Metal stocks and sustainability

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Volumn 103, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 1209-1214

  Gordon, R B ^a   Bertram, M ^a,b   Graedel, T E ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b European Aluminium Association   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Copper; Material flow analysis; Metal services

Indexed keywords

COPPER; METAL; NICKEL; PLATINUM; SILVER; TIN; ZINC;

AIRCRAFT; ARTICLE; BUILDING INDUSTRY; CORROSION; ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY; GEOCHEMISTRY; LANDFILL; MINING; MOTOR VEHICLE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAILWAY; RECYCLING; SHIP;

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; COPPER; ELECTRONICS; LEAD; MANUFACTURED MATERIALS; METALS; MINING; NICKEL; PHOTOGRAPHY; PLATINUM; SILVER; STAINLESS STEEL; TIN; ZINC;

EID: 31944435935     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509498103     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Tilton, J. E. (2003) On Borrowed Time? Assessing the Threat of Mineral Depletion (Resources for the Future, Washington, DC).
2. Hodges, C. A. (1995) Science 268, 1305-1312.
3. Grant, L. (2005) Science 309, 53-54.
4. Ehrenfeld, D. (2005) Science 309, 54-56.
5. Simpson, R. D., Toman, M. A. & Ayres, R. U., eds. (2005) Scarcity and Growth Revisited: Natural Resources and the Environment in the New Millenium (Resources for the Future. Washington, DC).
6. Malenbaum, W. (1978) World Demand for Raw Materials in 1985 and 2000 (McGraw-Hill, New York).
7. Lifset, R. J., Gordon, R. B., Graedel, T. E., Spatari, S. & Bertram, M. (2002) J. Mineral. Metals Mater. Soc. 54, 21-26.
8. Ayres, R. U., Ayres, L. W. & Råde, I. (2002) The Life Cycle of Copper, Its Co-Products and By-Products (World Bus. Council Sustain. Dev., Geneva).
9. Spatari, S., Bertram, M., Gordon, R. B., Henderson, K. & Graedel, T. E. (2005) Ecol. Econ. 54, 37-51.
10. Zeltner, C., Bader, H.-P., Scheidegger, R. & Baccini, P. (1999) Reg. Environ. Change 1, 31-46.
11. Cleveland, C. J. & Ruth, M. (1999) J. Ind. Ecol. 2 (3), 15-50.
12. Bringezu, S., Schütz, H., Steger, S. & Baudisch, J. (2004) Ecol. Econ. 51, 97-124.
13. Pinhao, C. M. (1996) Energia e noves materiasis: o caso das firbra oticas (Mestre Prog. Planejamento Energet., Rio de Janiero, Brazil).
14. Wittmer, D., Lichtensteiger, T. & Baccini, P. (2003) in Copper 2003 (Can. Inst. of Mining, Metal., and Petrol., Montreal), pp. 85-101.
15. Jolly, J. H. (1002) Materials Flows of Zinc in the United States 1850-1900, Open File Report 72-92 (U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, DC).
16. van Beers, D. & Graedel, T. E. (2005) J. Cleaner Prod., in press.
17. Sörme, L., Bergbäck, B. & Lohm, U. (2001) Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 1, 197-211.
18. van Beers, D. & Graedel, T. E. (2003) S. Afr. J. Sci. 99, 61-69.
19. U.S. Geological Survey. (2002) 1998 Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States, Circular 1178 (U.S. Geol. Survey, Washington, DC).
20. U.S. Geological Survey. (2002) Mineral Yearbook (U.S. Geol. Survey, Washington, DC).
21. Meyer, F. M. & Grassmann, J. (2003) Erzmetall 56, 349-355.
22. Singer, D. A. (2002) Porphyry Copper Deposits of the World, Open File Report 02-268 (U.S. Geol. Survey, Washington, DC).
23. Schmitz, C. J. (1979) World Non-ferrous Metal Production and Prices, 1700-1976 (Cass, London).
24. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2000) Emission Scenarios (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.).
25. Kelly, T., Buckingham, D., DiFrancesco, C., Porter, K., Goonan, T., Sznopek, J., Berry, C. & Crane, M. (2001) Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the U.S., Open File Report 2001-006 (U.S. Geol. Survey, Washington, DC).
26. Palm, V. & Ostlund, C. (1996) Sci. Total Env. 192, 95-109.
27. Craig, J. R., Vaughan, D. J. & Skinner, B. J. (2001) Resources of the Earth (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).
28. Råde, I. (2001) Dissertation (Chalmers Univ. of Tech., Göteborg, Sweden).
29. Kesler, S. (1994) Mineral Resources, Economics, and the Environment (Macmillan, New York).
30. Subramanian, K. N. & Lee, J. G. (2003) J. Mineral. Metals Mater. Soc. 55 (5), 26-32.
31. Schoenung, J. M., Ogunseitan, O. A., Saphores, J.-D. M. & Shapiro, A. A. (2004) J. Ind. Ecol. 8, 59-85.
32. U.S. Geological Survey. (1996) Commodity Summaries (U.S. Geol. Survey, Washington, DC).
33. Silver Institute and Gold Field Mineral Services (2002) World Silver Survey (Silver Inst. Gold Field Mineral Services, Washington, DC).
34. McLennan, S. M. (2001) Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. 2, Art. no. 2000GC000109.
35. Johnson, J., Jirikowic, J., Bertram, M., van Beers, D., Gordon, R. B., Henderson, K., Klee, R. J., Lanzano, T., Lifset, R., Oetjen, L., et al. (2005) Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 4655-4665.
36. Botkin, D. B., Keller, E. A. (2005) Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet (Wiley-Interscience, New York), 5th ed.
37. Henstock, M. E. (1996) The Recycling of Non-Ferrous Metals (Int. Council Metals Environ., Ottawa).