DSM-5 ASD moves forward into the past

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Volumn 44, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 321-330

  Tsai, Luke Y ^a   Ghaziuddin, Mohammad ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Asperger's disorder; Autism spectrum disorder; Autistic disorder; DSM 5; Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

Indexed keywords

COPPER; METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLIC ACID; ZINC;

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; ASPERGER SYNDROME; AUTISM; BIRTH DEFECT; CARBON METABOLISM; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMMUNICATION SKILL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COPPER BLOOD LEVEL; DNA POLYMORPHISM; DSM-5; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; HUMAN; INDEPENDENT LIVING; INTELLECTUAL IMPAIRMENT; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED; PREDICTIVE VALIDITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; SOCIAL ADAPTATION; STEREOTYPY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VERBAL BEHAVIOR; ZINC BLOOD LEVEL; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; MALE;

ASPERGER SYNDROME; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE;

EID: 84899048599     PISSN: 01623257     EISSN: 15733432     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1870-3     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Allen, D. A., Steinberg, M., Dunn, M., Fein, D., Feinstein, C., Waterhouse, L., et al. (2001). Autistic disorder versus other pervasive developmental disorders in young children: Same or different? European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 10, 67-78. (Pubitemid 32268273)
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3, Revised ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
6. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4, Text revision ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
7. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
8. Anderson, D. K., Oti, R. S., Catherine Lord, C., & Welch, K. (2009). Patterns of growth in adaptive social abilities among children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 1019-1034.
9. Asperger, H. (1944/1991). Die autistischen psychopathen im kindesalter. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 117:76-136,
10. 1944, "Autistic psychopathy" in childhood. Translated and annotated by U. Frith. In U. Frith (Ed.), Autism and Asperger syndrome (pp. 37-92). New York: Cambridge University Press.
11. Asperger, H. (1979). Problems of infantile autism. Communication, 13, 45-52. (Lecture given at Fribourg, Switzerland on March 13, 1977).
12. Balconi, M., Simona Amenta, S., & Ferrari, C. (2012). Emotional decoding in facial expression, scripts and videos: A comparison between normal, autistic and Asperger children. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 193-203.
13. Bleuler E. (1911) Dementia Praecox Oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien (J. Zinkin, Trans.). New York: International Universities Press, 1950.
14. Boccuto, L., Lauri, M., Sarasua, S. M., Skinner, C. D., Buccella, D., Dwivedi, A., et al. (2013). Prevalence of SHANK3 variants in patients with different subtypes of autism spectrum disorders. European Journal of Human Genetics: EJHG, 21, 310-316.
15. Cederlund, M., Hagberg, B., Billstedt, E., Gillberg, C., & Gillberg, C. (2008). Asperger syndrome and autism: A comparative longitudinal follow-up study more than 5 years after original diagnosis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 72-85.
16. Charman, T., & Gotham, K. (2013). Measurement issues: Screening and diagnostic instruments from autism spectrum disorderslessons from research and practise. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 18(1), 52-64. doi:10.1111/j.1475- 3588.2012.0064.x.
17. Charman, T., Pickles, A., Simonoff, E., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2011). IQ in children with autism spectrum disorders: Data from the special needs and autism project (SNAP). Psychological Medicine, 41, 619-627.
18. Clarke, D. E., Narrow, W. E., Regier, D. A., Kuramoto, S. J., Kupfer, D. J., Kuhl, E. A., et al. (2013). DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, part I: study design, sampling strategy, implementation, and analytic approaches. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 43-58.
19. Cohen, R. L. (1997). Jean Itard: Pioneer in the treatment of "pervasive developmental disabilities." American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry News, July-August, 12 & 19.
20. Creak, M., Cameron, K., Cowie, V., et al. (1961). Schizophrenic syndrome in childhood. BMJ, 2, 889-890.
21. Dager, S. R., Wang, L., Friedman, S. D., Shaw, D. W., Constantino, J. N., Artru, A. A., et al. (2007). Shape mapping of the hippocampus in young children with autism spectrum disorder. AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 28, 672-677. (Pubitemid 46608605)
22. Dawson, S., Glasson, E. J., Dixon, G., & Bower, C. (2009). Birth defects in children with autism spectrum disorders: A population-based, nested case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 169, 1296-1303.
23. de Bruin, E. I., Verheij, F., & Ferdinand, R. F. (2006). WISC-R Subtest But No Overall VIQ-PIQ Difference in Dutch children with PDD-NOS. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 263-271. (Pubitemid 43854253)
24. Despert, J. L. (1951). Some considerations relating to the genesis of autistic behavior in children. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 21, 335-350.
25. Eisenberg, L., & Kanner, L. (1956). Early infantile autism 1943-1955. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 26, 556-566.
26. Endo, T., Shioiri, T., Kitamura, H., Kimura, T., Endo, S., Masuzawa, N., et al. (2007). Altered chemical metabolites in the amygdala-hippocampus region contribute to autistic symptoms of autism spectrum disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 1030-1037. (Pubitemid 47562375)
27. Fodstad, J. C., Matson, J. L., Hess, J., & Neal, D. (2009). Social and communication behaviours in infants and toddlers with autism and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 12, 152-157.
28. Ghanizadeh, A. (2011). Can tactile sensory processing differentiate between children with autistic disorder and asperger's disorder? Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience, 8, 25-30.
29. Ghaziuddin, M. (2010). Brief report: Should the DSM V drop asperger syndrome? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 1146-1148.
30. Ghaziuddin, M., & Butler, E. (1998). Clumsiness in autism and Asperger syndrome: A further report. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 43-48. (Pubitemid 28349724)
31. Gillberg, C. (1987). Autistic syndrome in Rett syndrome: The first two years according to mother reports. Brain & Development, 9, 499-501.
32. Hallahan, B., Daly, E. M., McAlonan, G., Loth, E., Toal, F., O'Brien, F., et al. (2009). Brain morphometry volume in autistic spectrum disorder: A magnetic resonance imaging study of adults. Psychological Medicine, 39, 337-346.
33. Happé, F. (2011). Editorial-criteria, categories, and continua: Autism and related disorders in DSM-5. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 6, 540-542.
34. Horovitz, M., Matson, J. L., Rieske, R. D., Kozlowski, A. M., & Sipes, M. (2011). The relationship between race and challenging behaviours in infants and toddlers with autistic disorder and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 14, 208-214.
35. Howlin, P. (2003). Outcome in high-functioning adults with Autism and without early language delays: Implications for differentiation between Autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 3-13.
36. Itard, J. M. S. (1962). The Wild Boy of Aveyron. New York: Appleton-Century-Crafts. (G. Humphrey & M. Humphrey Trans.).
37. Juul-Dam, N., Townsend, J., & Courchesne, E. (2001). Prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal factors in autism, pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified, and the general population. Pediatrics, 107, E63.
38. Kaland, N. (2011). Brief report: Should Asperger syndrome be excluded from the forthcoming DSM-V? Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5, 984-989.
39. Kanai, C., Tani, M., Hashimoto, R., Yamada, T., Ota, H., Watanabe, H., et al. (2012). Cognitive profiles of adults with Asperger's disorder, high-functioning autism, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified based on the WAIS-III. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 58-64.
40. Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217-250.
41. Kenneth, D., Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., Pomeroy, J., & Azizian, A. (2004). Psychiatric symptoms in preschool children with PDD and clinic and comparison samples. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 379-393. (Pubitemid 39127714)
42. Kjellmer, L., Hedvall, Å., Holm, A., Fernell, E., Gillberg, C., & Norrelgen, F. (2012). Language comprehension in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders without intellectual disability: Use of the Reynell Developmental Language Scales. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6, 1119-1125.
43. Kugler, K. (1998). The differentiation between Autism and Asperger syndrome. Autism, 2, 11-32.
44. Larsen, F. W., & Mouridsen, S. E. (1997). The outcome in children with childhood autism and Asperger syndrome originally diagnosed as psychotic. A 30-year follow-up study of subjects hospitalized as children. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 6, 181-190. (Pubitemid 28027164)
45. Leventhal, B. (2012). Lumpers and splitters: Who Knows? Who Cares? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 6-7.
46. Lord, C., Petkova, E., Hus, V., et al. (2012). A multisite study of the clinical diagnosis of different autism spectrum disorders. Archive of General Psychiatry, 69, 306-313.
47. Lotspeich, L. J., Kwon, H., Schumann, C. M., Fryer, S. L., Goodlin-Jones, B. L., Buonocore, M. H., et al. (2004). Investigation of neuroanatomical differences between Autism and Asperger Syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 291-298. (Pubitemid 38295831)
48. Macintosh, K. E., & Dissanayake, C. (2004). Annotation: The similarities and differences between autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder: a review of the empirical evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 421-434. (Pubitemid 38380121)
49. Malson, L. (1972). Wolf children and the problem of human nature. New York, NY: Monthly Review Press.
50. Mandy, W., Charman, T., Gilmour, J., & Skuse, D. (2011). Toward specifying pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. Autism Research, 4, 121-131.
51. Matson, J. L., Dempsey, T., & Fodstad, J. C. (2009a). The effect of Autism spectrum disorders on adaptive independent living skills in adults with severe intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 1203-1211.
52. Matson, J. L., Dempsey, T., & Fodstad, J. C. (2009b). Stereotypies and repetitive/restrictive behaviours in infants with autism and pervasive developmental disorder. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 12, 122-127.
53. Matson, J. L., Dempsey, T., Lovullo, S. V., & Wilkins, J. (2008). The effects of intellectual functioning on the range of core symptoms of autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29, 341-350. (Pubitemid 351766783)
54. Matson, J. L., Mahan, S., Kozlowski, A. M., & Shoemaker, M. (2010). Developmental milestones in toddlers with autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified and atypical development. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 13, 239-247.
55. Matson, J. L., & Rivet, T. T. (2008). Characteristics of challenging behaviours in adults with autistic disorder, PDD-NOS, and intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 33, 323-329.
56. Matson, J. L., & Wilkins, J. (2008). Nosology and diagnosis of Asperger's syndrome. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2, 288-300. (Pubitemid 351598070)
57. Mordre, M., Groholt, B., Knudsen, A. K., Sponheim, E., Mykletun, A., & Myhre, A. M. (2012). Is long-term prognosis for pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified different from prognosis for autistic disorder? Findings from a 30-year followup study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 920-928.
58. Mori, K., Ujiie, T., Smith, A., & Howlin, P. (2009). Parental stress associated with caring for children with Asperger's syndrome or autism. Pediatrics International, 51, 364-370.
59. Muñnoz-Yunta, J. A., Ortiz, T., Palau-Baduell, M., Martín-Muñoz, L., Salvadó-Salvadó, B., Valls-Santasusana, A., et al. (2008). Magnetoencephalographic pattern of epileptiform activity in children with early-onset autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Neurophysiology, 119, 626-634.
60. Myer, J. A., & Minshew, N. J. (2002). An update on neurocognitive profile in Asperger syndrome and high-function autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 17, 152-160.
61. Njardvik, U., Matson, J. L., & Cherry, K. E. (1999). A comparison of social skills in adults with autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, and mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 287-295. (Pubitemid 29400357)
62. Nordahl, C. W., Dierker, D., Mostafavi, I., Schumann, C. M., Rivera, S. M., Amaral, D. G., et al. (2007). Cortical folding abnormalities in autism revealed by surface-based morphometry. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 11725-11735. (Pubitemid 350006915)
63. Ornitz, E. M., & Ritvo, E. R. (1968). Perceptual inconstancy in early infantile autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 18, 76-98.
64. Paşca, S. P., Dronca, E., Kaucsár, T., Craciun, E. C., Endreffy, E., Ferencz, B. K., et al. (2009). One carbon metabolism disturbances and the C677T MTHFR gene polymorphism in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 13, 4229-4238.
65. Pearson, D. A., Loveland, K. A., Lachar, D., Lane, D. M., Reddoch, S. L., Mansour, R., et al. (2006). A comparison of behavioral and emotional functioning in children and adolescents with autistic disorder and PDD-NOS. Child Neuropsychology, 12, 321-333. (Pubitemid 44266812)
66. Ramberg, C., Ehlers, S., Nydén, A., Johansson, M., & Gillberg, C. (1996). Language and pragmatic functions in school-age children on the autism spectrum. European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 31, 387-414. (Pubitemid 27046861)
67. Rimland, B. (1964). Infantile autism. The syndrome and its implications for a neural theory of behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.
68. Rinehart, N. J., Bradshaw, J. L., Brereton, A. V., & Tonge, B. J. (2002). A clinical and neurobehavioral review of high-functioning autism and Asperger's disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 762-770. (Pubitemid 35469735)
69. Ritvo, E. R. (2012). Postponing the proposed changes in DSM 5 for autistic spectrum disorder until new scientific evidence adequately supports them. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42, 2021-2022.
70. Robins, E., & Guze, S. B. (1970). Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: Its application to schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 983-987.
71. Rondeau, E., Klein, L. S., Masse, A., Bodeau, N., Cohen, D., & Guilé, J. M. (2011). Is pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified less stable than autistic disorder? A meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 1267-1276.
72. Russo, A. J., & Robert DeVito, R. (2011). Analysis of copper and zinc plasma concentration and the efficacy of zinc therapy in individuals with Asperger's syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and autism. Biomarker Insights, 6, 127-133.
73. Rutter, M. (1968). Concepts of autism: A review of research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9, 1-25.
74. Rutter, M. (1978). Diagnosis and definition of childhood autism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 139-161.
75. Rutter, M. (1985). Infantile autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. In M. Rutter & L. Hersov (Eds.), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (pp. 545-566). London: Blackwell.
76. Rutter, M. (2011). Child psychiatric diagnosis and classification: concepts, findings, challenges and potential. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(6), 647-660. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.
77. Sanders, J. L. (2009). Qualitative or quantitative difference between Asperger's disorder and autism? Historical considerations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1560-1567.
78. Schain, R. J., & Yannet, H. (1960). Infantile autism: An analysis of 50 cases and a consideration of certain relevant neurophysiologic concepts. Journal of Pediatric, 57, 560-567.
79. Schumann, C. S., Hamstra, J., Goodlin-Jones, B. L., Lotspeich, L. J., Kwon, H., Buonocore, M. H., et al. (2004). The Amygdala is enlarged in children but not adolescents with autism; the hippocampus is enlarged at all ages. The Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 6392-6401. (Pubitemid 38944230)
80. Scott, J. A., Schumann, C. M., Goodlin-Jones, B. L., & Amaral, D. G. (2009). A comprehensive volumetric analysis of the cerebellum in children and adolescents with Autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 2, 246-257.
81. Snow, A. V., & Lecavalier, L. (2011). Comparing autism, PDD-NOS, and other developmental disabilities on parent-reported behavior problems: Little evidence for ASD subtype validity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 302-310.
82. Ssucharewa, G. E., & Woll, S. (1996). The first account of the syndrome Asperger described? Translation of a paper entitled "Die Schizoiden Psychopathien im Kindesalter" by Dr. G.E. Ssucharewa; scientific assistant, which appeared in 1926 in the Monatsschrift fur Psychiatrie und Neurologie 60:235-261. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 5, 119-132.
83. Swedo, S. E., Baird, G., Cook, E. H., et al. (2012). Commentary from the DSM-5 Workgroup on neurodevelopmental disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 347-349.
84. Takeda, T., Koyama, T., & Kurita, H. (2007). Comparison of developmental/intellectual changes between autistic disorder and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified in preschool years. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 61, 684-686. (Pubitemid 350233497)
85. Toal, F., Daly, E. M., Page, L., Deeley, Q., Hallahan, B., Bloemen, O., et al. (2010). Clinical and anatomical heterogeneity in autistic spectrum disorder: A structural MRI study. Psychological Medicine, 40, 1171-1181.
86. Tsai, L. Y. (1992). High-functioning autistic disorder: Diagnostic issue. In E. Schopler & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), High functioning individuals with autism (pp. 11-40). New York: Plenum.
87. Tsai, L. Y. (2012). Editorial: Sensitivity and specificity: DSM-IV versus DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 1009-1011.
88. Tsai, L. Y. (2013). Asperger's disorder will be back. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1839-2.
89. Tsatsanis, K. D. (2005). Neuropsychological characteristics in autism and related conditions. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (3rd ed., pp. 365-381). Wiley: New Jersey.
90. Uher, R., & Rutter, M. (2012). Basing psychiatric classification on scientific foundation: Problems and Prospects. International Review of Psychiatry, 24, 591-605.
91. US Department of Health and Human Services. (1980). International classification of diseases, 9th revision, clinical modification. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.
92. Van Krevelen, D. A. (1952). Early infantile autism. Acta Paedopsychiatria, 91, 81-97.
93. Van Krevelen, D. A. (1971). Early infantile autism and autistic psychopathy. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1, 82-86.
94. Verté, S., Geurts, H. M., Roeyers, H., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2006a). Executive functioning in children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder: Can we differentiate within the spectrum? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 351-372. (Pubitemid 43828660)
95. Verté, S., Geurts, H. M., Roeyers, H., Rosseel, Y., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2006b). Can the children's communication checklist differentiate autism spectrum subtypes? Autism, 10, 266-287.
96. Visser, J. C., Rommelse, N., Vink, L., Schrieken, M., Oosterling, I. J., van der Gaag, R. J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2012). Narrowly versus broadly defined Autism Spectrum Disorders: Differences in preand perinatal risk factors. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, published online October 18. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1678-6.
97. Volkmar, F. R., Kline, A., Siegel, B., et al. (1994). Field trial for autistic disorder in DSM-IV. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1361-1367.
98. Volkmar, F. R., Lord, C., Bailey, A., Schultz, R. T., & Klin, A. (2004). Autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 135-170. (Pubitemid 38196258)
99. Volkmar, F. R., State, M., & Klin, A. (2009). Autism and autism spectrum disorders: Diagnostic issues for the coming decade. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 108-115.
100. Walker, D. R., Thompson, A., Zwaigenbaum, L., Goldberg, J., Bryson, S. E., Mahoney, W. J., et al. (2004). Specifying PDDNOS: A comparison of PDD-NOS, Asperger syndrome, and autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 172-180.
101. Weisbrot, D. M., Gadow, K. D., DeVincent, C. J., & Pomeroy, J. (2005). The presentation of anxiety in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15, 477-496. (Pubitemid 41192833)
102. Wilkins, J., & Matson, J. L. (2009). A comparison of social skills profiles in intellectually disabled adults with and without ASD. Behavior Modification, 33, 143-155.
103. Wing, J. K. (1976a). Kanner's syndrome: A historical introduction. In L. Wing (Ed.), Early childhood autism (2nd ed., pp. 3-14). Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.
104. Wing, L. (1976b). Diagnosis, clinical description and prognosis. In L. Wing (Ed.), Early Childhood Autism (pp. 15-64). Oxford, UK: Pergamon.
105. Wing, L. (1981). Asperger's syndrome: A clinical account. Psychological Medicine, 11, 115-129.
106. Wing, L., & Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9, 11-29. (Pubitemid 10004661)
107. Wing, L., Gould, J., & Gillberg, C. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders in the DSM-V: Better or worse than the DSM-IV? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32, 768-773.
108. Witwer, A. N., & Lecavalier, L. (2008). Examining the validity of autism spectrum disorder subtypes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1611-1624.
109. World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.
110. World Health Organization. (2012). ICD 11 Beta Draft: Autism spectrum disorders and related disorders. http://id.who.int/icd/entity/523143960.