Bringing down the mountains: The impact of mountaintop removal surface coal mining on Southern West Virginia communities, 1970-2004

Bringing Down the Mountains: The Impact of Mountaintop Removal on Southern West Virginia Communities

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-214

  Burns, Shirley Stewart ^a  

^a WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84896216257     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (221)

1. Strip-mining collection. Papers. West Virginia and Regional History Collection, A&M 2618. West Virginia University, Morgantown, W V.
2. "Department of Environmental Protection Division of Mining and Reclamation Series 4 Coal Related Dam Safety Rule." West Virginia Code of State Rules. Title 4, Sec. 38.
3. Flood Advisory Technical Task Force. Runof Analyses of Seng, Scrabble, and Sycamore Creeks. Charleston, WV: Division of Environmental Protection, 2002.
4. Musgrave, John C. Valuation of active and reserve coal property for Ad Valorem property tax purposes. Charleston, WV: West Virginia State Tax Department, 2004.
5. Tosun, Mehmet S. "A Comparative Assessment of West Virginia's State Tax System." The West Virginia Public Affairs Reporter, vol. 19, no. 3, summer 2002.
6. West Virginia Bureau of Employment Programs. Employment and Unemployment Data. Charleston, WV: Bureau of Employment Programs, Research, Information and Analysis, 2004.
7. West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water and Waste Management. West Virginia Save Our Streams Advanced Stream Assessment Manual. Charleston, WV: West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, 2004.
8. West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, Watershed Assessment Program, Division of Water Resources. An Ecological Assessment of the Coal River Watershed. Report #OS-OS0009. Charleston, WV: West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, 1997.
9. West Virginia Department of Tax and Revenue and West Virginia Development Office. Analysis and Recommendations for West Virginia Tax Incentives. Charleston, WV: Department of Tax and Revenue, 2002.
10. Appalachian Land Ownership Task Force. Land Ownership Patterns and Their Impacts on Appalachian Communities: A Survey of 80 Counties. Washington, DC: Appalachian Regional Commission, 1981.
11. Aquatic Scientists. Comments to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency on Docket ID OW-2002-0050 reg. the Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) on the Clean Water Act Regulatory Definition of "Waters of the United States." Washington, DC: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2003.
12. Byrd, Robert C., Senate, Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia speaking to the Senate on mountaintop mining. Congressional Record, November 18, 1999.
13. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. Coal Industry Annual Report Data Table, 1995. Washington, DC: Department of Energy, 1995.
14. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. Coal Industry Annual Report Data Table, 2000. Washington, DC: Department of Energy, 2000.
15. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development. EPA Mid-Atlantic Highlands Streams Assessment, Aquatic Insect Assemblages, EPA-903-R-00-015. Corvalis, OR, Philadelphia, PA, Washington, DC: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000.
16. Hofman, Carl. "Mining Fresh Water for Aquaculture." Appalachia Magazine, May-August 2000, http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=918.
17. National Academy of Sciences et al. Coal Waste Impoundments: Risks, Responses, and Alternatives. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 2002.
18. Randall, Alan. Estimating Environmental Damages from Surface Mining of Coal in Appalachia: A Case Study. Cincinnati: Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1978.
19. Shays, Christopher. Press release. Washington, DC: United States Congress, 2003, http://www.house.gov/shays/news/2003/february/febpallone.htm.
20. United States Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. West Virginia Coal Statistics, 1991, 1996-2000, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cnAeaf/ coal/cia/a15p01.txt
21. United States Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Monthly Mined Coal Statistics, 2003, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/coal/ weekly/monthprod2003tot.xls.
22. United States Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Monthly Mined Coal Statistics, 2004, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/coal/ weekly/monthprod2004tot.xls.
23. United States Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration. Average Open Market Sales Price of Coal by State and Mine Type, 2003, 2002, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/acr/table28.html.
24. U. S. Congress. House. Federal Water Pollution Control Act amendment to clarify that fill material cannot be comprised of waste. 108th Cong., H. R. 738. Bill Summary and Status for the 108th Congress. Washington, DC: United States Congress, 2003.
25. U. S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee. Strip Mining and the Flooding in Appalachia: Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, ninetyfifh Congress, first session, July 26, 1977. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1977.
26. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Mid-Atlantic Region, Environmental Assessment and Innovation Division of the Mid-Atlantic Region. Draft Environmental Impact Statement on Mountaintop Mining. Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2003.
27. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The Value of Headwater Streams: Results of a Workshop. State College, PA: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2000.
28. U. S. Geological Survey Water Resources in Kansas. Summary of Significant Floods, 1970 through 1989, by Year, http://ks.water.usgs.gov/Kansas/pubs/ reports/wsp. 2502.sum77.html.
29. U. S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Senate Subcommittee on Clean Air. Hearing to review proposed revisions to the wetlands program of the Clean Water Act with respect to "fill material" and "discharge of fill material", statement of Michael Calaghan, Secretary, West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, 107th Cong., 2d sess., June 6, 2002, http://epw.senate.gov/107th/Callaghan-060602.htm.
30. "Water, sediment, or slurry impoundments and impounding structures." Code of Federal Regulations Title 30, Pt. 77. 216, 2003.
31. Wiley, Jeffrey B., Ronald D. Evaldi, James H. Eychaner, and Douglas B. Chambers. Reconnaissance of Stream Geomorphology, Low Streamfow, and Stream Temperature in the Mountaintop Coal-Mining Region, Southern West Virginia, 1999-2000. Report 01-4092. Charleston, WV: U. S. Department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Mining and Reclamation, Water-Resources Investigations, 2001.
32. Ark Land Company v. Rhonda Gail Harper, Edward A. Caudill, Rose M. Thompson, Edith D. Kitchen, Therman R. Caudill, John A. Caudill, Jr., Tammy Willis, and Lucille M. Miller. West Virginia Supreme Court, 2004.
33. Bragg v. Robertson. U. S. D. C. for the Southern District of West Virginia, Charleston Division, 1998.
34. Bragg v. West Virginia Coal Association. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, 2001.
35. Flood Litigation, No. 31688, Defendant's Supplemental Brief, Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia (August 2, 2004)
36. http://www.state.wv.us/wvsca/clerk/cases/FloodLitigation/ 31688DefendantSupp.pdf.
37. Flood Litigation, No. 31688, Plaintif's Supplemental Brief, Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia (August 3, 2004), http://www.state.wv.us/wvsca/ clerk/cases/FloodLitigation/31688PlaintiffSupp.pdf
38. Kentuckians for the Commonwealth v. Rivenburgh. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, 2003.
39. Kentuckians for the Commonwealth v. Rivenburgh. U. S. D. C. for the Southern District of West Virginia, 2002.
40. Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition et al. v. William Bulen. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, 2003.
41. Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition et al. v. William Bulen. U. S. D. C. for the Southern District of West Virginia, 2004.
42. Ralph Anderson et al. v. Elk Run Coal Company, Inc. Circuit Court of Boone County, West Virginia, 2003.
43. West Virginia Coal Association v. Reilly. U. S. D. C. for the Southern District of West Virginia, 1989.
44. West Virginia Highlands Conservancy v. Norton. U. S. D. C. for the Southern District of West Virginia, Charleston Division, 2001.
45. Logan County Chamber of Commerce. Earl Ray Tomblin Convention Center. Logan, WV: Logan County Chamber of Commerce, http:// logancountychamberofcommerce.com/conventcenter.htm.
46. Mine Impoundment Project. Mine Impoundment Location and Warning System. Wheeling, WV: Robert C. Byrd National Technology Transfer Center and Wheeling Jesuit Center, 2006, http://www.coalimpoundment.com.
47. Mineral Information Institute. Golden, CO: Mineral Information Institute, http://www.mii.org/reclcoal.html.
48. Mining Internet Services, Inc. Lexington, KY: Mining Internet Services, Inc., http://www.miningusa.com/misi/who-is-misi.htm.
49. National Mining Association. Post-Mining Land Use. Washington, DC: National Mining Association, http://www.nma.org/policy/reclamation/land-use- article.asp.
50. Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition. Flyer. Mountaintop Removal Mining Fact Sheet. Huntington, WV: Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition, http://www.ohvec.org/issues/mountaintop-removal/articles/mtr-fact-sheet.pdf.
51. Center for Business and Economic Research, Gatton College of Business and Economics. A Study on the Current Economic Impacts of the Appalachian Coal Industry and its Future in the Region: Final Report. Louisville: University of Kentucky, March 27, 2001.
52. Commission on Religion in Appalachia. Social, Economic, and Political Issues Task Force. Strip Mining in Appalachia: a Social, Economic and Political Issue: a Dialogue-focuser. Knoxville, TN: Commission on Religion in Appalachia, 1970.
53. Eades, Rick. Brushy Fork Slurry Impoundment-A Preliminary Report. Huntington, WV: Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition, 2000.
54. Massey Energy. 2005 Annual Report. Richmond, VA: Massey Energy Company, 2006.
55. Massey Energy. 2003 Annual Report. Richmond, VA: Massey Energy Company, 2004.
56. A Study on the Current Economic Impacts of the Appalachian Coal Industry and its Future in the Region: Final Report. Louisville: Center for Business and Economic Research, Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, March 27, 2001.
57. Surface Mining in West Virginia: The Stanford Report in Perspective, Proceedings of a Symposium Held February 26, 1972, Charleston Civic Center, Charleston, W. Va. Charleston, WV: Mid-Appalachian Environmental Service, 1973.
58. West Virginia People's Election Reform Coalition: Common Cause West Virginia, Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition, West Virginia Citizen Research Group, West Virginia Citizen Action Group. 2000 Election Cycle Report, http://www.wvcag.org/issues/clean-elections/perc2000.pdf.
59. West Virginia People's Election Reform Coalition: Mountain State Education and Research Foundation, Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition, West Virginia Citizen Action Group. 2002 Election Cycle Report, http://www.wvcag.org/ issues/clean-elections/perc2002.pdf.
60. Baratz, Morton. The Union and the Coal Industry. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1955.
61. Battlo, Jean. McDowell County in West Virginia and American History. Parsons, WV: McClain Printing Company, 1998.
62. Blankenship, Paul. From Cabins to Coal Mines: More History, Sketches, Anecdotes, Traditional Stories, Culture, and Families of Oceana and the Clear Fork Valley of Wyoming County, West Virginia. Beckley, WV: Central Printing, 2002.
63. Boone County Genealogical Society. Boone County, West Virginia, History, 1990. Madison, WV: Boone County Genealogical Society, 1990.
64. Bowman, Mary Keller. Reference Book of Wyoming County History. Parsons, WV: McClain Printing Co., 1965.
65. Brisbin, Jr., Richard. A Strike Like No Other Strike: Law and Resistance During the Pittston Coal Strike of 1989-1990. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002
66. Brown, William G. History of Nicholas County, West Virginia. Richwood, WV: The News Leader, 1981.
67. Conley, Phil. History of the West Virginia Coal Industry. Charleston, WV: Education Foundation, 1960.
68. Cook, Samuel R. Monacans and Miners: Native American and Coal Mining Communities in Appalachia. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000.
69. Corbin, David. Life, Work, and Rebellion in the Coal Fields: The Southern West Virginia Miners, 1880-1922. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981.
70. Cuoto, Richard. "The Memory of Miners and the Conscience of Capital: Coal Miners' Strikes as Free Spaces." Fighting Back in Appalachia: Traditions of Resistance and Change. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993.
71. Davis, Donald. Where There Are Mountains: An Environmental History of the Southern Appalachians. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000.
72. Dix, Keith. What's a Coal Miner to Do? The Mechanization of Coal Mining. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988.
73. Domhof, William. Who Rules America: Power and Politics. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002.
74. Dunaway, Wilma. The First American Frontier: Transition to Capitalism in Southern Appalachia, 1700-1860. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
75. Eller, Ronald. Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers: Industrialization of the Appalachian South, 1880-1930. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1982.
76. Evans, Sara and Harry Boyte. Free Space: The Sources of Dramatic Change in America. New York: Harper and Row, 1986.
77. Fayette County Chamber of Commerce. History of Fayette County, West Virginia. Oak Hill, WV: Fayette County Chamber of Commerce, 1993.
78. Fox, Maier B. United We Stand: The United Mine Workers of America, 1890-1990. Washington, DC: United Mine Workers of America, 1990.
79. Freese, Barbara. Coal: A Human History. Cambridge: MA: Perseus Books Group, 2003.
80. Gaventa, John. Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980.
81. Harris, V. B. Great Kanawha: An Historical Outline. Charleston, WV: Kanawha County Court, 1976.
82. Hatcher, Thomas, Geneva Steele, Sandra Long, and Christine Carr McGuire, eds. The Heritage of McDowell County, West Virginia, 1858-1995. War, WV: McDowell County Historical Society, 1995.
83. Judkins, Bennett. "The People's Respirator: Coalition Building and the Black Lung Association. " Fighting Back in Appalachia: Traditions of Resistance and Change. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993.
84. Kephart, Horace. Our Southern Highlanders: A Narrative of Adventure in the Southern Appalachians and a Study of Life among the Mountaineers. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1976.
85. Lee, Howard B. Bloodletting in Appalachia: The Story of West Virginia's Four Major Mine Wars and Other Trilling Incidents of Its Coal Fields. Morgantown: West Virginia University, 1969.
86. Lewis, Ronald L. Transforming the Appalachian Countryside: Railroads, Deforestation, and Social Change in West Virginia, 1880-1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
87. Lewis, Ronald L. and John Hennen. West Virginia: Documents in the History of a Rural-Industrial State. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1991.
88. Lewis, Virgil. History of West Virginia. In Two Parts. Philadelphia: Hubbard Brothers Publishers, 1889.
89. Lunt, Richard D. Law and Order vs. the Miners: WV 1906-1933. Charleston, WV: Appalachian Editions, 1992.
90. Lutz, Paul. From Governor to Cabby: The Political Career and Tragic Death of West Virginia's William Casey Marland, 1950-1965. Huntington, WV: Marshall University Library Associates, 1996.
91. Marland, William C. "Governor William C. Marland Proposes The Severance Tax." West Virginia: Documents in the History of a Rural-Industrial State, eds. Ronald Lewis and John Hennen. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1991.
92. McLean, Iain and Martin Johnes. Aberfan: Government and Disasters. Cardif, Wales: Welsh Academic Press, 2000.
93. Meyers, Robert A., ed. Coal Handbook. New York: M. Dekker, 1981.
94. Miller, Tom. Who Owns West Virginia? Huntington, WV: Herald Adviser and the Herald-Dispatch, 1974.
95. Mofat, Charles H. Ken Hechler: Maverick Public Servant. Charleston, WV: Mountain State Press, 1987.
96. Montrie, Chad. To Save the Land and People: A History of Opposition to Surface Coal Mining in Appalachia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
97. Morris, Homer. The Plight of the Bituminous Coal Miner. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1934.
98. Patton, David R. Wildlife Habitat Relationships in Forested Ecosystems. Portland, OR: Timber Press, 1992.
99. Payne, Neil F. and Fred C. Bryant. Techniques for Wildlife Habitat Management of Uplands. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
100. Rasmussen, Barbara. Absentee Landowning and Exploitation in West Virginia, 1760-1920. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994.
101. Rice, Otis. West Virginia: The State and Its People. Parsons, WV: McClain Printing Company, 1972.
102. Rice, Otis and Stephen Brown. West Virginia: A History. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1993.
103. Salstrom, Paul. Appalachia's Path to Dependency: Rethinking a Region's Economic History, 1730-1940. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994.
104. Session, Jim and Fran Ansley. "Singing Across Dark Spaces: the Union/Community Takeover of Pittston's Moss 3 Plant." Fighting Back in Appalachia: Traditions of Resistance and Change. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993.
105. Shifflett, Crandall. Coal Towns: Life, Work, and Culture in Company Towns of Southern Appalachia, 1880-1960. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991.
106. Shogan, Robert. The Battle of Blair Mountain: The Story of America's Largest Labor Uprising. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004.
107. Smith, Barbara Ellen. Digging Our Own Graves: Coal Miners and the Struggle over Black Lung Disease. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987.
108. Squillace, Mark. Strip Mining Handbook: A Coalfield Citizens' Guide to Using the Law to Fight Back Against the Ravages of Strip Mining and Underground Mining. Washington, DC: Environmental Policy Institute and Friends of the Earth, 1990.
109. Stacks, John F. Stripping. San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1972.
110. Stafford, Thomas F. Afficting the Comfortable: Journalism and Politics in West Virginia. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2005.
111. Stealey, III, John E. The Antebellum Kanawha Salt Business and Western Markets. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1993.
112. Sullivan, Ken, ed. The "Goldenseal" Book of the West Virginia Mine Wars. Charleston, WV: Pictorial Histories Publishing, 1991.
113. The Land Ownership Task Force. Who Owns Appalachia? Landownership and Its Impact. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, 1983.
114. Thurmond, Walter R. Logan Coal Field of West Virginia: A Brief History. Morgantown: West Virginia University Library, 1964.
115. Walls, David S. "Internal Colony or Internal Periphery: A Critique of Current Models and an Alternative Formulation. " Colonialism in Modern America: The Appalachian Case. Boone, NC: Appalachian Consortium Press, 1978.
116. Williams, John Alexander. West Virginia and the Captains of Industry. Morgantown: West Virginia University Library, 1997, reprint edition.
117. Williams, John Alexander. West Virginia: A History. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2001.
118. Woods, Jim. Raleigh County, West Virginia. Beckley, WV: BJW Printing and Office Supplies, 1994.
119. Ammer, Frank. "Population Level Dynamics of Grasshopper Sparrow Populations Breeding on Reclaimed Mountaintop Mines in West Virginia." PhD diss., West Virginia University, 2003.
120. Bailey, Rebecca J. "Matewan Before the Massacre: Politics, Coal, and the Roots of Conflict in Mingo County, 1793-1920." PhD diss., West Virginia University, 2001.
121. Balcerzak, Melissa. "Raptor Abundance and Diversity and Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) Habitat Characteristics on Reclaimed Mountaintop Mines in Southern West Virginia." M. A. thesis, West Virginia University, 2001.
122. Chamblin, Douglass. "Small Mammal Communities on a Reclaimed Mountaintop Mine/Valley Fill Landscape in Southern West Virginia." Master's thesis, West Virginia University, 2002.
123. Hansbarger, Jeff. "Mountaintop Removal Mining: An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Scoping Exercise and Impact Assessment of Mining Activities on Aquatic Resources." Master's thesis, West Virginia University, 2000.
124. Kolli, Shiva. "Analyses of Coal Extraction and Spoil Handling Techniques in Mountainous Areas." Master's thesis, West Virginia University, 2001.
125. Montrie, Chad. "To Save the Land and People: A History of Opposition to Coal Surface Mining in Appalachia." PhD diss., Ohio State University, 2001.
126. Peter, David. "Earnings, Health, Safety, and Welfare of Bituminous Coal Miners Since the Encouragement of Mechanization by the United Mine Workers of America." PhD diss., West Virginia University, 1972.
127. Rakes, Paul. "Acceptable Casualties: Power, Culture, and History in the West Virginia Coalfields, 1900-1945." PhD diss., West Virginia University, 2002.
128. Underwood, Deborah. "The Ascendancy of Surface Mining over Underground Mining in the United States Coal Industy: Efects on and Issues Relevant to the United Mine Workers of America." Master's thesis, University of Montana, 1987.
129. Walls, David S. "Central Appalachia in Advanced Capitalism." PhD diss., University of Kentucky, 1978.
130. Wells, Jr., John Calhoun. "Poverty Amidst Riches: Why People are Poor in Appalachia." PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1977.
131. Crotty, Michael G. "Bragg v. West Virginia Mining Association: The Eleventh Amendment Challenge to Mountaintop Coal Mining." Villanova Environmental Law Journal 13(2002):287-311.
132. Fishback, Price. "Did Coal Miners 'Owe Their Souls to the Company Store'? Theory and Evidence from the Early 1900s", The Journal of Economic History 46(December 1986), 1011-1029.
133. Hammond, Christiadi and George Hammond. "How well did we retain and attract highly educated workers?" West Virginia Business and Economic Review 9(2003):1-6.
134. Hartman, Michael Kaller, John Howell, and John A. Sweka, "How Much Do Valley Fills Influence Headwater Streams?" Hydrobiologia 532(2005):91-102.
135. Munn, Robert. "The First Fifty Years of Strip Mining in West Virginia, 1916-1965." West Virginia History 35(October 1973):66-74.
136. Munn, Robert. "The Development of Model Towns in the Bituminous Coal Fields." West Virginia History 40(Spring 1979):243-253.
137. Rasmussen, Barbara. "The Politics of the Property Tax in West Virginia." Journal of Appalachian Studies 2, no. 1:141-147.
138. Rice, Otis. "Coal Mining in the Kanawha Valley to 1861: A View of Industrialization in the Old South." The Journal of Southern History 31(November 1965):393-416.
139. Skousen, Jeff, Paul Ziemkiewicz, and Christina Venable. "Evaluation of Three Growth on Surface Mined Lands in Southern West Virginia." Morgantown, WV: Agricultural and Natural Resources Development, Extension Service, 1998, http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/landrec/evaltree.htm.
140. First published in Green Lands, Winter 1998.
141. Williams, Ted. "Mountain Madness." Audubon, May/June 2001.
142. American Rivers. Press release. Coal River Listed Among Nation's Most Endangered Rivers. Washington, DC: American Rivers, 2000.
143. Center for Economic Research. Boone County, WV, County Data. Morgantown: West Virginia University, 1991.
144. Center for Economic Research. Fayette County, WV, County Data. Morgantown: West Virginia University, 1991.
145. Center for Economic Research. Kanawha County, WV, County Data. Morgantown: West Virginia University, 1991.
146. Center for Economic Research. Logan County, WV, County Data. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University, 1991.
147. Center for Economic Research. McDowell County, WV, County Data. Morgantown: West Virginia University, 1991.
148. Center for Economic Research. Mingo County, WV, County Data. Morgantown: West Virginia University, 1991.
149. Center for Economic Research. Nicholas County, WV, County Data. Morgantown: West Virginia University, 1991.
150. Coal Operators and Associates, the Kentucky Coal Association, the National Mining Association, the Ohio Coal Association, and the West Virginia Coal Association to John Forren, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Letter, Joint Coal Industry Comments on the Mountaintop Mining/Valley Fill Draf Environmental Impact Statement. Charleston: West Virginia Coal Association, January 6, 2004, http://www.wvcoal.com/resources/pdfs/FinalEIS.pdf.
151. Condon, Chris, Randy Childs, and Leah Bogdan. County Data Profile: Boone County. Morgantown: Bureau of Business and Economic Research, West Virginia University, September 2000.
152. Condon, Chris, Randy Childs, and Leah Bogdan. County Data Profile: Fayette County. Morgantown: Bureau of Business and Economics, West Virginia University, September 2000.
153. Condon, Chris, Randy Childs, and Leah Bogdan. County Data Profile: Kanawha County. Morgantown: Bureau of Business and Economics, West Virginia University, September 2000.
154. Condon, Chris, Randy Childs, and Leah Bogdan. County Data Profile: Logan County. Morgantown: Bureau of Business and Economics, West Virginia University, September 2000.
155. Condon, Chris, Randy Childs, and Leah Bogdan. County Data Profile: McDowell County. Morgantown: Bureau of Business and Economics, West Virginia University, September 2000.
156. Condon, Chris, Randy Childs, and Leah Bogdan. County Data Profile: Mingo County. Morgantown: Bureau of Business and Economics, West Virginia University, September 2000.
157. Condon, Chris, Randy Childs, and Leah Bogdan. County Data Profile: Nicholas County. Morgantown: Bureau of Business and Economics, West Virginia University, September 2000.
158. Condon, Chris, Randy Childs, and Leah Bogdan. County Data Profile: Raleigh County. Morgantown: Bureau of Business and Economics, West Virginia University, September 2000.
159. Condon, Chris, Randy Childs, and Leah Bogdan. County Data Profile: Wyoming County. Morgantown: Bureau of Business and Economics, West Virginia University, September 2000.
160. Kentucky Department for Environmental Protection, Division of Water, Water Quality Branch. A Macroinvertebrate Bioassessment Index for Headwater Streams of the Eastern Coalfield Region, KY. Frankfort: Kentucky Department for Environmental Protection, 2002.
161. Lake, Snell, Perry, and Associates. "New Poll Findings On Mountaintop Removal in West Virginia: Opposition to Mountaintop Removal is Broad and Deep. " Conducted for Appalachian Center for the Economy and the Environment, http://www.appalachian-center.org/poll-results/index.html.
162. Massachusetts Taxpayers Foundation. Massachusetts' Tax Burden Falls to Bottom Tier of States. Boston: Massachusetts Taxpayers Foundation, 2004.
163. Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition. Comments on Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement on Mountaintop Removal Mining/Valley Fill Activities in Appalachia: The Social and Cultural Effects of Mountaintop Removal/Valley Fill Coal Mining. Huntington, WV: Ohio Valley Environmental Association, 2004.
164. Thomas, K. A., Jeffrey Skousen, John Sencindiver, and Jim Gorman. Soil Horizon Development on a Mountaintop Surface Mine in Southern West Virginia. Morgantown: West Virginia University, Agriculture Extension, 2000, http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/landrec/soilhori.htm.
165. Trial Lawyers for Public Justice. Press Release. Citizens' Group and LPJ Sue Federal and State Regulators to Fix West Virginia's Coal Mining Program. Washington, DC: Trial Lawyers for Public Justice, 2000, http://www.tlpj.org/pr/ wv-coal.htm.
166. Vendetti, Jann. Mining: Storing Coal Slurry. American Geological Institute. Alexandria, VA: American Geological Institute, 2004.
167. Ward, Ken. Mining the Mountains series. Charleston (WV) Gazette.
168. West Virginia Coal Association. Coal Education Development and Resource of Southern West Virginia, Inc. (CEDAR). Charleston: West Virginia Coal Association, 2004.
169. West Virginia Coal Association. West Virginia Coal Facts 2001. Charleston: West Virginia Coal Association, 2001.
170. West Virginia Coal Association. West Virginia Coal Facts 2003. Charleston: West Virginia Coal Association, 2003.
171. The Wilderness Society. Press Release. Rahall Wins Ansel Adams Award for Efforts to Protect Nation's Lands. Washington, DC: Wilderness Society, 2004.
172. All Shaken Up, prod. and dir. Bob Gate, Penny Loeb. 32 min., Omni Productions, 1998, videocas
173. Johansen, Kristin, Bobbie Ann Mason, and Mary Ann Taylor-Hall, eds. Missing Mountains: We Went to the Mountaintop but It Wasn't There. Nicholasville, KY: Wind, 2005.
174. Reece, Erik. Lost Mountain: A Year in the Vanishing Wilderness. New York: Riverhead Books, 2006.
175. Abramson, Rudy. "New Coal Isn't Old Coal." The Alicia Patterson Foundation Reporter, 2001, http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF2001/Abramson/ Abramson.html.
176. Abramson, Rudy. "A Judge in Coal Country." The Alicia Patterson Foundation Reporter, 2003, http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF2003/Abramson/ Abramson.html.
177. Anderson, George M. "Of Many Things." America, February 3, 2003.
178. Babich, Phillip. "Dirty Business." Salon, November 13, 2003, http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2003/11/13/slurry-coverup/index-np.html.
179. Bingham, Clara. "Under Mined." Washington Monthly, January/February 2005.
180. Bowe, Rebecca. "In Defense of Mountains." E: The Environmental Magazine, January/February 2006.
181. Chamblin, H. Douglas, Petra Wood, and John Edwards. "Allegheny Woodrat (Neotoma magister) Use of Rock Drainage Channels on Reclaimed Mines in Southern West Virginia." American Midland Naturalist, April 2004.
182. Clarke, Kevin. "And every mountain brought low." U. S. Catholic, September 1999.
183. Gabriel, Margaret. "Appalachian Catholics Tackle Divisive Mining Issue." National Catholic Reporter, July 30, 2004.
184. Galuszka, Peter. "Strip-mining on Steroids." Business Week, Novebmer 17, 1997.
185. Goodell, Jeff. "You fight for what you've got, even if it it's only worth a dime." O, July 2006.
186. Hattam, Jennifer. "Dethroning King Coal." Sierra, November/December 2003.
187. Kiger, Patrick J. "Unnatural Wonders." Mother Jones, July/August 2006.
188. Loeb, Penny. "Shear Madness." U. S. News and World Report, August 11, 1997.
189. Loeb, Penny. "Coal activists stir up dust in West Virginia." U. S. News and World Report, October 13, 1997.
190. Mitchell, John G. "When Mountains Move." National Geographic, March 2006.
191. Nichols, John. "A Novelist Runs for Governor." Progressive, November 2000.
192. Paulson, Amanda. "In Coal Country, Heat Rises Over Latest Method of Mining." Christian Science Monitor, January 3, 2006.
193. Reece, Erik. "Death of a Mountain. " Harper's, April 2005.
194. Reece, Erik. "Moving Mountains: The Battle for Justice Comes to the Coalfields of Appalachia." Orion, January/February 2006.
195. Shnayerson, Michael. "The Rape of Appalachia", Vanity Fair, May 2006.
196. Sleight-Brennan, Sandra. "Appalachia's Vanishing Mountains." Contemporary Review, October 2002.
197. Vollers, Maryanne. "Razing Appalachia." Mother Jones, July/August 1999.
198. Ward, Ken. "Mountaintop Removal." IRE Journal, July/August 2001.
199. Ward, Jr., Ken. "Using Documents to Report on Mountaintop Mining." Nieman Reports, summer 2004.
200. Warren, Carol E. "Power Down in Solidarity With All Creation. " National Catholic Reporter, February 12, 1999.
201. Williams, Scott. "Mine Wars." Christian Century, May 31, 2005.
202. Wood, Petra, Scott Bosworth, and Randy Dettmers. "Cerulean Warbler Abundance and Occurrence Relative to Large-Scale Edge and Habitat Characteristics." Condor, February 2006.
203. Black Diamonds, prod. and dir. Catherine Pancake, 90 min, Bullfrog Films, 2005.
204. Bufalo Creek Revisited, dir. Mimi Pickering, 31 min., Appalshop, 1984.
205. Coal Bucket Outlaw, dir. Tom Hansell, 26.40 min., Appalshop, 2002.
206. Razing Appalachia, dir. Sasha Waters, 54 min., Bullfrog Films, 2003.
207. Sludge, dir. Robert Salyers, Appalshop, 2005.
208. The Bufalo Creek Flood: An Act of Man, dir. Mimi Pickering, 40 min., Appalshop, 1975.
209. The Mountain Mourning Collection, http://www.christiansforthemountains. org/Titles-MountainMourning.htm.
210. Appalachian Voices, http://www.appvoices.org, http://www.ilovemountains. org.
211. Christians for the Mountains, http://www.christiansforthemountains.org.
212. Coal River Mountain Watch, http://webpages.charter.net/crmw/.
213. Kentuckians for the Commonwealth, http://www.kfc.org.
214. Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition, http://www.ohvec.org.
215. Save Our Cumberland Mountains, http://www.socm.org.
216. Sierra Club, http://www.sierraclub.org.
217. SouthWings, http://www.southwings.org.
218. Tending the Commons: Folklife and Landscape in Southern West Virginia, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/tending/.
219. West Virginia Coalfield Communities, http://www.wvcoalfield.com.
220. West Virginia Highlands Conservancy, http://www.wvhighlands.org.
221. West Virginia Rivers Coalition, http://www.wvrivers.org.