Finishing nature: Harmonizing bodies and environments in late-nineteenth-century California

Environmental History

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 25-52

  Nash, Linda ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY; HEALTH STATUS; NINETEENTH CENTURY; PERCEPTION;

CALIFORNIA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0037241164     PISSN: 10845453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3985971     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Dane Kennedy, Islands of White: Settler Society and Culture in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1939 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1987), 110.
2. Charles Loring Brace, The New West: or, California in 1867-1868 (New York: G.P. Putnam & Son, 1869), 45.
3. Philip D. Curtin, Death by Migration: Europe's Encounter with the Tropical World in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989);
4. Warwick Anderson, The Cultivation of Whiteness: Science, Health, and Racial Destiny in Australia (Melbourne: University of Melbourne Press, 2002);
5. Mark Harrison, Climates and Constitutions: Health, Race, Environment, and British Imperialism in India, 1600-1850 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999);
6. Alan Bewell, Romanticism and Colonial Disease (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999);
7. Conevery Bolton Valencius, The Health of the Country: How American Settlers Understood Themselves and Their Land (New York: Basic Books, 2002);
8. Conevery Bolton Valencius, "The Geography of Health and the Making of the American West: Arkansas and Missouri, 1800-1860," in Medical Geography in Historical Perspective, Supplement no. 20 of Medical History, ed. Nicolaas A. Rupke (London: Wellcome Trust Center for the History of Medicine, 2000), 121-45.
9. Alfred W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
10. Thomas R. Dunlap, Nature and the English Diaspora: Environment and History in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999),
11. Ian Tyrell, True Gardens of the Gods: Californian-Australian Environmental Reform, 1860-1930 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).
12. Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon, 1985),
13. Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York: Norton, 1987).
14. Carolyn Merchant, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1980).
15. Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment, trans. John Cumming (1944; reprint, New York: Continuum Books, 1972).
16. Richard W. Judd, Common Lands, Common People: The Origins of Conservation in Northern New England (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997),
17. Mark Fiege, Irrigated Eden: The Making of An Agricultural Landscape in the American West (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999).
18. John Charles Frémont, Narrative of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the year 1842, and to Oregon and Northern California in the years 1843-44 (WAshington, D.C.: H. Polkinhorn, 1845)
19. Richard Henry Dana, Two Years Before the Mast; A Personal Narrative of Life at Sea (1842; reprint at Los Angeles: Ward Ritchie Press, 1964):
20. T. Butler King, Report of Hon. T. Butler King, on California (WAshington, D.C.: 1850).
21. John E. Baur, The Health Seekers of Southern California, 1870-1900 (San Marino, Calif.: The Huntington Library, 1959).
22. J. D. B. Stillman, The Gold Rush Letters of J. D. B. Stillman (Palo Alto, Calif.: Lewis Osborne, 1967), 51;
23. Thomas M. Logan, "Letters from California," New York Journal of Medicine 13 (March 1851), 279;
24. William M'Colum, California as I Saw It (1850; reprint, Los Gatos: Talisman Press, 1960), 133:
25. Fourth Biennial Report, for the Years 1876 and 1877 (Sacramento, 1877), 38.
26. Karen Ordahl Kupperman, "FEar of Hot Cli,ates in the Anglo-American Colonial Experience" William and Mary Quarterly 41 (1984), 213-40
27. Joyce Chaplin, Subject Matter: Technology, The Body, and Science on the Anglo-American Frontier, 1500-1676 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001).
28. Erwin H. Ackerknecht, Malaria in the Upper Mississippi Valley, 1760-1900, Supplement no. 4 to the Bulletin of the History of Medicine (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1945).
29. George W. Lawrence, "Report of the Committee on Climatology, etc., of Arkansas," Transactions of the American Medical Association 23 (1872), 399.
30. Benjamin C. Truman, Semi-tropical California (San Francisco: A.L. Bancroft, 1874), 38.
31. Daniel J. Garr, "A Rare and Desolate Land: Population and Race in Hispanic California," Western Historical Quarterly 5 (April 1975), 133-48.
32. Brian Roberts, American Alchemy: The California Gold Rush and Middle-Class Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 119-29.
33. Clarence J. Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), 537-50.
34. Nancy Stepan, "Biological Degeneration: Races and Proper Places," in Degeneration: The Dark Side of Progress, ed. J. Edward Chamberlain and Sander L. Gilman (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985) 97-120;
35. Daniel Pick, Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, c. 1848-1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
36. R. W. C. Farnsworth, ed., A Southern California Paradise (Pasadena, Calif.: R.W.C. Farnsworth, 1883);
37. P. C. Remondino, Longevity and Climate (San Francisco: Woodward & Co., 1890).
38. California Medical Gazette 1 (January 1857), 323;
39. CSBH, First Biennial Report, for the Years 1869 and 1870 (Sacramento, 1871), 2, 60.
40. Henry Gibbons, Sr., "Report on Practical Medicine," Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of California, 1875-76 [6th] (Sacramento, 1876), 29.
41. Thomas M. Logan, "Report on the Medical Topography and Epidemics of California," Transactions of the American Medical Association 16 (1865), 545, 550;
42. CSBH, Second Biennial Report, for the Years 1871, 1872, and 1873 (Sacramento, 1873), 67, 155;
43. E. T. Wilkins, "Insanity in California," Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of California, 1872-1873 [3rd], 144.
44. S. Hittel, Resources of California, 3rd ed. (San Francisco: A Roman and Co., 1867) 368
45. Horatio R. Storer, "Female Hygiene", 6, included in CSBH, First Biennial Report
46. Charles Nordhoff, California for Health, Pleasure, and Residence (New York: Harper, 1882), 166.
47. J.H. Stallard, Female Health and Hygiene on the Pacific Coast (San Francisco: Bonnard & Daly, 1876).
48. James Blake, "On the Climate and Diseases of California", American Journal on the Medical Sciences 24 (1852), 53-64.
49. Rupke, Medical Geography in Historical Perspective;
50. Frank A. Barrett, "Daniel Drake's Medical Geography," Social Science of Medicine 42 (1996), 791-800;
51. Bewell, Romanticism and Colonial Disease, 27-65.
52. M. Nicolson, "Alexander von Humboldt, Humboldtian Science and the Origins of the Study of Vegetation," History of Science 25 (1987), 167-94;
53. Nicolaas A. Rupke, "Humboldtian Medicine," Medical History 40 (1996), 293-310.
54. Thomas M. Logan, "Contributions to the Medical History of California," California Medical Gazette 1 (October 1856), 166-97.
55. CSBH, Third Biennial Report, for the Years 1874 and 1875 (Sacramento, 1875), 14.
56. Transactions of the American Medical Association 23 (1872), 399.
57. "Medical Topography in California," California Medical Gazette 2 (October 1869), 33;
58. "Climate and Disease," Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal 14 (February 1872), 421;
59. J. B. deC. M. Saunders, Humboldtian Physicians in California (Davis: University of California, Davis, 1971).
60. William Gibbons, in Henry Harris, California's Medical Story (San Francisco: J.W. Stacey, 1932), 328.
61. California Surveyor-General, Annual Report 1861-62 (Sacramento, 1862)
62. Thomas M. Logan, "Contributions to the Physics, Hygiene and Thermology of the Sacramento River", Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal 7 (1864), 145-51.
63. J. M. Toner, "Life and Professional Labors of Thomas Muldrup Logan, M.D., of California," Transactions of the Medical Society of State of California [6th] (1875-1876), 136-143;
64. Guy P. Jones, "Thomas M. Logan, M.D., Organizer of California State Board of Health," California's Health 2, 15 March 1945, 129-33.
65. J. P. Widney, "Report of Committee on Medical Topography, Meteorology, Endemics, and Epidemics," Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of California, Session of 1889 [19th], 15-16.
66. Kenneth Thompson, "Insalubrious California: Perception and Reality," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 59 (March 1969), 50-64.
67. James L Tyson, Diary of Physician in California, Being the Results of Actual Experience Including Notes of the Journey by Land and Water, and Observations of the Climate, Soil, Resources of the Country, Etc. (1850; reprint, Oakland, Calif.: Biobooks, 1955), 66.
68. J. D. B. Stillman, "Observations on the Medical Topography and Diseases (especially Diarrhoea) of the Sacramento Valley, California, during the years 1849-50.
69. BL; Thomas Kerr, "An Irishman in the Gold Rush: The Journal of Thomas Kerr", ed. Charles L. Camp, California Historical Society Quarterly 8 (June 1929), 180-82.
70. Thomas M. Logan, "Malarial Fevers and Consumption in California", in CSBH, Third Biennial Report, 117-18.
71. J. Praslow, The State of California: A Medico-Geographical Account (1857; reprint San Francisco: John J. Newbegin, 1939).
72. George H. Derby, "The Topographical Reports of George H. Derby," part 1, ed. Francis P. Farquhar, California Historical Society Quarterly 11 (June 1932), 110;
73. Victor J. Fourgeaud, "Two Fourgeaud Letters," ed. John Francis McDermott, California Historical Society Quarterly 20 (June 1941), 119;
74. Frederick W. Hatch Sixth Anniversary Address before the Sacramento Society for Medical Improvement (San Francisco: Joseph Winterburn & Company), 8
75. BL; Thomas M. Logan, "Report on the Medical Topography and Epidemics of California", Transactions of the American Medical Association 12 (1859), 83, 86.
76. W.P. Gibbons, "Notes on Topography, and on the Distribution of Plants in California," in CSBH, Tenth Biennial Report, 18886-1888 (Sacramento, 1888), 184.
77. James Johnson and James Ranald Martin, The Influence of Tropical Climates on European Constitutions, 6th ed. (New York: Samuel S. and William Wood, 1846), 591.
78. Warwick Anderson, "The Trespass Speaks: White Masculinity and Colonial Breakdown," American Historical Review 102 (December 1997), 1343-70;
79. F. W. Hatch, "On the Climate of the Valley of the Sacramento, California," The New York Journal of Medicine 15 (July 1855), 18.
80. Logan "Letters from California," (March 1851), 282.
81. "What is Malaria?," Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal 14 (November 1871), 283.
82. Settlers' Experience in Kern County, California as Related by Themselves with Advice to Newcomers (Bakersfield, Calif., 1894), 10;
83. CSBH, Ninth Biennial Report, 1884-1886 (Sacramento, 1886), 71.
84. J.H.C. Bonte, "The Northerly Winds of California", California State Agricultural Society, Transactions 1881 (SAcramento, 1881), 201-13.
85. CSBH, Eight Biennial Report, 1882-1883 (Sacramento, 1884), 206
86. George H. Derby, "The Topographical Reports of George H. Derby", part 2, ed. FRancis P. Farquhar, California Historical Society Quarterly 11 (September 1932), 248.
87. H.W. Harkness, "Northers, or North-West Winds of California", Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal 11 (May 1869),, 545-50.
88. Pacific Rural Press (San Francisco), 19 June 1880, 405.
89. U.S. War Department, Reports of Explorations and Surveys, to Ascertain the Most Practible and Economical Route or a Railroad from the Mississipi River to the Pacific Ocean, Made under the Direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853 161.
90. CSBH, Fifth Biennial Report for the Years 1878 and 1879 (Sacramento, 1879), 16.
91. Abbot Kinney, Eucalyptus (Los Angeles: B.R. Baumgardt & Co..., 1895), 132.
92. J. Campshell Shorb, "The Miasmatic Diseases of California", California Medical Gazette 1 (September 1868), 54.
93. CSBH, Sixth Report for the Year Ending June 30, 1880 (Sacramento, 1880), 31;
94. Edward Belcher, Narrative of a Voyage Round the World, Performed in Her Majesty's Ship Sulphur during the Years 1836-1842 (London: Henry Colburn, 1843), 2:123-24.
95. Mary Cone, Two Years in California (Chicago: S.C. Griggs and Co., 1876), 111.
96. California Surveyor-General, Annual Report, 1855-56 (Sacramento, 1856), 240.
97. Washington Ayer, "Topography and Meteorology", Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of California, 1880-1881 [11th] (Sacramento, 1881), 43.
98. Titus Fey Cronise, The Natural Wealth of California (San Francisco: H.H. Bancroft & C., 1868), 384-85.
99. Caroline Hannaway, "Environment and Miasmata," in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (New York: Routledge, 1993), 1:292-308;
100. Margaret Humphreys, Malaria: Poverty, Race, and Public Health in the United States (Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press, 2001), 30-48.
101. John MacCulloch, An Essay on the Remittent and Intermittent Diseases, including, generically Marsh Fever and Neuralgia, (Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1830).
102. Thomas M. Logan, Medical History of the Year 1868, in California (Sacramento: SSMI, 1868), 10.
103. Thomas M. Logan, "On the Climate and Health of Charleston," Southern Literary Journal 2 (July 1836), 348-56.
104. E. R. Dille, "Annual Address Delivered before the Agricultural Society," California State Agricultural Society, Transactions 1883 (Sacramento, 1883), 280.
105. J. P. Widney, "Climatic Changes Which Man is Working in Southern California," The Southern California Practitioner 1 (October 1886), 389-93;
106. Will S. Green, The History of Colusa County, California and the General History of the State (Sacramento: Sacramento Lithograph Co., 1950), viii (reprinted from Hutchings Illustrated California Magazine 1 (April 1857), 493-96).
107. Benjamin Rush, Medical Inquiries and Observations (Philadelphia: T. Dobson, 1797), 2:266.
108. E.R. Dille, "Man's Sovereignty Over Nature," California State Agricultural Society (CSAS) Transactions, 1883 (Sacramento, 1885), 281;
109. Charles A. Miller, Jefferson and Nature: An Interpretation (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), 32.
110. Calvin Brown, "On the Utilization of Water, and its Sources, in California," California Surveyor-General, Annual Report 1861-62 (Sacramento, 1862), 33;
111. Thomas M. Logan, "Letters from California," New York Journal of Medicine 13 (May 1851), 423;
112. W. P. Gibbons, "Report on Indigenous Botany," Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of California, 1878-1879 [9th] (Sacramento, 1879), 140;
113. I. Campbell Shorb, "The Miasmatic Diseases of California," California Medical Gazette 1 (July 1868), 5.
114. Carl Ewald Grunsky, "Irrigation Near Fresno, California," Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, No. 18 (Washington, D.C.: USGS, 1898);
115. Ronald Loren Nye, "Visions of Salt: Salinity and Drainage in the San Joaquin Valley, California, 1870-1970" (Ph.D. diss., University of California at Santa Barbara, 1986), 67-107.
116. The Family Health Annual (Oakland, Calif.: Pacific Press, 1876), 19, BL.
117. J. P. Widney, "Irrigation and Drainage," in CSBH, Seventh Biennial Report, 1880-1881 (Sacramento, 1882), 104;
118. Kenneth Thompson, "Irrigation as a Menace to Health in California," Geographical Review 59 (April 1969), 195-214;
119. M. M. Chipman, "Importance of Forest Preservation and Timber Cultivation," Report of Committee on Medical Topography, Meteorology, Endemics, Etc., Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of California, 1882-1883 [13th] (Sacramento, 1883), 240-81, quotes from 262;
120. M.M. Chipman "Report of the Committee on Medical Topography, Endemics, Etc.", Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of California, 1880-1881 [11th] (Sacramento, 1881), 128-51.
121. Robert Kelley, Gold vs. Grain: California's Hydraulic Mining Controversy (Glendale: Arthur H. Clark and Co., 1959).
122. John Harley Warner, "Medical Sectarianism, Therapeutic Conflict, and the Shaping of Orthodox Professional Identity in Antebellum American Medicine," in Medical Fringe and Medical Orthodoxy, 1750-1850, ed. W.F. Bynum and Roy Porter (London: Croom Helm, 1987), 234-60;
123. John Harley Warner, The Therapeutic Perspective: Medical Practice, Knowledge, and Identity in America, 1820-1885 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986);
124. Naomi Rogers, An Alternative Path: The Making and Remaking of Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Philadelphia (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1998);
125. Susan E. Cayleff, Wash and Be Healed: The Water-Cure Movement and Women's Health (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987).
126. John H. Warner, "'The Nature-Trusting Heresy': American Physicians and the Concept of the Healing Power of Nature in the 1850s and 1860s," Perspectives in American History 11 (1977-78), 295-96.
127. A. B. Nixon, "Random Thoughts on 'Conservative Medicine'," California Medical Gazette 2 (June 1870), 207-8;
128. A. B. Nixon, "Nature in Disease, or Conservative Medicine," Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal 15 (April 1873), 528-35;
129. "The Place of Nature in Therapeutics," Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal 15 (May 1873), 573-92;
130. "The Hot Air Bath in Therapeutics: Sun-Stroke," Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal 11 (September 1868), 174-76;
131. E. Malcolm Morse, "'Conservative Medicine,'" California Medical Gazette 1 (October 1868), 80-83;
132. Kenneth Thompson, "Climatotherapy in California," California Historical Quarterly 50 (1971), 111-30;
133. Kenneth Thompson, "Wilderness and Health in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of Historical Geography 2 (1976), 145-61.
134. Barbara Duden, The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany, trans. Thomas Dunlap (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991);
135. Emily Martin, Flexible Bodies: The Role of Immunity in American Culture from the Days of Polio to the Age of Aids (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994),
136. Robert Kelley, Battling the Inland Sea: American Political Culture, Public Policy, and the Sacramento Valley, 1850-1986 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), esp. 14-15, 125-26;
137. Donald J. Pisani, From the Family Farm to Agribusiness: The Irrigation Crusade in California and the West, 1850-1931 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), esp. 116.
138. Harrison, Climates and Constitutions, as well as Richard H. Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995),
139. Michael L. Smith on California scientists, Pacific Visions: California Scientists and the Environment, 1850-1915 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1987).
140. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982);
141. Christopher Sellers, "Thoreau's Body: Towards an Embodied Environmental History," Environmetal History 4 (October 1999), 486-515.
142. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962)
143. Christopher Sellers, "Body, Place, and the State: The Making of an 'Environmentalist' Imaginary in the Post-World War II U.S.," Radical History Review 74 (1999), 31-64.