The Peptidic Middle Molecules: Is Molecular Weight Doing the Trick?

Seminars in Nephrology

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 118-134

  Chmielewski, Michal ^a   Cohen, Gerald ^b   Wiecek, Andrzej ^c   Jesús Carrero, Juan ^d  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF GDANSK   (Poland)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^c MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SILESIA   (Poland)

^d KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Chronic kidney disease; Middle molecules; Uremic toxicity

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTOKINE; ADIPONECTIN; ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; AMINO TERMINAL PRO BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BETA 2 MICROGLOBULIN; CHOLECYSTOKININ; COMPLEMENT FACTOR D; CYSTATIN C; ENDOTHELIN 1; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 23; GHRELIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEPTIN; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; NICOTINAMIDE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PENTRAXIN 3; PEPTIDE YY; PEPTIDIC MIDDLE MOLECULE; PROLACTIN; RESISTIN; RETINOL BINDING PROTEIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UREMIC TOXIN; INTERLEUKIN DERIVATIVE;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; END STAGE RENAL DISEASE; HUMAN; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REVIEW; THERAPY EFFECT; ANIMAL; PHYSIOLOGY; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC;

ADIPOKINES; ANIMALS; HUMANS; INTERLEUKINS; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; RETINOL-BINDING PROTEINS;

EID: 84899054768     PISSN: 02709295     EISSN: 15584488     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2014.02.005     Document Type: Review

References (183)

1. Chmielewski M., Heimburger O., Stenvinkel P., Lindholm B. Uremic toxicity. Nutritional management of renal disease 2013, 49-77. Elsevier Inc. 3rd ed. J.D. Kopple, S.G. Massry, K. Kalantar-Zadeh (Eds.).
2. Tenckhoff H., Curtis F.K. Experience with maintenance peritoneal dialysis in the home. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1970, 16:90-95.
3. Jebsen R.H., Tenckhoff H., Honet J.C. Natural history of uremic polyneuropathy and effects of dialysis. N Engl J Med 1967, 277:327-333.
4. Babb A.L., Popovich R.P., Christopher T.G., Scribner B.H. The genesis of the square meter-hour hypothesis. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1971, 17:81-91.
5. Vanholder R., De Smet R., Glorieux G., Argiles A., Baurmeister U., Brunet P., et al. Review on uremic toxins: classification, concentration, and interindividual variability. Kidney Int. 2003, 63:1934-1943.
6. Vanholder R., Van Laecke S., Glorieux G. What is new in uremic toxicity?. Pediatr Nephrol 2008, 23:1211-1221.
7. Meijers B., Glorieux G., Bakker S. Non-extracorporeal methods for decreasing uremic solute concentration: a future way to go?. Sem Nephrol 2013.
8. Ward R., Eloot S., Ledebo I. Extracorporeal removal of uremic toxins: can we still do better?. Sem Nephrol 2013.
9. Masereeuw R., Löwenstein J., Toyohara T., Sparreboom A., Sweet D., Mutsaers R. The kidney and uremic toxin removal: glomerulus or tubulus?. Sem Nephrol 2013.
10. Stenvinkel P. Adiponectin in chronic kidney disease: a complex and context sensitive clinical situation. J Ren Nutr 2011, 21:82-86.
11. Park S.H., Carrero J.J., Lindholm B., Stenvinkel P. Adiponectin in chronic kidney disease has an opposite impact on protein-energy wasting and cardiovascular risk: two sides of the same coin. Clin Nephrol 2009, 72:87-96.
12. Adamczak M., Szotowska M., Chudek J., Karkoszka H., Cierpka L., Wiecek A. Plasma adiponectin concentration in patients after successful kidney transplantation--a single-center, observational study. Clin Nephrol 2007, 67:381-390.
13. Yilmaz M.I., Saglam M., Carrero J.J., Qureshi A.R., Caglar K., Eyileten T., et al. Normalization of endothelial dysfunction following renal transplantation is accompanied by a reduction of circulating visfatin/NAMPT. A novel marker of endothelial damage?. Clin Transplant 2009, 23:241-248.
14. Duranton F., Cohen G., De Smet R., Rodriguez M., Jankowski J., Vanholder R., et al. Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012, 23:1258-1270.
15. Iwashima Y., Horio T., Kumada M., Suzuki Y., Kihara S., Rakugi H., et al. Adiponectin and renal function, and implication as a risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2006, 98:1603-1608.
16. Axelsson J., Rashid Qureshi A., Suliman M.E., Honda H., Pecoits-Filho R., Heimburger O., et al. Truncal fat mass as a contributor to inflammation in end-stage renal disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80:1222-1229.
17. Lim P.S., Chen S.L., Wu M.Y., Hu C.Y., Wu T.K. Association of plasma adiponectin levels with oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients. Blood Purif 2007, 25:362-369.
18. Yu Z.Z., Ni Z.H., Gu L.Y., Lin A.W., Fang W., Yao Q., et al. Adiponectin is related to carotid artery plaque and a predictor of cardiovascular outcome in a cohort of non-diabetic peritoneal dialysis patients. Blood Purif 2008, 26:386-393.
19. Yilmaz M.I., Saglam M., Qureshi A.R., Carrero J.J., Caglar K., Eyileten T., et al. Endothelial dysfunction in type-2 diabetics with early diabetic nephropathy is associated with low circulating adiponectin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008, 23:1621-1627.
20. Jia T., Carrero J.J., Lindholm B., Stenvinkel P. The complex role of adiponectin in chronic kidney disease. Biochimie 2012, 94:2150-2156.
21. Zoccali C., Postorino M., Marino C., Pizzini P., Cutrupi S., Tripepi G. Waist circumference modifies the relationship between the adipose tissue cytokines leptin and adiponectin and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in haemodialysis patients. J Intern Med 2011, 269:172-181.
22. Jorsal A., Tarnow L., Frystyk J., Lajer M., Flyvbjerg A., Parving H.H., et al. Serum adiponectin predicts all-cause mortality and end stage renal disease in patients with type I diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2008, 74:649-654.
23. Drechsler C., Krane V., Winkler K., Dekker F.W., Wanner C. Changes in adiponectin and the risk of sudden death, stroke, myocardial infarction, and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2009, 76:567-575.
24. Heimburger O., Lonnqvist F., Danielsson A., Nordenstrom J., Stenvinkel P. Serum immunoreactive leptin concentration and its relation to the body fat content in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997, 8:1423-1430.
25. Teta D., Maillard M., Halabi G., Burnier M. The leptin/adiponectin ratio: potential implications for peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int Suppl 2008, 108:S112-S118.
26. Dagogo-Jack S., Ovalle F., Landt M., Gearing B., Coyne D.W. Hyperleptinemia in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1998, 18:34-40.
27. Mak R.H., Cheung W., Cone R.D., Marks D.L. Leptin and inflammation-associated cachexia in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2006, 69:794-797.
28. Rodriguez-Carmona A., Perez Fontan M., Cordido F., Garcia Falcon T., Garcia-Buela J. Hyperleptinemia is not correlated with markers of protein malnutrition in chronic renal failure. A cross-sectional study in predialysis, peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients. Nephron 2000, 86:274-280.
29. Zoccali C., Mallamaci F. Adiponectin and leptin in chronic kidney disease: causal factors or mere risk markers?. J Ren Nutr 2011, 21:87-91.
30. Schneiderman J., Simon A.J., Schroeter M.R., Flugelman M.Y., Konstantinides S., Schaefer K. Leptin receptor is elevated in carotid plaques from neurologically symptomatic patients and positively correlated with augmented macrophage density. J Vasc Surg 2008, 48:1146-1155.
31. Shan J., Nguyen T.B., Totary-Jain H., Dansky H., Marx S.O., Marks A.R. Leptin-enhanced neointimal hyperplasia is reduced by mTOR and PI3K inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008, 105:19006-19011.
32. Knudson J.D., Payne G.A., Borbouse L., Tune J.D. Leptin and mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2008, 10:434-439.
33. Carrero J.J., Cordeiro A.C., Lindholm B., Stenvinkel P. The emerging pleiotrophic role of adipokines in the uremic phenotype. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010, 19:37-42.
34. Korner A., Garten A., Bluher M., Tauscher R., Kratzsch J., Kiess W. Molecular characteristics of serum visfatin and differential detection by immunoassays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:4783-4791.
35. Yilmaz M.I., Saglam M., Carrero J.J., Qureshi A.R., Caglar K., Eyileten T., et al. Serum visfatin concentration and endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008, 23:959-965.
36. Nusken K.D., Petrasch M., Rauh M., Stohr W., Nusken E., Schneider H., et al. Active visfatin is elevated in serum of maintenance haemodialysis patients and correlates inversely with circulating HDL cholesterol. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009, 24:2832-2838.
37. Carrero J.J., Witasp A., Stenvinkel P., Qureshi A.R., Heimburger O., Barany P., et al. Visfatin is increased in chronic kidney disease patients with poor appetite and correlates negatively with fasting serum amino acids and triglyceride levels. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010, 25:901-906.
38. Dahl T.B., Yndestad A., Skjelland M., Oie E., Dahl A., Michelsen A., et al. Increased expression of visfatin in macrophages of human unstable carotid and coronary atherosclerosis: possible role in inflammation and plaque destabilization. Circulation 2007, 115:972-980.
39. Liu S.W., Qiao S.B., Yuan J.S., Liu D.Q. Association of plasma visfatin levels with inflammation, atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in humans. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009, 71:202-207.
40. Cohen G., Horl W.H. Resistin as a cardiovascular and atherosclerotic risk factor and uremic toxin. Semin Dial 2009, 22:373-377.
41. Cohen G., Ilic D., Raupachova J., Horl W.H. Resistin inhibits essential functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Immunol 2008, 181:3761-3768.
42. Axelsson J., Bergsten A., Qureshi A.R., Heimburger O., Barany P., Lonnqvist F., et al. Elevated resistin levels in chronic kidney disease are associated with decreased glomerular filtration rate and inflammation, but not with insulin resistance. Kidney Int 2006, 69:596-604.
43. Taskapan M.C., Taskapan H., Sahin I., Keskin L., Atmaca H., Ozyalin F. Serum leptin, resistin, and lipid levels in patients with end stage renal failure with regard to dialysis modality. Ren Fail 2007, 29:147-154.
44. Burnett M.S., Lee C.W., Kinnaird T.D., Stabile E., Durrani S., Dullum M.K., et al. The potential role of resistin in atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2005, 182:241-248.
45. Pilz S., Weihrauch G., Seelhorst U., Wellnitz B., Winkelmann B.R., Boehm B.O., et al. Implications of resistin plasma levels in subjects undergoing coronary angiography. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007, 66:380-386.
46. Chung W., Jung E.S., Shin D., Choi S.H., Jung J.Y., Chang J.H., et al. Low resistin level is associated with poor hospitalization-free survival in hemodialysis patients. J Korean Med Sci 2012, 27:377-381.
47. Thornalley P.J., Rabbani N. Highlights and hotspots of protein glycation in end-stage renal disease. Semin Dial 2009, 22:400-404.
48. Suliman M.E., Heimburger O., Barany P., Anderstam B., Pecoits-Filho R., Rodriguez Ayala E., et al. Plasma pentosidine is associated with inflammation and malnutrition in end-stage renal disease patients starting on dialysis therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14:1614-1622.
49. Rodriguez-Ayala E., Anderstam B., Suliman M.E., Seeberger A., Heimburger O., Lindholm B., et al. Enhanced RAGE-mediated NFkappaB stimulation in inflamed hemodialysis patients. Atherosclerosis 2005, 180:333-340.
50. Nakashima A., Carrero J.J., Qureshi A.R., Miyamoto T., Anderstam B., Barany P., et al. Effect of circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) and the proinflammatory RAGE ligand (EN-RAGE, S100A12) on mortality in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010, 5:2213-2219.
51. Mallipattu S.K., He J.C., Uribarri J. Role of advanced glycation endproducts and potential therapeutic interventions in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 2012, 25:529-538.
52. Carrero J.J. Identification of patients with eating disorders: clinical and biochemical signs of appetite loss in dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 2009, 19:10-15.
53. Carrero J.J., Aguilera A., Stenvinkel P., Gil F., Selgas R., Lindholm B. Appetite disorders in uremia. J Ren Nutr 2008, 18:107-113.
54. Carrero J.J. Mechanisms of altered regulation of food intake in chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr 2011, 21:7-11.
55. Anderstam B., Mamoun A.H., Sodersten P., Bergstrom J. Middle-sized molecule fractions isolated from uremic ultrafiltrate and normal urine inhibit ingestive behavior in the rat. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996, 7:2453-2460.
56. Burrowes J.D., Larive B., Cockram D.B., Dwyer J., Kusek J.W., McLeroy S., et al. Effects of dietary intake, appetite, and eating habits on dialysis and non-dialysis treatment days in hemodialysis patients: cross-sectional results from the HEMO study. J Ren Nutr 2003, 13:191-198.
57. Suneja M., Murry D.J., Stokes J.B., Lim V.S. Hormonal regulation of energy-protein homeostasis in hemodialysis patients: an anorexigenic profile that may predispose to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Am J Physiol 2011, 300:E55-E64.
58. Perez-Fontan M., Cordido F., Rodriguez-Carmona A., Penin M., Diaz-Cambre H., Lopez-Muniz A., et al. Short-term regulation of peptide YY secretion by a mixed meal or peritoneal glucose-based dialysate in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008, 23:3696-3703.
59. Wright M., Woodrow G., O'Brien S., Armstrong E., King N., Dye L., et al. Cholecystokinin and leptin: their influence upon the eating behaviour and nutrient intake of dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004, 19:133-140.
60. Perez-Fontan M., Cordido F., Rodriguez-Carmona A., Garcia-Naveiro R., Isidro M.L., Villaverde P., et al. Acute plasma ghrelin and leptin responses to oral feeding or intraperitoneal hypertonic glucose-based dialysate in patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 2005, 68:2877-2885.
61. Rodriguez Ayala E., Pecoits-Filho R., Heimburger O., Lindholm B., Nordfors L., Stenvinkel P. Associations between plasma ghrelin levels and body composition in end-stage renal disease: a longitudinal study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004, 19:421-426.
62. Buscher A.K., Buscher R., Hauffa B.P., Hoyer P.F. Alterations in appetite-regulating hormones influence protein-energy wasting in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2010, 25:2295-2301.
63. Yoshimoto A., Mori K., Sugawara A., Mukoyama M., Yahata K., Suganami T., et al. Plasma ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin concentrations in renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, 13:2748-2752.
64. Carrero J.J., Nakashima A., Qureshi A.R., Lindholm B., Heimburger O., Barany P., et al. Protein-energy wasting modifies the association of ghrelin with inflammation, leptin, and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2011, 79:749-756.
65. Asakawa A., Inui A., Fujimiya M., Sakamaki R., Shinfuku N., Ueta Y., et al. Stomach regulates energy balance via acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin. Gut 2005, 54:18-24.
66. Muscaritoli M., Molfino A., Chiappini M.G., Laviano A., Ammann T., Spinsanti P., et al. Anorexia in hemodialysis patients: the possible role of des-acyl ghrelin. Am J Nephrol 2007, 27:360-365.
67. Zoccali C., Mallamaci F., Tripepi G., Benedetto F.A., Parlongo S., Cutrupi S., et al. Prospective study of neuropeptide y as an adverse cardiovascular risk factor in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14:2611-2617.
68. Aguilera A., Codoceo R., Selgas R., Garcia P., Picornell M., Diaz C., et al. Anorexigen (TNF-alpha, cholecystokinin) and orexigen (neuropeptide Y) plasma levels in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients: their relationship with nutritional parameters. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998, 13:1476-1483.
69. Deshmukh S., Phillips B.G., O'Dorisio T., Flanigan M.J., Lim V.S. Hormonal responses to fasting and refeeding in chronic renal failure patients. Am J Physiol 2005, 288:E47-E55.
70. Mark P.B., Stewart G.A., Gansevoort R.T., Petrie C.J., McDonagh T.A., Dargie H.J., et al. Diagnostic potential of circulating natriuretic peptides in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006, 21:402-410.
71. Paniagua R., Amato D., Mujais S., Vonesh E., Ramos A., Correa-Rotter R., et al. Predictive value of brain natriuretic peptides in patients on peritoneal dialysis: results from the ADEMEX trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008, 3:407-415.
72. Mishra R.K., Li Y., Ricardo A.C., Yang W., Keane M., Cuevas M., et al. Association of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide with left ventricular structure and function in chronic kidney disease (from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort [CRIC]). Am J Cardiol 2013, 111:432-438.
73. Vincent C., Revillard J.P. Beta-2-microglobulin and HLA-related glycoproteins in human urine and serum. Contrib Nephrol 1981, 26:66-88.
74. McCarthy J.T., Williams A.W., Johnson W.J. Serum beta 2-microglobulin concentration in dialysis patients: importance of intrinsic renal function. J Lab Clin Med 1994, 123:495-505.
75. Liabeuf S., Lenglet A., Desjardins L., Neirynck N., Glorieux G., Lemke H.D., et al. Plasma beta-2 microglobulin is associated with cardiovascular disease in uremic patients. Kidney Int 2012, 82:1297-1303.
76. Neirynck N., Eloot S., Glorieux G., Barreto D.V., Barreto F.C., Liabeuf S., et al. Estimated glomerular filtration rate is a poor predictor of the concentration of middle molecular weight uremic solutes in chronic kidney disease. PLoS One 2012, 7:e44201.
77. Gejyo F., Homma N., Suzuki Y., Arakawa M. Serum levels of beta 2-microglobulin as a new form of amyloid protein in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 1986, 314:585-586.
78. Corlin D.B., Heegaard N.H. beta(2)-microglobulin amyloidosis. Subcell Biochem 2012, 65:517-540.
79. Hodkinson J.P., Radford S.E., Ashcroft A.E. The role of conformational flexibility in beta2-microglobulin amyloid fibril formation at neutral pH. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2012, 26:1783-1792.
80. Porter M.Y., Routledge K.E., Radford S.E., Hewitt E.W. Characterization of the response of primary cells relevant to dialysis-related amyloidosis to beta2-microglobulin monomer and fibrils. PLoS One 2011, 6:e27353.
81. Pavone B., Bucci S., Sirolli V., Merlini G., Del Boccio P., Di Rienzo M., et al. Beta2-microglobulin causes abnormal phosphatidylserine exposure in human red blood cells. Mol Biosyst 2011, 7:651-658.
82. Mourad G., Argiles A. Renal transplantation relieves the symptoms but does not reverse beta 2-microglobulin amyloidosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996, 7:798-804.
83. Vanholder R., Eloot S., Van Biesen W. Do we need new indicators of dialysis adequacy based on middle-molecule removal?. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2008, 4:174-175.
84. Cheung A.K., Rocco M.V., Yan G., Leypoldt J.K., Levin N.W., Greene T., et al. Serum beta-2 microglobulin levels predict mortality in dialysis patients: results of the HEMO study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006, 17:546-555.
85. Kuragano T., Kida A., Furuta M., Nanami M., Otaki Y., Hasuike Y., et al. The impact of beta2-microglobulin clearance on the risk factors of cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients. ASAIO J. 2010, 56:326-332.
86. Neirynck N., Glorieux G., Boelaert J., Schepers E., Liabeuf S., Dhondt A., et al. Uremia-related oxidative stress in leukocytes is not triggered by beta2-microglobulin. J Ren Nutr 2013, 23:456-463.
87. Cheung C.L., Lam K.S., Cheung B.M. Serum beta-2 microglobulin predicts mortality in people with diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2013, 169:1-7.
88. Raikou V.D., Tentolouris N., Kyriaki D., Evaggelatou A., Tzanatou H. Beta2-microglobulin, pulse pressure and metabolic alterations in hemodialysis patients. Nephron Clin Pract 2011, 117:c237-c245.
89. Oppermann M., Kurts C., Zierz R., Quentin E., Weber M.H., Gotze O. Elevated plasma levels of the immunosuppressive complement fragment Ba in renal failure. Kidney Int 1991, 40:939-947.
90. Deppisch R.M., Beck W., Goehl H., Ritz E. Complement components as uremic toxins and their potential role as mediators of microinflammation. Kidney Int Suppl 2001, 78:S271-S277.
91. Dupont M., Wu Y., Hazen S.L., Tang W.H. Cystatin C identifies patients with stable chronic heart failure at increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events. Circ Heart Fail 2012, 5:602-609.
92. Shin M.J., Song S.H., Kwak I.S., Lee S.B., Lee D.W., Seong E.Y., et al. Serum cystatin C as a predictor for cardiovascular events in end-stage renal disease patients at the initiation of dialysis. Clin Exp Nephrol 2012, 16:456-463.
93. Menon V., Shlipak M.G., Wang X., Coresh J., Greene T., Stevens L., et al. Cystatin C as a risk factor for outcomes in chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med 2007, 147:19-27.
94. Dhaun N., Goddard J., Webb D.J. Endothelin antagonism in patients with nondiabetic chronic kidney disease. Contrib Nephrol 2011, 172:243-254.
95. Dhaun N., MacIntyre I.M., Kerr D., Melville V., Johnston N.R., Haughie S., et al. Selective endothelin-A receptor antagonism reduces proteinuria, blood pressure, and arterial stiffness in chronic proteinuric kidney disease. Hypertension 2011, 57:772-779.
96. Dhaun N., Melville V., Blackwell S., Talwar D.K., Johnston N.R., Goddard J., et al. Endothelin-A receptor antagonism modifies cardiovascular risk factors in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013, 24:31-36.
97. Nakano T., Matsui M., Inoue I., Awata T., Katayama S., Murakoshi T. Free immunoglobulin light chain: its biology and implications in diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2011, 412:843-849.
98. Hannam-Harris A.C., Gordon J., Smith J.L. Immunoglobulin synthesis by neoplastic B lymphocytes: free light chain synthesis as a marker of B cell differentiation. J Immunol 1980, 125:2177-2181.
99. Bradwell A.R. Serum free light chain measurements move to center stage. Clin Chem 2005, 51:805-807.
100. Bradwell A.R., Carr-Smith H.D., Mead G.P., Tang L.X., Showell P.J., Drayson M.T., et al. Highly sensitive, automated immunoassay for immunoglobulin free light chains in serum and urine. Clin Chem 2001, 47:673-680.
101. Wochner R.D., Strober W., Waldmann T.A. The role of the kidney in the catabolism of Bence Jones proteins and immunoglobulin fragments. J Exp Med 1967, 126:207-221.
102. Christensen E.I., Birn H. Megalin and cubilin: synergistic endocytic receptors in renal proximal tubule. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001, 280:F562-F573.
103. Maack T., Johnson V., Kau S.T., Figueiredo J., Sigulem D. Renal filtration, transport, and metabolism of low-molecular-weight proteins: a review. Kidney Int. 1979, 16:251-270.
104. Hutchison C.A., Harding S., Hewins P., Mead G.P., Townsend J., Bradwell A.R., et al. Quantitative assessment of serum and urinary polyclonal free light chains in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008, 3:1684-1690.
105. Cohen G., Rudnicki M., Schmaldienst S., Horl W.H. Effect of dialysis on serum/plasma levels of free immunoglobulin light chains in end-stage renal disease patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002, 17:879-883.
106. Pozzi C., Locatelli F. Kidney and liver involvement in monoclonal light chain disorders. Semin Nephrol 2002, 22:319-330.
107. Poshusta T.L., Sikkink L.A., Leung N., Clark R.J., Dispenzieri A., Ramirez-Alvarado M. Mutations in specific structural regions of immunoglobulin light chains are associated with free light chain levels in patients with AL amyloidosis. PLoS One 2009, 4:e5169.
108. Kagimoto T., Nakakuma H., Hata H., Hidaka M., Horikawa K., Kawaguti T., et al. Differential glycosylation of Bence Jones protein and kidney impairment in patients with plasma cell dyscrasia. J Lab Clin Med 1997, 129:217-223.
109. Omtvedt L.A., Bailey D., Renouf D.V., Davies M.J., Paramonov N.A., Haavik S., et al. Glycosylation of immunoglobulin light chains associated with amyloidosis. Amyloid 2000, 7:227-244.
110. Deret S., Chomilier J., Huang D.B., Preud'homme J.L., Stevens F.J., Aucouturier P. Molecular modeling of immunoglobulin light chains implicates hydrophobic residues in non-amyloid light chain deposition disease. Protein Eng 1997, 10:1191-1197.
111. Sanders P.W. Light chain-mediated tubulopathies. Contrib Nephrol. 2011, 169:262-269.
112. Hutchison C.A., Batuman V., Behrens J., Bridoux F., Sirac C., Dispenzieri A., et al. The pathogenesis and diagnosis of acute kidney injury in multiple myeloma. Nat Rev Nephrol 2011, 8:43-51.
113. Cohen G., Haag-Weber M., Mai B., Deicher R., Horl W.H. Effect of immunoglobulin light chains from hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients on polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995, 6:1592-1599.
114. Cohen G., Rudnicki M., Deicher R., Hörl W.H. Immunoglobulin light chains modulate polymorphonuclear leucocyte apoptosis. Eur J Clin Invest 2003, 33:669-676.
115. Redegeld F.A., van der Heijden M.W., Kool M., Heijdra B.M., Garssen J., Kraneveld A.D., et al. Immunoglobulin-free light chains elicit immediate hypersensitivity-like responses. Nat Med 2002, 8:694-701.
116. Barreto D.V., Barreto F.C., Liabeuf S., Temmar M., Lemke H.D., Tribouilloy C., et al. Plasma interleukin-6 is independently associated with mortality in both hemodialysis and pre-dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2010, 77:550-556.
117. Witasp A., Carrero J.J., Heimburger O., Lindholm B., Hammarqvist F., Stenvinkel P., et al. Increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes in abdominal subcutaneous fat in advanced chronic kidney disease patients. J Intern Med 2011, 269:410-419.
118. Stenvinkel P., Ketteler M., Johnson R.J., Lindholm B., Pecoits-Filho R., Riella M., et al. IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-alpha: central factors in the altered cytokine network of uremia--the good, the bad, and the ugly. Kidney Int 2005, 67:1216-1233.
119. Carrero J.J., Stenvinkel P. Inflammation in end-stage renal disease--what have we learned in 10 years?. Semin Dial 2010, 23:498-509.
120. Caglar K., Peng Y., Pupim L.B., Flakoll P.J., Levenhagen D., Hakim R.M., et al. Inflammatory signals associated with hemodialysis. Kidney Int 2002, 62:1408-1416.
121. Takahashi T., Kubota M., Nakamura T., Ebihara I., Koide H. Interleukin-6 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients undergoing hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Ren Fail 2000, 22:345-354.
122. Huber S.A., Sakkinen P., Conze D., Hardin N., Tracy R. Interleukin-6 exacerbates early atherosclerosis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999, 19:2364-2367.
123. Stenvinkel P., Heimburger O., Jogestrand T. Elevated interleukin-6 predicts progressive carotid artery atherosclerosis in dialysis patients: association with Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 39:274-282.
124. Stompor T., Rajzer M., Sulowicz W., Dembinska-Kiec A., Janda K., Kawecka-Jaszcz K., et al. An association between aortic pulse wave velocity, blood pressure and chronic inflammation in ESRD patients on peritoneal dialysis. Int J Artif Organs 2003, 26:188-195.
125. Raj D.S. Role of interleukin-6 in the anemia of chronic disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2009, 38:382-388.
126. Schieffer B., Schieffer E., Hilfiker-Kleiner D., Hilfiker A., Kovanen P.T., Kaartinen M., et al. Expression of angiotensin II and interleukin 6 in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques: potential implications for inflammation and plaque instability. Circulation 2000, 101:1372-1378.
127. Rao M., Guo D., Perianayagam M.C., Tighiouart H., Jaber B.L., Pereira B.J., et al. Plasma interleukin-6 predicts cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2005, 45:324-333.
128. Honda H., Qureshi A.R., Heimburger O., Barany P., Wang K., Pecoits-Filho R., et al. Serum albumin, C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and fetuin a as predictors of malnutrition, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in patients with ESRD. Am J Kidney Dis 2006, 47:139-148.
129. Pecoits-Filho R., Barany P., Lindholm B., Heimburger O., Stenvinkel P. Interleukin-6 is an independent predictor of mortality in patients starting dialysis treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002, 17:1684-1688.
130. Meuwese C.L., Snaedal S., Halbesma N., Stenvinkel P., Dekker F.W., Qureshi A.R., et al. Trimestral variations of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha are similarly associated with survival in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011, 26:1313-1318.
131. Carrero J.J., Stenvinkel P., Cuppari L., Ikizler T.A., Kalantar-Zadeh K., Kaysen G., et al. Etiology of the protein-energy wasting syndrome in chronic kidney disease: a consensus statement from the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM). J Ren Nutr 2013, 23:77-90.
132. Carrero J.J., Park S.H., Axelsson J., Lindholm B., Stenvinkel P. Cytokines, atherogenesis, and hypercatabolism in chronic kidney disease: a dreadful triad. Semin Dial 2009, 22:381-386.
133. Carrero J.J., Qureshi A.R., Axelsson J., Avesani C.M., Suliman M.E., Kato S., et al. Comparison of nutritional and inflammatory markers in dialysis patients with reduced appetite. Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 85:695-701.
134. Bemelmans M.H., Gouma D.J., Buurman W.A. Influence of nephrectomy on tumor necrosis factor clearance in a murine model. J Immunol 1993, 150:2007-2017.
135. Descamps-Latscha B., Herbelin A., Nguyen A.T., Roux-Lombard P., Zingraff J., Moynot A., et al. Balance between IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and their specific inhibitors in chronic renal failure and maintenance dialysis. Relationships with activation markers of T cells, B cells, and monocytes. J Immunol 1995, 154:882-892.
136. Stenvinkel P., Heimburger O., Paultre F., Diczfalusy U., Wang T., Berglund L., et al. Strong association between malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1999, 55:1899-1911.
137. Kimmel P.L., Phillips T.M., Simmens S.J., Peterson R.A., Weihs K.L., Alleyne S., et al. Immunologic function and survival in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1998, 54:236-244.
138. Wang P., Ba Z.F., Chaudry I.H. Administration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vivo depresses endothelium-dependent relaxation. Am J Physiol 1994, 266:H2535-H2541.
139. Mitch W.E., Du J., Bailey J.L., Price S.R. Mechanisms causing muscle proteolysis in uremia: the influence of insulin and cytokines. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1999, 25:216-219.
140. Grunfeld C., Zhao C., Fuller J., Pollack A., Moser A., Friedman J., et al. Endotoxin and cytokines induce expression of leptin, the ob gene product, in hamsters. J Clin Invest 1996, 97:2152-2157.
141. Yeh S.S., Schuster M.W. Geriatric cachexia: the role of cytokines. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 70:183-197.
142. Maruyama Y., Stenvinkel P., Lindholm B. Role of interleukin-1beta in the development of malnutrition in chronic renal failure patients. Blood Purif 2005, 23:275-281.
143. Gangemi S., Mallamace A., Minciullo P.L., Santoro D., Merendino R.A., Savica V., et al. Involvement of interleukin-18 in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Am J Nephrol 2002, 22:417-421.
144. Jefferis B.J., Papacosta O., Owen C.G., Wannamethee S.G., Humphries S.E., Woodward M., et al. Interleukin 18 and coronary heart disease: prospective study and systematic review. Atherosclerosis 2011, 217:227-233.
145. Chiang C.K., Hsu S.P., Pai M.F., Peng Y.S., Ho T.I., Liu S.H., et al. Interleukin-18 is a strong predictor of hospitalization in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004, 19:2810-2815.
146. Morita Y., Yamamura M., Kashihara N., Makino H. Increased production of interleukin-10 and inflammatory cytokines in blood monocytes of hemodialysis patients. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1997, 98:19-33.
147. Brunet P., Capo C., Dellacasagrande J., Thirion X., Mege J.L., Berland Y. IL-10 synthesis and secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998, 13:1745-1751.
148. Girndt M., Kaul H., Sester U., Ulrich C., Sester M., Georg T., et al. Anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 genotype protects dialysis patients from cardiovascular events. Kidney Int 2002, 62:949-955.
149. Rodriguez M., Lorenzo V. Parathyroid hormone, a uremic toxin. Semin Dial 2009, 22:363-368.
150. Komaba H., Fukagawa M. The role of FGF23 in CKD--with or without Klotho. Nat Rev Nephrol 2012, 8:484-490.
151. Ketteler M., Rodriguez M., Evenepoel P. The bone and uremia: is it phosphate, parathyroid hormone, FGF-23, KLOTHO or something else?. Sem Nephrol 2013.
152. Speeckaert M.M., Speeckaert R., Carrero J.J., Vanholder R., Delanghe J.R. Biology of human pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in acute and chronic kidney disease. J Clin Immunol 2013, 33:881-890.
153. Yilmaz M.I., Sonmez A., Ortiz A., Saglam M., Kilic S., Eyileten T., et al. Soluble TWEAK and PTX3 in nondialysis CKD patients: impact on endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011, 6:785-792.
154. Suliman M.E., Yilmaz M.I., Carrero J.J., Qureshi A.R., Saglam M., Ipcioglu O.M., et al. Novel links between the long pentraxin 3, endothelial dysfunction, and albuminuria in early and advanced chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008, 3:976-985.
155. Tong M., Carrero J.J., Qureshi A.R., Anderstam B., Heimburger O., Barany P., et al. Plasma pentraxin 3 in patients with chronic kidney disease: associations with renal function, protein-energy wasting, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007, 2:889-897.
156. Suliman M.E., Qureshi A.R., Carrero J.J., Barany P., Yilmaz M.I., Snaedal-Jonsdottir S., et al. The long pentraxin PTX-3 in prevalent hemodialysis patients: associations with comorbidities and mortality. QJM 2008, 101:397-405.
157. Yilmaz M.I., Axelsson J., Sonmez A., Carrero J.J., Saglam M., Eyileten T., et al. Effect of renin angiotensin system blockade on pentraxin 3 levels in type-2 diabetic patients with proteinuria. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009, 4:535-541.
158. Yilmaz M.I., Carrero J.J., Martin-Ventura J.L., Sonmez A., Saglam M., Celik T., et al. Combined therapy with renin-angiotensin system and calcium channel blockers in type 2 diabetic hypertensive patients with proteinuria: effects on soluble TWEAK, PTX3, and flow-mediated dilation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010, 5:1174-1181.
159. Witasp A., Ryden M., Carrero J.J., Qureshi A.R., Nordfors L., Naslund E., et al. Elevated circulating levels and tissue expression of pentraxin 3 in uremia: a reflection of endothelial dysfunction. PLoS One 2013, 8:e63493.
160. Norata G.D., Marchesi P., Pulakazhi Venu V.K., Pasqualini F., Anselmo A., Moalli F., et al. Deficiency of the long pentraxin PTX3 promotes vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2009, 120:699-708.
161. Miyamoto T., Rashid Qureshi A., Heimburger O., Barany P., Carrero K., Sjoberg B., et al. Inverse relationship between the inflammatory marker pentraxin-3, fat body mass, and abdominal obesity in end-stage renal disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011, 6:2785-2791.
162. Hou S.H., Grossman S., Molitch M.E. Hyperprolactinemia in patients with renal insufficiency and chronic renal failure requiring hemodialysis or chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1985, 6:245-249.
163. Cowden E.A., Ratcliffe W.A., Ratcliffe J.G., Dobbie J.W., Kennedy A.C. Hyperprolactinaemia in renal disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1978, 9:241-248.
164. Yavuz D., Topcu G., Ozener C., Akalin S., Sirikci O. Macroprolactin does not contribute to elevated levels of prolactin in patients on renal replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005, 63:520-524.
165. Carrero J.J., Kyriazis J., Sonmez A., Tzanakis I., Qureshi A.R., Stenvinkel P., et al. Prolactin levels, endothelial dysfunction, and the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012, 7:207-215.
166. Lim V.S., Kathpalia S.C., Frohman L.A. Hyperprolactinemia and impaired pituitary response to suppression and stimulation in chronic renal failure: reversal after transplantation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979, 48:101-107.
167. Peces R., Horcajada C., Lopez-Novoa J.M., Frutos M.A., Casado S., Hernando L. Hyperprolactinemia in chronic renal failure: impaired responsiveness to stimulation and suppression. Normalization after transplantation. Nephron 1981, 28:11-16.
168. Bommer J., Ritz E., del Pozo E., Bommer G. Improved sexual function in male haemodialysis patients on bromocriptine. Lancet 1979, 2:496-497.
169. Schaefer R.M., Kokot F., Wernze H., Geiger H., Heidland A. Improved sexual function in hemodialysis patients on recombinant erythropoietin: a possible role for prolactin. Clin Nephrol 1989, 31:1-5.
170. Noy N. Retinoid-binding proteins: mediators of retinoid action. Biochem J. 2000, 348:481-495.
171. Rask L., Anundi H., Bohme J., Eriksson U., Fredriksson A., Nilsson S.F., et al. The retinol-binding protein. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1980, 154:45-61.
172. Kabanda A., Jadoul M., Pochet J.M., Lauwerys R., van Ypersele de Strihou C., Bernard A. Determinants of the serum concentrations of low molecular weight proteins in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Kidney Int 1994, 45:1689-1696.
173. Stein G., Schone S., Geinitz D., Abendroth K., Kokot F., Funfstuck R., et al. No tissue level abnormality of vitamin A concentration despite elevated serum vitamin A of uremic patients. Clin Nephrol 1986, 25:87-93.
174. Smith F.R., Goodman D.S. The effects of diseases of the liver, thyroid, and kidneys on the transport of vitamin A in human plasma. J Clin Invest 1971, 50:2426-2436.
175. Donadio C., Lucchesi A., Ardini M., Giordani R. Cystatin C, beta2-microglobulin, and retinol-binding protein as indicators of glomerular filtration rate: comparison with plasma creatinine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001, 24:835-842.
176. Vannucchi M.T., Vannucchi H., Humphreys M. Serum levels of vitamin A and retinol binding protein in chronic renal patients treated by continuous ambulatorial peritoneal dialysis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1992, 62:107-112.
177. Bankson D.D., Rifai N., Silverman L.M. Serum retinol-binding protein and creatinine in onset of and recovery from acute renal failure. Clin Chem 1987, 33:1942.
178. Cohen G., Hörl W.H. Retinol binding protein isolated from acute renal failure patients inhibits polymorphonuclear leucocyte functions. Eur J Clin Invest 2004, 34:774-781.
179. Chen C.H., Hsieh T.J., Lin K.D., Lin H.Y., Lee M.Y., Hung W.W., et al. Increased unbound retinol-binding protein 4 concentration induces apoptosis through receptor-mediated signaling. J Biol Chem 2012, 287:9694-9707.
180. Axelsson J., O'Byrne S.M., Blaner W.S., Carrero J.J., Bruchfeld A., Heimburger O., et al. Serum retinol-binding protein concentration and its association with components of the uremic metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5. Am J Nephrol 2008, 29:447-453.
181. Bobbert T., Raila J., Schwarz F., Mai K., Henze A., Pfeiffer A.F., et al. Relation between retinol, retinol-binding protein 4, transthyretin and carotid intima media thickness. Atherosclerosis 2010, 213:549-551.
182. Lin C.J., Chu N.F., Hung Y.J., Chang J.B., He C.T., Hsiao F.C., et al. The association of retinol-binding protein 4 with metabolic syndrome and obesity in adolescents: the effects of gender and sex hormones. Clin Pediatr 2013, 52:16-23.
183. von Eynatten M., Lepper P.M., Liu D., Lang K., Baumann M., Nawroth P.P., et al. Retinol-binding protein 4 is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome, but not with insulin resistance, in men with type 2 diabetes or coronary artery disease. Diabetologia 2007, 50:1930-1937.