Videogames as therapy: A review of the medical and psychological literature

Handbook of Research on ICTs and Management Systems for Improving Efficiency in Healthcare and Social Care

Volumn 1-2, Issue , 2013, Pages 43-68

  Griffiths, Mark D ^a,b   Kuss, Daria J ^a   Ortiz de Gortari, Angelica B ^a  

^a NOTTINGHAM TRENT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b International Gaming Research Unit   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHEMOTHERAPY; ELECTRONIC MEDICAL EQUIPMENT;

AUTISTIC CHILDREN; COGNITIVE REHABILITATION; COMMUNICATION SKILLS; MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; SPECIFIC PROBLEMS; THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURIES; WHEELCHAIR USERS;

PATIENT REHABILITATION;

EID: 84898381642     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-3990-4.ch003     Document Type: Chapter

References (136)

1. Achtman, R. L., Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2008). Video games as a tool to train visual skills. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 26(4-5), 435-446. PMID:18997318.
2. Adriaenssens, E. E., Eggermont, E., Pyck, K., Boeckx, W., & Gilles, B. (1988). The video invasion of rehabilitation. Burns, 14, 417-419. doi:10.1016/0305-4179(88)90015-0 PMID:3228700.
3. Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001). Effects of violent games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literatures. Psychological Science, 12, 353-359. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00366 PMID:11554666.
4. Blechman, E. A., Rabin, C., & McEnroe, M. J. (1986). Family communication and problem solving with boardgames and computer games. In Schaefer, C. E., & Reid, S. E. (Eds.), Game play: Therapeutic use of childhood games (pp. 129-145). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
5. Blunt, D., Hastie, C., & Stephens, P. (1998). More than he Nintended? Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 26, 330-331. PMID:9619237.
6. Bosworth, K. (1994). Computer games as tools to reach and engage adolescents in health promotion activities. Computers in Human Services, 11, 109-119.
7. Botella, C., Banos, R. M., Villa, H., Perpina, C., & Garcia-Palacios, A. (2000). Virtual reality in the treatment of claustrophobic fear: A controlled, multiple-baseline design. Behavior Therapy, 31(3), 583-595. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(00)80032-5.
8. Brezinka, V. (2008). Treasure hunt - A serious game to support psychotherapeutic treatment of children. In Anderson, S. K. (Ed.), eHealth beyond the horizon (pp. 71-76). Boca Raton, FL: IOS Press.
9. Broeren, J., Claesson, L., Goude, D., Rydmark, M., & Sunnerhagen, K. S. (2008). Virtual rehabilitation in an activity centre for communitydwelling persons with stroke - The possibilities of 3-dimensional computer games. Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 26(3), 289-296. doi:10.1159/000149576 PMID:18667809.
10. Brown, R., Sugarman, H., & Burstin, A. (2009). Use of Nintendo Wii fit for treatment of balance problems in an elderly patient with stroke: A case report. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale de Recherches de Readaptation, 32(1), 109-110. doi:10.1097/00004356-200908001-00144.
11. Brown, S. J., Lieberman, D. A., Germeny, B. A., Fan, Y. C., Wilson, D. M., & Pasta, D. J. (1997). Educational video game for juvenile diabetes:Results of a controlled trial. Medical Informatics, 22, 77-89. doi:10.3109/14639239709089835 PMID:9183781.
12. Buckalew, L. W., & Buckalew, P. B. (1983). Behavioral management of exceptional children using video games as reward. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 56, 580. doi:10.2466/pms.1983.56.2.580 PMID:6866667.
13. Bush, J. (2008). Viability of virtual reality exposure therapy as a treatment alternative. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(3), 1032-1040. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.03.006.
14. Butler, C. (1985). Utilizing video games to increase sitting tolerance. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 66(8), 527-527.
15. Cahill, J. M. (1994). Health works: Interactive AIDS education videogames. Computers in Human Services, 11(1-2), 159-176.
16. Cameirao, M. S., Bermúdez i Badia, S., Duarte Oller, E., Zimmerli, L., & Verschure, P. F. M. J. (2007, 27-29 September). The rehabilitation gaming system: A virtual reality based system for the evaluation and rehabilitation of motor deficits. Paper presented at the irtual Rehabilitation. Venice, Italy.
17. Ceranoglu, T. A. (2010a). Star Wars in psychotherapy:Video games in the office. Academic Psychiatry, 34(3), 233-236. doi:10.1176/appi. ap.34.3.233 PMID:20431107.
18. Ceranoglu, T. A. (2010b). Video games in psychotherapy. Review of General Psychology, 14(2), 141-146. doi:10.1037/a0019439.
19. Chandrasekharan, S., Mazalek, A., Nitsche, M., Chen, Y. F., & Ranjan, A. (2010). Ideomotor design using common coding theory to derive novel video game interactions. Pragmatics & Cognition, 18(2), 313-339. doi:10.1075/pc.18.2.04cha.
20. Clarke, B., & Schoech, D. (1994). A computerassisted game for adolescents: Initial development and comments. Computers in Human Services, 11(1-2), 121-140.
21. Coyle, D., Matthews, M., Sharry, J., Nisbet, A., & Doherty, G. (2005). Personal investigator: A therapeutic 3D game for adolescent psychotherapy. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 2(2), 73-88. doi:10.1108/17415650580000034.
22. Daley, A. (2009). Can exergaming contribute to improving physical activity levels and health outcomes in children? Pediatrics, 124, 763-771. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2357 PMID:19596728.
23. Davis, M. A., Quittner, A. L., Stack, C. M., & Young, M. C. (2004). Controlled evaluation of the STARBRIGHT CDROM program for children and adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 29(4), 259-267. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsh026 PMID:15148348.
24. Demarest, K. (2000). Video games - What are they good for? Retrieved 9.03.2011, from http://www.lessontutor.com/kd3.html
25. Deutsch, J. E., Borbely, M., Filler, J., Huhn, K., & Guarrera-Bowlby, P. (2008). Use of a low-cost, commercially available gaming console (Wii) for rehabilitation of an adolescent with cerebral palsy. Physical Therapy, 88, 1-12. doi:10.2522/ptj.20080062 PMID:18689607.
26. Donchin, E. (1995). Video games as research tools:The space fortress game. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 27(2), 217-223. doi:10.3758/BF03204735.
27. Dorval, M., & Pepin, M. (1986). Effect of playing video game on a measure of spatial visualization. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62, 159-162. doi:10.2466/pms.1986.62.1.159 PMID:3960656.
28. Dustman, R. E., Emmerson, R. Y., Laurel, A., & Shearer, D. et al. (1992). The effects of videogame playing on neuropsychological performance of elderly individuals. Journal of Gerontology, 47, 168-171. doi:10.1093/geronj/47.3.P168 PMID:1573200.
29. Eow, Y. L., Ali, W. Z. B., Mahmud, R. B., & Baki, R. (2010). Computer games development and appreciative learning approach in enhancing students' creative perception. Computers & Education, 54(1), 146-161. doi:10.1016/j. compedu.2009.07.019.
30. Farris, M., Bates, R., Resnick, H., & Stabler, N. (1994). Evaluation of computer games' impact upon cognitively impaired frail elderly. Computers in Human Services, 11(1-2), 219-228.
31. Favelle, G. K. (1994). Therapeutic applications of commercially available computer software. Computers in Human Services, 11(1-2), 151-158.
32. Fisher, S. (1986). Use of computers following brain injury. Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 8(1), 81-93. doi:10.1300/J016v08n01_10.
33. Fitzgerald, D., Trakarnratanakul, N., Smyth, B., & Caulfield, B. (2010). Effects of a wobble board-based therapeutic exergaming system for balance training on dynamic postural stability and intrinsic motivation levels. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 40(1), 11-19. PMID:20044704.
34. Freud, A. (1928). Introduction to the technique of child analysis. New York, NY: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing.
35. Fung, V., So, K., Park, E., Ho, A., Shaffer, J., Chan, E., & Gomez, M. (2010). The utility of a video game system in rehabilitation of burn and nonburn patients: A survey among occupational therapy and physiotherapy Practitioners. Journal of Burn Care & Research; Official Publication of the American Burn Association, 31(5), 768-775. doi:10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181eed23c PMID:20628305.
36. Funk, J. B., Germann, J. N., & Buchman, D. D. (1997). Children and electronic games in the United States. Trends in Communication, 2, 111-126.
37. Gackenbach, J. I., Ellerman, E., & Hall, C. (2011). Video game play as nightmare protection: A preliminary inquiry on military gamers. Unpublished manuscript.
38. Gamberini, L., Alcaniz, M., Barresi, G., Fabregat, M., Prontu, L., & Seraglia, B. (2008). Playing for a real bonus: Videogames to empower elderly people. Journal of CyberTherapy & Rehabilitation, 1(1), 37-48.
39. Garcia-Palacios, A., Hoffman, H., Carlin, A., Furness, T. A., & Botella, C. (2002). Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(9), 983-993. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00068-7 PMID:12296495.
40. Gardner, J. E. (1991). Can the Mario Bros. help? Nintendo games as an adjunct in psychotherapy with children. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 28, 667-670. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.28.4.667.
41. Gaylord-Ross, R. J., Haring, T. G., Breen, C., & Pitts-Conway, V. (1984). The training and generalization of social interaction skills with autistic youth. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 17, 229. doi:10.1901/jaba.1984.17-229 PMID:6735954.
42. Goldstein, J., Cajko, L., Oosterbroek, M., Michielsen, M., van Houten, O., & Salverda, F. (1997). Video games and the elderly. Social Behavior and Personality, 25, 345-352. doi:10.2224/sbp.1997.25.4.345.
43. Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2006). Effect of action video games on the spatial distribution of visuospatial attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 1465-1478. PMID:17154785.
44. Griffiths, M. D. (2004). Can videogames be good for your health? Journal of Health Psychology, 9, 339-344. doi:10.1177/1359105304042344 PMID:15117533.
45. Griffiths, M. D. (2005). Video games and health. British Medical Journal, 331, 122-123. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7509.122 PMID:16020833.
46. Griffiths, M. D. (2008a). Diagnosis and management of video game addiction. New Directions in Addiction Treatment and Prevention, 12, 27-41.
47. Griffiths, M. D. (2008b). Videogame addiction:Fact or fiction? In Willoughby, T., & Wood, E. (Eds.), Children's learning in a digital world (pp. 85-103). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
48. Henningson, K. A., Gold, R. S., & Duncan, D. F. (1986). A computerized marijuana decision maze: Expert opinion regarding its use in health education. Journal of Drug Education, 16(3), 243-261. doi:10.2190/NAQ3-4XQC-93FUG8ME PMID:3534206.
49. Hollander, E. K., & Plummer, H. R. (1986). An innovative therapy and enrichment program for senior adults utilizing the personal computer. Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 8(1), 59-68. doi:10.1300/J016v08n01_08.
50. Hollingsworth, M., & Woodward, J. (1993). Integrated learning: Explicit strategies and their role in problem solving instruction for students with learning disabilities. Exceptional Children, 59, 444-445. PMID:8440301.
51. Holmes, E. A., James, E. L., Coode-Bate, T., & Deeprose, C. (2009). Can playing the computer game Tetris'' reduce the build-up of flashbacks for trauma? A proposal from cognitive science PLoS ONE, 4(1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004153 PMID:19127289.
52. Horn, E., Jones, H. A., & Hamlett, C. (1991). An investigation of the feasibility of a video game system for developing scanning and selection skills. Journal for the Association for People with Severe Handicaps, 16, 108-115.
53. Housman, S. J., Scott, K. M., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2009). A randomized controlled trial of gravity-supported, computer-enhanced arm exercise for individuals with severe hemiparesis. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 23(5), 505-514. doi:10.1177/1545968308331148 PMID:19237734.
54. Huber, M., Rabin, B., Docan, C., Burdea, G. C., AbdelBaky, M., & Golomb, M. R. (2010). Feasibility of modified remotely monitored in-home gaming technology for improving hand function in adolescents with cerebral palsy. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 14(2), 526-534. doi:10.1109/TITB.2009.2038995 PMID:20071262.
55. Hurkmans, H. L., van den Berg-Emons, R. J., & Stam, H. J. (2010). Energy expenditure in adults with cerebral palsy playing Wii sports. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(10), 1577-1581. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2010.07.216 PMID:20875517.
56. International Society for Presence Research. (2000). The concept of presence: Explication statement. Retrieved March 9, 2011, from http://sct.temple.edu/blogs/ispr/about-presence-2/about-presence/
57. Jannink, M. J. A., Van Der Wilden, G. J., Navis, D. W., Visser, G., Gussinklo, J., & Ijzerman, M. (2008). A low-cost video game applied for training of upper extremity function in children with cerebral palsy: A pilot study. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(1), 27-32. doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0014 PMID:18275309.
58. Joo, L. Y., Yin, T. S., Xu, D., Thia, E., Chia, P. F., Kuah, C. W. K., & He, K. K. (2010). A feasibility study using interactive commercial off-the-shelf computer gaming - Gaming in upper limb rehabilitation patients after stroke. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 42(5), 437-441. doi:10.2340/16501977-0528 PMID:20544153.
59. Kappes, B. M., & Thompson, D. L. (1985). Biofeedback vs. video games: Effects on impulsivity, locus of control and self-concept with incarcerated individuals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 698-706. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198509)41:5<698::AIDJCLP2270410520> 3.0.CO;2-Q PMID:4044854.
60. Kato, P. M. (2010). Video games in health care:Closing the gap. Review of General Psychology, 14(2), 113-121. doi:10.1037/a0019441.
61. Kato, P. M., Cole, S. W., Bradlyn, A. S., & Pollock, B. H. (2008). A video game improves behavioral outcomes in adolescents and young adults with cancer: A randomized trial. Pediatrics, 122(2), E305-E317. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3134 PMID:18676516.
62. King, T. I. (1993). Hand strengthening with a computer for purposeful activity. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy., 47, 635-637. doi:10.5014/ajot.47.7.635 PMID:8322884.
63. Klein, M. (1932). The psychoanalysis of children. London: Hogarth.
64. Kokish, R. (1994). Experiences using a PC in play therapy with children. Computers in Human Services, 11(1-2), 141-150.
65. Kolko, D.J., & Rickard-Figueroa. (1985). Effects of video games on the adverse corollaries of chemotherapy in pediatric oncology patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 223-228. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.53.2.223 PMID:3858296.
66. Krichevets, A. N., Sirotkina, E. B., Yevsevicheva, I. V., & Zeldin, L. M. (1994). Computer games as a means of movement rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation: An International Multidisciplinary Journal, 17, 100-105. doi:10.3109/09638289509166635 PMID:7795259.
67. Krijn, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Biemond, R., de Ligny, C. D., Schuemie, M. J., & van der Mast, C. (2004a). Treatment of acrophobia in virtual reality: The role of immersion and presence. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(2), 229-239. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00139-6 PMID:14975783.
68. Krijn, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Olafsson, R. P., & Biemond, R. (2004b). Virtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety disorders: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(3), 259-281. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.04.001 PMID:15245832.
69. Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Online gaming addiction: A systematic review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.
70. Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet gaming addiction: A systematic review of empirical research. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(2), 278-296. doi:10.1007/s11469-011-9318-5
71. Lange, B., Flynn, S., Proffitt, R., Chang, C. Y., & Rizzo, A. (2010). Development of an interactive game-based rehabilitation tool for dynamic balance training. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 17(5), 345-352. doi:10.1310/tsr1705-345 PMID:21131259.
72. Larose, S., Gagnon, S., Ferland, C., & Pepin, M. (1989). Psychology of computers: XIV. Cognitive rehabilitation through computer games. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 69, 851-858. doi:10.2466/pms.1989.69.3.851 PMID:2608401.
73. Lawrence, G. H. (1986). Using computers for the treatment of psychological problems. Computers in Human Behavior, 2, 43-62. doi:10.1016/0747-5632(86)90021-X.
74. Leibovici, V., Magora, F., Cohen, S., & Ingber, A. (2009). Effects of virtual reality immersion and audiovisual distraction techniques for patients with pruritus. Pain Research & Management, 14(4), 283-286. PMID:19714267.
75. Leng, E. Y., Ali, W., Mahmud, R. B., & Baki, R. (2010). Computer games development experience and appreciative learning approach for creative process enhancement. Computers & Education, 55(3), 1131-1144. doi:10.1016/j. compedu.2010.05.011.
76. Lieberman, D. A. (2001). Management of chronic pediatric diseases with interactive health games:Theory and research findings. The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 24, 26-38. PMID:11189794.
77. Lim, C. G., Lee, T. S., Guan, C. T., Fung, D. S. S., Cheung, Y. B., & Teng, S. S. W. et al. (2010). Effectiveness of a brain-computer interface based programme for the treatment of ADHD: A pilot study. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 43(1), 73-82. PMID:20581801.
78. Lynch, W. J. (1983). Cognitive retraining using microcomputer games and commercially available software. Paper presented at the Meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society. Mexico City, Mexico.
79. Masendorf, F. (1993). Training of learning disabled children's spatial abilities by computer games. Zeitschrift fur Padagogische Psychologie, 7, 209-213.
80. Matthews, T. J., De Santi, S. M., Callahan, D., Koblenz-Sulcov, C. J., & Werden, J. I. (1987). The microcomputer as an agent of intervention with psychiatric patients: Preliminary studies. Computers in Human Behavior, 3(1), 37-47. doi:10.1016/0747-5632(87)90009-4.
81. McCormack, K., Fitzgerald, D., Fitzgerald, O., Caulfield, B., O'Huiginn, B., & Smyth, B. (2009). A comparison of a computer game-based exercise system with conventional approaches of exercise therapy in rheumatology patients. Rheumatology, 48, I29-I29.
82. McGuire, F. A. (1984). Improving quality of life for residents of long term care facilities through video games. Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 6(1), 1-7. doi:10.1300/J016v06n01_01.
83. McGuire, F. A. (1986). Computer technology and the aged: Implications and applications for activity programs. New York, NY: Haworth.
84. Miller, D. J., & Robertson, D. P. (2010). Using a games console in the primary classroom: Effects of 'brain training' programme on computation and self-esteem. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(2), 242-255. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2008.00918.x.
85. Murphy, E. C., Carson, L., Neal, W., Baylis, C., Donley, D., & Yeater, R. (2009). Effects of an exercise intervention using dance dance revolution on endothelial function and other risk factors in overweight children. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity; IJPO, 3, 1-10. doi:10.1080/17477160902846187.
86. O'Connor, T. J., Cooper, R. A., Fitzgerald, S. G., Dvorznak, M. J., Boninger, M. L., Van-Sickle, D. P., & Glass, L. (2000). Evaluation of a manual wheelchair interface to computer games. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 14(1), 21-31. doi:10.1177/154596830001400103 PMID:11228946.
87. Oakley, C. (1994). SMACK: A computer driven game for at-risk teens. Computers in Human Services, 11(1-2), 97-99.
88. Okolo, C. (1992a). The effect of computer-assisted instruction format and initial attitude on the arithmetic facts proficiency and continuing motivation of students with learning disabilities. Exceptionality, 3, 195-211. doi:10.1080/09362839209524815.
89. Okolo, C. (1992b). Reflections on The effect of computer-assisted instruction format and initial attitude on the arithmetic facts proficiency and continuing motivation of students with learning disabilities. Exceptionality, 3, 255-258. doi:10.1080/09362839209524818.
90. Olsen-Rando, R. A. (1994). Proposal for development of a computerized version of talking, feeling and doing game. Computers in Human Services, 11(1-2), 69-80.
91. Ortiz de Gortari, A., Aronsson, K., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Game transfer phenomena in video game playing: A qualitative interview study. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning. doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.2011070102.
92. Patel, A., Schieble, T., Davidson, M., Tran, M. C., Schoenberg, C., Delphin, E., & Bennett, H. (2006). Distraction with a hand-held video game reduces pediatric preoperative anxiety. Paediatric Anaesthesia, 16, 1019-1027. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2006.01914.x PMID:16972829.
93. Pegelow, C. H. (1992). Survey of pain management therapy provided for children with sickle cell disease. Clinical Pediatrics, 31, 211-214. doi:10.1177/000992289203100404 PMID:1373356.
94. Phillips, W. R. (1991). Video game therapy. The New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 1056-1057. PMID:1922219.
95. Powers, M. B., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2008). Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(3), 561-569. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis. 2007.04.006 PMID:17544252.
96. Rauterberg, M. (2004). Positive effects of entertainment technology on human behaviour. In Jaquart, R. (Ed.), Building the information society (pp. 51-58). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8157-6_8.
97. Redd, W. H., & Jacobsen, P. B., DieTrill, M., Dermatis, H., McEvoy, M., & Holland, J. C. (1987). Cognitive-attentional distraction in the control of conditioned nausea in pediatric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 391-395. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.55.3.391 PMID:3597954.
98. Reichlin, L., Mani, N., McArthur, K., Harris, A. M., Rajan, N., & Dacso, C. C. (2011). Assessing the acceptability and usability of an interactive serious game in aiding treatment decisions for patients with localized prostate cancer. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 13(1), 188-201. doi:10.2196/jmir.1519 PMID:21239374.
99. Resnick, H. (1994a). Ben's grille. Computers in Human Services, 11(1-2), 203-211.
100. Resnick, H. (1994b). Electronic technology and rehabilitation: A computerised simulation game for youthful offenders. Computers in Human Services, 11(1-2), 61-67.
101. Riddick, C. C., Spector, S. G., & Drogin, E. B. (1986). The effects of videogame play on the emotional states and affiliative behavior of nursing home residents. Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 8(1), 95-107. doi:10.1300/J016v08n01_11.
102. Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L., Smith, S., Lee, J. H., & Price, L. (2000). A controlled study of virtual reality exposure therapy for the fear of flying. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 1020-1026. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.6.1020 PMID:11142535.
103. Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L. F., Ready, D., Graap, K., & Alarcon, R. D. (2001). Virtual reality exposure therapy for Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(8), 617-622. doi:10.4088/JCP. v62n0808 PMID:11561934.
104. Roy, S., Klinger, E., Legeron, P., Lauer, F., Chemin, I., & Nugues, P. (2003). Definition of a VR-based protocol to treat social phobia. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 6(4), 411-420. doi:10.1089/109493103322278808 PMID:14511454.
105. Ryan, E. B. (1994). Memory for goblins: A computer game for assessing and training working memory skill. Computers in Human Services, 11(1-2), 213-217.
106. Salend, S., & Santora, D. (1985). Employing access to the computer as a reinforcer for secondary students. Behavioral Disorders.
107. Samoilovich, S., Riccitelli, C., Scheil, A., & Siedi, A. (1992). Attitude of schizophrenics to computer videogames. Psychopathology, 25, 117-119. doi:10.1159/000284761 PMID:1448536.
108. Schueren, B. (1986). Video games: An exploration of their potential as recreational activity programs in nursing homes. Activities, Adaptation and Aging, 8(1), 49-58. doi:10.1300/J016v08n01_07.
109. Sedlak, R. A., Doyle, M., & Schloss, P. (1982). Video games - A training and generalization demonstration with severely retarded adolescents. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, 17(4), 332-336.
110. Sherer, M. (1994). The effect of computerized simulation games on the moral development of youth in distress. Computers in Human Services, 11(1-2), 81-95.
111. Sietsema, J. M., Nelson, D. L., Mulder, R. M., Mervau-Scheidel, D., & White, B. E. (1993). The use of a game to promote arm reach in persons with traumatic brain injury. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy., 47, 19-24. doi:10.5014/ajot.47.1.19 PMID:8418672.
112. Skilbeck, C. (1991). Microcomputer-based cognitive rehabilitation. In Ager, A. (Ed.), Microcomputers and clinical psychology: Issues, applications and Furture Developments (pp. 95-118). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
113. Slater, M., Pertaub, D. P., Barker, C., & Clark, D. M. (2006). An experimental study on fear of public speaking using a virtual environment. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 9(5), 627-633. doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.627 PMID:17034333.
114. Spence, J. (1988). The use of computer arcade games in behaviour management. Maladjustment and Therapeutic Education, 6, 64-68.
115. Starn, J., & Paperny, D. M. (1990). Computer games to enhance adolescent sex education. Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 15(4), 250-253. PMID:2115955.
116. Stickgold, R., Malia, A., Maguire, D., Roddenberry, D., & O'Connor, M. (2000). Replaying the game: Hypnagogic images in normals and amnesics. Science, 290, 350-353. doi:10.1126/science.290.5490.350 PMID:11030656.
117. Strein, W., & Kochman, W. (1984). Effects of computer games on children's co-operative behaviour Journal of Research and Development in Education, 18(1).
118. Subrahmanyam, K., & Greenfield, P. (1994). Effect of video game practice on spatial skills in boys and girls. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15, 13-32. doi:10.1016/0193-3973(94)90004-3.
119. Szer, J. (1983). Video games as physiotherapy. The Medical Journal of Australia, 1, 401-402. PMID:6835150.
120. Szturm, T., Peters, J. F., Otto, C., Kapadia, N., & Desai, A. (2008). Task-specific rehabilitation of finger-hand function using interactive computer gaming. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 89(11), 2213-2217. doi:10.1016/j. apmr.2008.04.021 PMID:18996252.
121. Tanaka, J. W., Wolf, J. M., Klaiman, C., Koenig, K., Cockburn, J., & Herlihy, L. et al. (2010). Using computerized games to teach face recognition skills to children with autism spectrum disorder: The Let's Face It! program. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 51(8), 944-952. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02258.x PMID:20646129.
122. Thomas, D. L. (1994). Life choices: The program and its users. Computers in Human Services, 11(1-2), 189-202.
123. Thomas, R., Cahill, J., & Santilli, L. (1997). Using an interactive computer game to increase skill and self-efficacy regarding safer sex negotiation:Field test results. Health Education & Behavior, 24, 71-86. doi:10.1177/109019819702400108 PMID:9112099.
124. Tichon, J., & Banks, J. (2006). Virtual reality exposure therapy: 150-degree screen to desktop PC. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 9(4), 480-488. doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.480 PMID:16901251.
125. Vasterling, J., Jenkins, R. A., Tope, D. M., & Burish, T. G. (1993). Cognitive distraction and relaxation training for the control of side effects due to cancer chemotherapy. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 65-80. doi:10.1007/BF00844755 PMID:8433358.
126. Vilozni, D., Bar-Yishay, E., Shapira, Y., Meyer, S., & Godfrey, S. (1994). Computerized respiratory muscle training in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscular Disorders, 4, 249-255. doi:10.1016/0960-8966(94)90026-4 PMID:7919973.
127. Vincelli, F., Anolli, L., Bouchard, S., Wiederhold, B. K., Zurloni, V., & Riva, G. (2003). Experiential cognitive therapy in the treatment of panic disorders with agoraphobia: A controlled study. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 6(3), 321-328. doi:10.1089/109493103322011632 PMID:12855090.
128. Wald, J., & Taylor, S. (2000). Efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy to treat driving phobia: A case report. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 31(3-4), 249-257. doi:10.1016/S0005-7916(01)00009-X PMID:11494960.
129. Washburn, D. A., & Gulledge, J. P. (1995). Gamelike tasks for comparative research: Leveling the playing field. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 27(2), 235-238. doi:10.3758/BF03204738 PMID:11539142.
130. Weightman, A. P. H., Preston, N., Holt, R., Allsop, M., Levesley, M., & Bhakta, B. (2010). Engaging children in healthcare technology design: Developing rehabilitation technology for children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Engineering Design, 21(5), 579-600. doi:10.1080/09544820802441092.
131. Weisman, S. (1983). Computer games for the frail elderly. The Gerontologist, 23(4), 361-363. doi:10.1093/geront/23.4.361 PMID:6618244.
132. Weisman, S. (1994). Computer games for the frail elderly. Computers in Human Services, 11(1-2), 229-234.
133. Wiederhold, B. K., & Wiederhold, M. D. (2010). Virtual reality treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder due to motor vehicle accident. Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking, 13(1), 21-27. doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0394 PMID:20528289.
134. Wiemeyer, J. (2010). Gaming for health - Serious games in prevention and rehabilitation. Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Sportmedizin, 61(11), 252-257.
135. Wright, K. (2001). Winning brain waves: Can custom-made video games help kids with attention deficit disorder? Discover, 22.
136. Yavuzer, G., Senel, A., Atay, M. B., & Stam, H. J. (2008). Playstation eyetoy games improve upper extremity-related motor functioning in subacute stroke: A randomized controlled clinical trial. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 44(3), 237-244. PMID:18469735.