Online ethnographic methods: Towards a qualitative understanding of virtual community practices

Handbook of Research on Methods and Techniques for Studying Virtual Communities: Paradigms and Phenomena

Volumn 1, Issue , 2011, Pages 410-428

  Skågeby, Jörgen ^a,b  

^a LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INFORMATION DISSEMINATION; SOCIAL NETWORKING (ONLINE); VIRTUAL REALITY;

DATA COLLECTION; DOCUMENT COLLECTION; ETHICAL AWARENESS; ETHNOGRAPHIC METHODS; ON-LINE OBSERVATIONS; ONLINE INTERVIEWS; SOCIAL INFORMATION; VIRTUAL COMMUNITY;

DATA ACQUISITION;

EID: 84898120001     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60960-040-2.ch025     Document Type: Chapter

References (69)

1. Alexander, C. (1979). The Timeless Way of Building. Oxford University Press.
2. Arvola, M. (2006). Interaction design patterns for computers in sociable use. International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology, 25(2/3), 128-139. doi:10.1504/IJCAT.2006.009063
3. Bampton, R., & Cowton, C. J. (2002). The E-Interview. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research [On-line Journal], 3(2).
4. Barnes, S. S. (2003). Computer-Mediated Communication: Human-to-Human Communication Across the Internet. London: Pearson Education.
5. Baym, N. K. (2000). Tune in, Log on: Soaps, fandom and online community. London: SAGE.
6. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77-101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
7. Bruckman, A. (2002, Apr 4, 2002). Ethical Guidelines for Research Online Retrieved Nov 20, 2007, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~asb/ethics/
8. Chen, S.-L. S., Hall, G. J., & Johns, M. D. (2004). Research Paparazzi in Cyberspace: The Voices of the Researched. In Johns, M. D., Chen, S.-L. S., & Hall, G. J. (Eds.), Online Social Research: Methods, Issues, & Ethics (pp. 157-178). New York: Peter Lang.
9. Clegg Smith, K. M. (2004). "Electronic Eavesdropping": The Ethical Issues Involved in Conducting a Virtual Ethnography. In Johns, M. D., Chen, S.-L. S., & Hall, G. J. (Eds.), Online Social Research: Methods, Issues, & Ethics (pp. 223-238). New York: Peter Lang.
10. Conway, J. M., Jako, R. A., & Goodman, D. F. (1995). A meta-analysis of interrater and internal consistency reliability of selection interviews. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(5), 565-579. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.80.5.565
11. Crichton, S., & Kinash, S. (2003). Virtual Ethnography: Interactive Interviewing Online as Method. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 29(2).
12. Crystal, D. (2001). Language and the Internet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13. Davis, M., Bolding, G., Hart, G., Sherr, L., & Elford, J. (2004). Reflecting on the experience of interviewing online: perspectives from the Internet and HIV study in London. AIDS Care, 16(8), 944-952. doi:10.1080/09540120412331292499
14. Delamont, S. (2004). Ethnography and participant observation. In Seale, C., Gubrium, J., Gobo, G., & Silverman, D. (Eds.), Qualitative Research Practice (pp. 217-229). London: Sage.
15. Diggins, T., & Tolmie, P. (2003). The 'adequate' design of ethnographic outputs for practice: some explorations of the characteristics of design resources. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 7(3-4), 147-158. doi:10.1007/s00779-003-0226-y
16. Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. Erickson, T. (2000). Lingua Francas for Design: Sacred Places and Pattern Languages. In the Proceedings of DIS2000, New York, USA.
18. Fincher, S. (2000, Aug 7, 2007). The Pattern Gallery Retrieved June 10, 2008, from http://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/people/staff/saf/patterns/gallery.html
19. Flyvbjerg, B. (2004). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. In Seale, C., Gubrium, J., Gobo, G., & Silverman, D. (Eds.), Qualitative Research Practice (pp. 420-434). London: Sage.
20. Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (2000). The Interview: From Structured Questions to Negotiated Text. In Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (Eds.), The handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed., pp. 645-669). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
21. Forsythe, D. E. (1999). "It's Just a Matter of Common Sense": Ethnography as Invisible Work. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 8(1-2), 127-145. doi:10.1023/A:1008692231284
22. Freeday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1).
23. Garcia, A. C., Standlee, A. I., Bechkoff, J., & Cui, Y. (2009). Ethnographic Approaches to the Internet and Computer-mediated Communication. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 38(1), 52-84. doi:10.1177/0891241607310839
24. Gobo, G. (2004). Sampling, representativeness and generalizability. In Seale, C., Gubrium, J., Gobo, G., & Silverman, D. (Eds.), Qualitative Research Practice (pp. 435-456). London: Sage.
25. Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. Qualitative Report, 8(4), 597-607.
26. Granello, D. H., & Wheaton, J. E. (2004). Online Data Collection: Strategies for Research. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82(4), 387-393.
27. Gruber, T., Szmigin, I., Reppel, A. E., & Voss, R. (2008). Designing and Conducting online interviews to investigate interesting consumer phenomena. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 11(3), 256-274. doi:10.1108/13522750810879002
28. Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth Generation Evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
29. Guimarães, M. (2003). Doing Online Ethnography. Unpublished Seminar Report. Department of Sociology, University of Surrey.
30. Hine, C. (2000). Virtual Ethnography. London: Sage.
31. Hine, C. (Ed.). (2005). Virtual Methods: Issues in Social Research on the Internet. New York: Berg.
32. Ihde, D. (1993). Postphenomenology - Essays in the Postmodern Context. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Publishers.
33. Jakobsson, M. (2006). Virtual Worlds & Social Interaction Design. Umeå: Umeå University.
34. Joinson, A. N. (2001). Self-dicsclosure in computer-mediated communication: The role of self-awareness and visual anonymity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 177-192. doi:10.1002/ejsp.36
35. Jones, S. (2005). Fizz in the field: Toward a Basis for an Emergent Internet Studies. The Information Society, 21(4), 233-237. doi:10.1080/01972240591007544
36. Kinnevy, S. C., & Enosh, G. (2002). Problems and Promises in the Study of Virtual Communities. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 19(2/3), 119-134. doi:10.1300/J017v19n02_09
37. Kivits, J. ë. (2005). Online Interviewing and the Research Relationship. In Hine, C. (Ed.), Virtual Methods: Issues in Social Research on the Internet. New York: Berg.
38. Klein, E. E., Tellefsen, T., & Herskovitz, P. J. (2007). The use of group support systems in focus groups: Information technology meets qualitative research. Computers in Human Behavior, 23, 2113-2132. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2006.02.007
39. Kozinets, R. V. (2002). The Field Behind the Screen: Using Netnography for Marketing Research in Online Communities. JMR, Journal of Marketing Research, 39(1), 61-72. doi:10.1509/jmkr.39.1.61.18935
40. Lawson, D. (2004). Blurring the Boundaries: Ethical Considerations for Online Research Using Synchronous CMC Forums. In Buchanan, E. A. (Ed.), Readings in Virtual Research Ethics: Issues and Controversies (pp. 80-100). London: Information Science Publishing.
41. LeBesco, K. (2004). Managing Visibility, Intimacy, and Focus in Online Critical Ethnography. In Johns, M. D., & Chen, S.-L. S. (Eds.), Online Social Research: Methods, Issues, & Ethics (pp. 63-80). New York: Peter Lang.
42. Löwgren, J. (2006). Articulating the Use Qualities of Digital Designs. In Fishwick, P. (Ed.), Aesthetic Design (pp. 383-403). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
43. Maczewski, M., Storey, M.-A., & Hoskins, M. (2004). Conducting Congruent, Ethical, Qualitative Research in Internet-Mediated Research Environments. In Buchanan, E. A. (Ed.), Reading in Virtual Research Ethics. London: Information Science Publishers.
44. Markham, A. N. (2004a). Representations in Online Ethnographies: A Matter of Context Sensitivity. In Johns, M. D., Chen, S.-L. S., & Hall, G. J. (Eds.), Online Social Research: Methods, Issues, & Ethics (pp. 141-156). New York: Peter Lang.
45. Markham, A. N. (2004b). The Internet as research Context. In Seale, C., Gubrium, J., Gobo, G., & Silverman, D. (Eds.), Qualitative Research Practice. London: Sage.
46. Martin, D., Rodden, T., Rouncefield, M., Sommerville, I., & Viller, S. (2001). Finding Patterns in the Fieldwork. In the Proceedings of ECSCW2001. Bonn, Germany: Kluwer.
47. Martin, D., & Sommerville, I. (2001). Patterns of Cooperative Design: Linking Ethnomethodology and Design. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 11(1), 58-89.
48. Matthews, J., & Cramer, E. P. (2008). Using Technology to Enhance Qualitative Research with Hidden Populations. Qualitative Report, 13(2), 301-315.
49. Meho, L. I. (in press). E-mail interviews in qualitative research: A methodological discussion. [x]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology.
50. Mennecke, T. (2003, Dec 26). Soulseek Interview Retrieved March 13, 2006, from http://www.slyck.com/news.php?story=356
51. Murray, C., & Sixsmith, M. (1998). E-mail: A qualitative research medium for interviewing? International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory & Practice, 1(2), 103-121.
52. Murthy, D. (2008). Digital Ethnography: An examination of the Use of New Technologies for Social Research. Sociology, 42(5), 837-855. doi:10.1177/0038038508094565
53. Olivero, N., & Lunt, P. (2004). When the Ethics is Functional to the Method: The Case of E-Mail Qualitative Interviews. In Buchanan, E. A. (Ed.), Readings in Virtual Research Ethics: Issues and Controversies. London: Information Science Publishers.
54. Romano, N. C., Donovan, C., Chen, H., & Nunamaker, J. (2003). A Methodology for Analyzing Web-Based Qualitative Data. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19(4).
55. Selwyn, N., & Robson, K. (1998). Using e-mail as a research tool. Social Research Update(21).
56. Sharf, B. F. (1999). Beyond Netiquette: The Ethics of Doing Naturalistic Discourse Research on the Internet. In Jones, S. G. (Ed.), Doing Internet Research: Critical Issues and Methods for Examining the Net. London: Sage.
57. Silver, D. (2000). Looking Backwards, Looking Forwards: Cyberculture Studies 1990-2000. In Gauntlett, D. (Ed.), web.studies: Rewiring media studies for the digital age. London: Arnold.
58. Skågeby, J. (2007). Analytical Dimensions of Online Gift-giving: 'other-oriented' contributions in virtual communities. International Journal of Web-based Communities, 3(1), 55-68. doi:10.1504/IJWBC.2007.013774
59. Skågeby, J. (2008). Semi-Public End-user Content Contributions: a case study of concerns and intentions in online photo-sharing. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 66(4), 287-300. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2007.10.010
60. Skågeby, J. (2009a). Exploring Qualitative Sharing Practices of Social Metadata: Expanding the Attention Economy. The Information Society, 25(1), 60-72. doi:10.1080/01972240802587588
61. Skågeby, J. (2009b). Online friction: studying sociotechnical conflicts to elicit user experience. International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development - Special Issue on New Sociotechnical Insights in Interaction Design, 1(2), 62-74.
62. Skitka, L. J., & Sargis, E. J. (2006). The Internet as Psychological Laboratory. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 529-555. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190048
63. Soulseek (2006, Feb 28). Retrieved Mar 09, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soulseek
64. Spinello, R.A. (1995). Ethical Aspects of Information Technology. London: Prentice-Hall.
65. Svenningson, M. (2001). Creating a Sense of Community. Experiences from a Swedish Web Chat. Linköping University, Linköping.
66. Travers, M. (2009). New methods, old problems: A sceptical view of innovation in qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 9(2), 161-179. doi:10.1177/1468794108095079
67. Walstrom, M. K. (2004). "Seeing and Sensing" Online Interaction: An Interpretative Interactionist Approach to USENET Support Group Research. In Johns, M. D., Chen, S.-L. S., & Hall, G. J. (Eds.), Online Social Research: Methods, Issues, & Ethics (pp. 81-100). New York: Peter Lang.
68. Weckert, J. (2000). What is New or Unique about Internet Activities? In D. Langford (Ed.), Internet Ethics. London: MacMillan.
69. Voida, A., Mynatt, E. D., Erickson, T., & Kellog, W. A. (2004, 24-29 April). Interviewing Over Instant Messaging. In the Proceedings of CHI 2004, Vienna, Austria.