See America the Bountiful.
497. Anaconda Copper Trailsman 1, no. 1 (August 15,1956
498. Anaconda Copper Trailsman 7, no. 1 (June 1965
499. "We All Depend on Mining," Anaconda Copper Trailsman 14, no. 1 (1974
500. Preliminary Water Balance for the Berkeley Pit and Related Underground Mine Workings, Final Report (Denver: Camp Dresser & McKee, 1988), 1.
501. Draft Baseline Risk Assessment, Mine Flooding Operable Unit, Silver Bow Creek/Butte Area NPL Site, Butte, Montana (Helena: Montana Environmental Protection Agency, 1993), 7-10.
502. Edwin Dobb, "Pennies from Hell: In Montana the Bill for America's Copper Comes Due," Harper's, October 1996, 49.
503. Joralemon, Romantic Copper, 40,48,50.
504. Dobb, "Pennies from Hell," 49.
505. "Cleanup at the Berkeley Pit: Plans and Progress" (Anaconda: Atlantic Richfield Company, 1993);
506. Resource Recovery Project Demonstration #2: Pulsed Plasma Treatment of Berkeley Pit Water (Butte: U.S. Department of Energy, 1995).
507. Peter Samuel, "Treasure House or Pollution Pit?" Forbes 154 (12 September 1994): 54;
508. Keith Schneider, "New Approach to Old Peril: Abandoned Mines in West," New York Times, 27 April 1993.
509. Kennecott South Fact Sheet (Denver: Environmental Protection Agency, 1997).
510. Kennecott North Fact Sheet (Denver: Environmental Protection Agency, 1997). 3- 71. Kennecott South, 2.
511. Samuel, "Treasure House," 58.
512. Chris Jorgenson, "Kennecott Will Shift Tailings Expansion Beyond S.L. Boundary," Salt Lake Tribune, 16 March 1994.
513. "Top 20 Polluters," High Country News, 16 September 1996.
514. "An Off-the-Books Polluter," High Country News, 16 September 1996.
515. Harold Barger and Sam H. Schurr, The Mining Industries, 1899 - 1939: A Study of Output, Employment, and Productivity (New York: Arno Press, 1975), 90.
516. Bureau of Mines, 1952 Materials Survey, S-4, VI-39, 47;
517. Logan Hovis and Jeremy Mouat, "Miners, Engineers, and the Transformation of Work in the Western Mining Industry," Technology and Culture 37 (1996): 443-445.
518. Bureau of Mines, 1952 Materials Survey, VI-38-50.
519. Alfred D. Chandler, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1977), 347.
520. William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: Norton, 1991).
521. Barger, Mining Industries, 238.
522. Kennecott Copper Corporation, The Utah Copper Story (Salt Lake City: Kennecott, 1960).
523. See, for example, "New Formula Releases Gold from Sea, Scientists Told: Man Promised 'Open Sesame' to Mineral Riches Within Ten Years - Supply Unlimited," Washington [D.C.] Star, 26 March 1934;
524. John Seabrook, "Invisible Gold," New Yorker, 24 April 1989,45;
525. "Gold in Sea Water - Not Enough to Get Rich," New Scientist, 7 July 1989,27.
526. John Robert McNeill, Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (New York: Norton, 2000), 32.
527. E. D. Gardner and McHenry Mosier, Open-Cut Metal Mining (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Mines, 1941), 2.
528. Duane A. Smith, "On the Move Again: Hard Rock Mining in the West," Montana 39, no. 1 (1989): 59-63;
529. Seabrook, "Invisible Gold," 69-73;
530. Richard Manning, "Going for the Gold," Audubon, January-February 1994;
531. "The New Gold Rush," U.S. News & World Report, 28 October 1991,44-47.
532. Seabrook, "Invisible Gold," 73.
533. James Brooke, "For U.S. Miners, the Rush is on to Latin America," New York Times, 17 April 1994;
534. Joel Millman, "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre," Forbes 20 (December 1993): 198-200;
535. Elisabeth Malkin, "Driving to the Gold Rush," New York Times, 20 February 2008;
536. William Yardley, "In High Prices, Moribund Mines Find a Silver Bullet," New York Times, 3 April 2008.
537. Gardner, Open-Cut Metal Mining, 2.
538. "Most Requested Statistics - U.S. Coal Industry," National Mining Association, available online at http://www.nma.org/pdf/c-most-requested. pdf, accessed 18 February 2008.
539. Penny Loeb, "Shear Madness," U.S. News and World Report, August 11,1997, 26-32.
540. Paul J. Nyden, "From Pick and Shovel to Mountaintop Removal: Environmental Justice in the Appalachian Coalfields," Environmental Law 34 (2004): 21-86.
541. Loeb, "Sheer Madness," 26-27.
542. Joby Warrick, "Appalachia Is Paying Price for White House Rule Change," Washington Post, 17 August 2004, Ai;
543. "Flattening Appalachia's Mountains: Despite Opposition, a White House Rule Change Gives the Coal Industry Free Rein," Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 6-12 September 2004,11.
544. Jim Motavalli, "Once There Was a Mountain: Ravaging West Virginia for 'Clean Coal,'" E, November-December 2007,38.
545. Michael Shnayerson, Coal River (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008).
546. Shirley Stewart Burns, Bringing Down the Mountains: The Impact of Mountaintop Removal Surface Coal Mining on Southern West Virginia Communities, 1970 - 2004 (Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2007).
547. Richard Rajala, Clearcutting the Pacific Rain Forest: Production, Science, and Regulation (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1998), 7-20.
548. See Peter MacDonald and Michael Clow, "What a Difference a Skidder Makes: The Role of Technology in the Origins of the Industrialization of Tree Harvesting Systems," History and Technology 19 (2003): 127-149.
549. McNeill, Something New Under the Sun, 307-308;
550. Rajala, Clearcutting the Pacific Rain Forest, 32.
551. Dale A. Burk, The Clearcut Crisis: Controversy in the Bitterroot (Great Falls, Mont.: Jursnick Printing, 1970), 22.
552. Rajala, Clearcutting the Pacific Rain Forest, 218-219.
553. Paul W. Hirt, A Conspiracy of Optimism: Management of the National Forests Since World War Two, Our Sustainable Future (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), xxii.
554. Callum Roberts, The Unnatural History of the Sea (Washington, D.C.: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 2007), 168.
555. Charles Clover, The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008).
556. Roberts, The Unnatural History of the Sea, 130-135.
557. Paul R. Josephson, Industrialized Nature: Brute Force Technology and the Transformation of the Natural World (Washington, D.C.: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 2002).
558. Quoted in Roberts, Unnatural History of the Sea, 203.
559. McNeill, Something New Under the Sun, 243-50.
560. Clover, End of the Line.
561. Andrew Isenberg makes a similar point in his penetrating book Mining California: An Ecological History (New York: Hill and Wang, 2005
562. "Mr. Jackling Receives the John Fritz Medal," Mining and Metallurgy 14 (1933): 261-265.
563. EPILOGUE. FROM NEW DELHI TO THE NEW WEST 1. Somini Sengupta, "Thirsting for Energy in India's Boomtowns and Beyond," New York Times, 2 March 2008;
564. "Inside Gate, India's Good Life; Outside, the Servant's Slums," New York Times, 9 June 2008.
565. http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/news/newsletter/2007/january/ o6oi25-copper-fights.shtml.
566. Sengupta, "Thirsting for Energy."
567. W. David Menzie, John H. De Young Jr., and Walter G. Steblez, "Some Implications of Changing Patterns of Mineral Consumption," U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 03-382, available online only at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ of/2003/ofo3-382/ofo3-382.html, accessed 23 March 2008.
568. http://www.usgs.gov/congressional/hearings/testimony-menzie-i8mayo6.asp
569. http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/mtb/mwt/annual/annuai2ooi/mwtp2ooi.pdf
570. Menzie, "Testimony Before the Committee on Resources, Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources.
571. Donella H. Meadows et al., The Limits to Growth (New York: Signet, 1972).
572. Menzie, "Some Implications for Changing Patterns of Mineral Consumption.
573. Also see the very useful history of the debate in John E. Tilton, On Borrowed Time? Assessing the Threat of Mineral Depletion (Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, 2003).
574. Paul R. Ehrlich, The Population Bomb (New York: Ballantine Books, 1968).
575. Thomas Homer-Dixon, "The End of Ingenuity," New York Times, 29 November 2006.
576. http://minerals.usgs.gov/ds/2005/140/copper.pdf
577. Homer-Dixon, "End of Ingenuity."
578. Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity, and the Renewal of Civilization (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2006).
579. R. B. Gordon, M. Bertram, and T. E. Graedel, "Metal Stocks and Sustain-ability," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (2006): 1209-1214.
580. Quoted in David Cohen, "Earth's Natural Wealth: An Audit," New Scientist, 23 May 2007,34-41
581. This point is convincingly argued in Tilton, On Borrowed Time.
582. John Cramer, "Into the Breach - Clark Fork, Blackfoot Rivers Punch through Milltown Dam," Missoulian, 29 March 2008
583. www.missoulian.com/articles/2008/03/29/news/top/news01.txt
584. Environmental Protection Agency, Revised Community Relations Plan: Milltown Reservoir Sediments Superfund Site, Milltown, Montana (Washington, D.C.: EPA, 1992), section 2,1-2;
585. William W. Woessner, Arsenic Sources and Waste Supply Remedial Action Study, Milltown, Montana (Helena: Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, 1984), i, 1-2.
586. Perry Backus, "Shipping Sediment: First Loads of Contaminated Material Leave Milltown," Missoulian, 3 October 2007;
587. "Milltown Sediment Starts to Fill Tailings Ponds at Opportunity," Missoulian.Com Magazine, November 2007, available online at http://www.missoula.com/news/, accessed 6 December 2007.
588. Jim Robbins, "In a Town Called Opportunity, Distress over a Dump," New York Times, 24 August 2005;
589. Backus, "Milltown Sediment Starts to Fill Tailings Ponds at Opportunity.
590. John Cramer, "First Fish in 100 Years Swims Past Dam Site," Missoulian, 10 August 2008, available online at www.missoulian.com/articles/ 2008/04/09/bnews/br35.txt, accessed 17 June 2008 .
591. Pat Williams, "When a Dam Is Demolished, the Old Ways Return," High Country News (28 April 2008).
592. Amit Kapur and T. E. Graedel, "Copper Mines Above and Below the Ground," Environmental Science & Technology (15 May 2006): 3135-3141.
593. Indeed, Gordon, Bertram, and Graedel ("Metal Stocks and Sustainability," 1212) note that current estimates of global lithospheric copper deposits are based primarily on low-grade porphyry deposits like those at Bingham.
594. "Watershed Moment: The Death of a Montana Dam," Slate, 17 April 2008, available online only at http://www.slate.com/id/2188979, accessed 6 May 2008.
595. James Brooke, "West Celebrates Mining's Past, but Not Its Future," New York Times, 4 October 1998.
596. William Langewiesche, "The Profits of Doom," Atlantic Monthly, April 2001,56-62.
597. William Yardley, "In High Prices, Moribund Mines Find a Silver Bullet," New York Times, 3 April 2008.
598. Porter and Edelstein, "Copper Statistics."
599. Stephen E. Kesler, "Mineral Supply and Demand into the 21st Century," in Proceedings, Workshop on Deposit Modeling, Mineral Resource Assessment, and Sustainable Development, ed. Joseph A. Briskey and Klaus J, Schulz, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1294 (Washington, D.C: USGS, 2007), 56.
600. Horace Dunbar, Marcy's Mill (San Diego: Watson-Jones, 1944), 4.