The thermodynamic structure of summer Arctic stratocumulus and the dynamic coupling to the surface

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 14, Issue 22, 2014, Pages 12573-12592

  Sotiropoulou, G ^a   Sedlar, J ^a   Tjernstrom M ^a   Shupe, M D ^b,c   Brooks, I M ^d   Persson, P O G ^b,c  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOUNDARY LAYER; CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING; CLOUD WATER; COOLING; STRATOCUMULUS; SUMMER; THERMODYNAMICS; TURBULENCE;

ARCTIC;

EID: 84898000815     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-12573-2014     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. ACIA: Impacts of a warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
2. Andreas, E. L., Claffey, K. J., and Makshtas, A. P.: Low-level atmospheric jets and inversions over the westernWeddell Sea, Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 97, 459-486, doi:10.1023/A:1002793831076, 2000.
3. Andreas, E. L., Jordan, R. E., and Makshtas, A. P.: Parameterizing turbulent exchange over sea ice: the ice station weddell results, Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 114, 439-460, doi:10.1007/s10546-004-1414-7, 2005.
4. Bigg, E. K. and Leck, C.: Cloud-active particles over the central Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32155-32166, doi:10.1029/1999JD901152, 2001.
5. Bintanja, R., van der Linden, E., and Hazeleger,W.: Boundary layer stability and Arctic climate change: A feedback study using EC-Earth, Clim. Dynam., 39, 2659-2673, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1272-1, 2012.
6. Bony, S. and Dufresne, J. L.: Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20806, doi:10.1029/2005GL023851, 2005.
7. Comiso, J. C.: A rapidly declining Arctic Perennial Ice Cover, Geophys Res. Lett., 29, 1956, doi:10.1029/2002GL015650, 2002.
8. Curry, J. A.: Interactions among turbulence, radiation and microphysics in Arctic stratus clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 90-106, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1986)043<0090:IATRAM>2.0.CO;2, 1986.
9. Curry, J. A. and Ebert, E. E.: Annual cycle of radiative fluxes over the Arctic Ocean: Sensitivity to cloud optical properties, J. Climate, 5, 1267-1280, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005<1267:ACORFO>2.0.CO;2, 1992.
10. Curry, J. A., Rossow, W. B., Randall, D., and Schramm, J. L.: Overview of Arctic cloud and radiation characteristics, J. Climate, 9, 1731-1764, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<1731:OOACAR>2.0.CO;2, 1996.
11. Devasthale, A., Sedlar, J., Koenigk, T., and Fetzer, E. J.: The thermodynamic state of the Arctic atmosphere observed by AIRS: comparisons during the record minimum sea ice extents of 2007 and 2012, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7441-7450, doi:10.5194/acp-13-7441-2013, 2013.
12. Frisch, A. S., Fairall, C. W., and Snider, J. B.: Measurement of stratus cloud and drizzle parameters in ASTEX with a K-band doppler radar and a microwave radiometer, J Atmos. Sci., 52, 2788-2799, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2788:MOSCAD>2.0.CO;2, 1995.
13. Graversen, R. G., Mauritsen, T., Tjernström, M., Källen, E., and Svensson, G.: Vertical structure of recent Arctic warming, Nature, 451, 53-57, doi:10.1038/nature06502, 2008.
14. Harrington, J. Y., Reisin, T., Cotton,W. R., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: Cloud resolving simulations of Arctic stratus-Part II: Transitionseason clouds, J. Atmos. Res., 51, 45-75, doi:10.1016/S0169-8095(98)00098-2, 1999.
15. Intrieri, J. M., Shupe, M. D., Uttal, T., and McCarty, B. J.: An annual cycle of Arctic clouds characteristics observed by radar and lidar at SHEBA, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8030, doi:10.1029/2000JC000423, 2002.
16. Jakobson, L., Vihma, T., Jakobson, E., Palo, T., Männik, A., and Jaagus, J.: Low-level jet characteristics over the Arctic Ocean in spring and summer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 110899-11099, doi:10.5194/acp-13-11089-2013, 2013.
17. Kahl, J. D., Serreze, M. C., and Schnell, R. C.: Low-level tropospheric temperature inversions in the Canadian Arctic, Atmos.-Ocean, 30, 511-529, doi:10.1080/07055900.1992.9649453, 1992.
18. Karlsson, J. and Svensson, G.: The simulation of Arctic clouds and their influence on the winter surface temperature in present-day climate in the CMIP3 multi-model dataset, Clim. Dynam., 36, 623-635, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0758-6, 2010.
19. Kapsch, M., Graversen, R. G., and Tjernström, M.: Springtime atmospheric energy transport and the control of Arctic summer sea-ice extent, Nature Clim. Change, 3, 744-748, doi:10.1038/nclimate1884, 2013.
20. Kay, J. E. and Gettelman, A.: Cloud influence on and response to seasonal Arctic sea ice loss, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D18204, doi:10.1029/2009JD011773, 2009.
21. Korolev, A.: Limitations of the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen mechanism in the evolution of mixed-phase clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 3372-3375, doi:10.1175/JAS4035.1, 2007.
22. Lauer, A., Hamilton, K., Wang, Y., Phillips, V. T. J., and Bennartz, R.: The Impact of Global Warming on Marine Boundary Layer Clouds over the Eastern Pacific-A Regional Model Study, J. Climate, 23, 5844-5863, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3666.1, 2010.
23. Leck, C., Norman, M., Bigg, E. K., and Hillamo, R.: Chemical composition and sources of the high Arctic aerosol relevant for fog and cloud formation, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4135, doi:10.1029/2001JD001463, 2002.
24. Leck, C., Tjernström, M., Matrai, P., Swietlicki, E., and Bigg, K: Can marine micro-organisms influence melting of the Arctic pack ice?, EOS, 85, 25-36, doi:10.1029/2004EO030001, 2004.
25. Lee, R. L.: Mie theory Airy theory and the natural rainbow, Appl. Opt., 37, 1506-1519, doi:10.1364/AO.37.001506, 1998.
26. Lindsay, R.W., Zhang, J., Schweiger, A. J., Steele, M. A., and Stern, H.: Arctic sea ice retreat in 2007 follows thinning trend, J. Climate, 22, 165-176, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2521.1, 2009.
27. Mahrt, L., Heald, R. C., Lenschow, D. H., Stankov, B. B., and Troen, I.: An observational study of the structure of the nocturnal boundary layer, Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 17, 247-264, doi:10.1007/BF00117983, 1979.
28. Martin, M., Chang, R. Y.-W., Sierau, B., Sjogren, S., Swietlicki, E., Abbatt, J. P. D., Leck, C., and Lohmann, U.: Cloud condensation nuclei closure study on summer arctic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11335-11350, doi:10.5194/acp-11-11335-2011, 2011.
29. Maslanik, J. A., Fowler, C., Stroeve, J., Drobot, S., Zwally, J., Yi, D., and Emery, W.: A younger, thinner Arctic ice cover: Increased potential for rapid, extensive sea-ice loss, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L24501, doi:10.1029/2007GL032043, 2007.
30. Mauritsen, T., Sedlar, J., Tjernström, M., Leck, C., Martin, M., Shupe, M., Sjogren, S., Sierau, B., Persson, P. O. G., Brooks, I. M., and Swietlicki, E.: An Arctic CCN-limited cloud-aerosol regime, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 165-173, doi:10.5194/acp-11-165-2011, 2011.
31. Moran, K. P., Martner, B. E., Post, M. J., Kropfli, R. A., Welsh, D. C., and Widener, K. B.: An unattended cloud-profiling radar for use in climate research, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 443-455, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0443:AUCPRF>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
32. Morrison, H., de Boer, G., Feingold, G., Harrington, J., Shupe, M. D., and Sulia, K.: Resilience of persistent Arctic mixed-phase clouds, Nat. Geo., 5, 11-17, doi:10.1038/NGEO1332, 2012.
33. Nghiem, S. V., Rigor, I. G., Perovich, D. K., Clemente-Colon, P., Weatherly, J. W., and Neumann, G.: Rapid reduction of Arctic perennial sea ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19504, doi:10.1029/2007GL031138, 2007.
34. Nicholls, S.: The dynamics of stratocumulus: Aircraft observations and comparisons with a mixed layer model, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 110, 783-820, doi:10.1002/qj.49711046603, 1984.
35. Overland, J. E., Spillane, M. C., Percival, D. B., Wang, M., and Mofjeld, H. O.: Seasonal and regional variation of pan-Arctic surface air temperature over the instrumental record, J. Climate, 15, 3263-3282, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3263:SARVOP>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
36. Perovich, D. K., Richter-Menge, J. A., Jones, K. F., and Light, B.: Sunlight, water, and ice: extreme Arctic sea ice melt during the summer of 2007, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L11501, doi:10.1029/2008GL034007, 2008.
37. Persson, P. O. G., Fairall, C. W., Andreas, E. L., Guest, P. S., and Perovich, D. K.: Measurements near the Atmospheric Surface Flux Group tower at SHEBA: Near-surface conditions and surface energy budget, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8045, doi:10.1029/2000JC000705, 2002.
38. Pinto, J. O.: Autumnal mixed-phase cloudy boundary layers in the Arctic, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2016-2038, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<2016:AMPCBL>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
39. Pinto, J. O. and Curry, J. A.: Atmospheric convective plumes emanating from leads: 2. Microphysical and radiative processes, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4633-4642, doi:10.1029/94JC02655, 1995.
40. Pithan, F. and Mauritsen, T.: Arctic amplification dominated by temperature feedbacks in contemporary climate models, Nature Geosci., 7, 181-184, doi:10.1038/NGEO2071, 2014.
41. Prenni, A. J., DeMott, P. J., Kreidenweis, S. M., Harrington, J. Y., Avramov, A., Verlinde, J., Tjernström, M., Long, C. N., and Olsson, P. Q.: Can Ice-Nucleating Aerosols Affect Arctic Seasonal Climate?, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 88, 541-550, doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-4-541, 2007.
42. Randall, D., Curry, J., Battisti, D., Flato, G., Grumbine, R., Hakkinen, S., Martinson, D., Preller, R., Walsh, J., and Weatherly, J.: Status of and outlook for large-scale modeling of atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction in the Arctic, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 197-219, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0197:SOAOFL>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
43. Richter-Menge, J.: The Arctic. [in "State of the Climate in 2009"], B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 107-124, 2010.
44. Roberts, G. C. and Nenes, A. A.: continuous-flow streamwise thermal-gradient CCN chamber for atmospheric measurements, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, 206-221, doi:10.1080/027868290913988, 2005.
45. Sedlar, J. and Shupe, M. D.: Characteristic nature of vertical motions observed in Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3461-3478, doi:10.5194/acp-14-3461-2014, 2014.
46. Sedlar, J. and Tjernström, M.: Stratiform Cloud-Inversion Characterization During the Arctic Melt Season, Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 132, 455-474, doi:10.1007/s10546-009-9407-1, 2009.
47. Sedlar, J., Tjernström, M., Mauritsen, T., Shupe, M. D., Brooks, I. M., Persson, P. O. G., Birch, C. E., Leck, C., Sirevaag, A., and Nicolaus, M.: A transitioning Arctic surface energy budget: the impacts of solar zenith angle, surface albedo and cloud radiative forcing, Clim. Dynam., 37, 1643-1660, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0937-5, 2011.
48. Sedlar, J., Shupe, M. D., and Tjernström, M.: On the relationship between thermodynamic structure, cloud top, and climate significance in the Arctic, J. Climate, 25, 2374-2393, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00186.1, 2012.
49. Serreze, M. C. and Barry, R. G.: Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis, Global Planet. Change, 77, 85-96, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004, 2011.
50. Serreze, M. C. and Francis, J. A.: The arctic amplification debate, Clim. Change, 76, 241-264, doi:10.1007/s10584-005-9017-y, 2006.
51. Serreze, M. C.,Walsh, J. E., Chapin III, F. S., Osterkamp, T., Dyurgerov, M., Romanovsky, V., Oechel,W. C., Morison, J., Zhang, T., and Barry, R. G.: Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment, Clim. Change, 46, 159-207, doi:10.1023/A:1005504031923, 2000.
52. Serreze, M. C., Holland, M. M., and Stroeve, J.: Perspectives on the Arctic's shrinking sea-ice cover, Science, 315, 1533-1536, doi:10.1126/science.1139426, 2007.
53. Shupe, M. D.: Clouds at Arctic Atmospheric Observatories, Part II: Thermodynamic phase characteristics, J. Appl. Meteor. Clim., 50, 645-661, doi:10.1175/2010JAMC2468.1, 2011.
54. Shupe, M. D. and Intrieri, J. M.: Cloud radiative forcing of the Arctic surface: The influence of cloud properties, surface albedo, and solar zenith angle, J. Climate, 17, 616-628, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0616:CRFOTA>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
55. Shupe, M. D., Uttal, T., and Matrosov, S. Y.: Arctic cloud microphysics retrievals from surface-based remote sensors at SHEBA, J. Appl. Meteor. Clim., 44, 1544-1562, doi:10.1175/JAM2297.1, 2005.
56. Shupe, M. D., Kollias, P., Persson, P. O. G., and McFarquhar, G. M.: Vertical motions in Arctic mixed-phase stratiform clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 1304-1322, doi:10.1175/2007JAS2479.1, 2008.
57. Shupe, M. D., Walden, V. P., Eloranta, E., Uttal, T., Campbell, J. R., Starkweather, S. M., and Shiobara, M.: Clouds at Arctic Atmospheric Observatories, Part I: Occurrence and macrophysical properties, J. Appl. Meteor. Clim., 50, 626-644, doi:10.1175/2010JAMC2467.1, 2011.
58. Shupe, M. D., Persson, P. O. G., Brooks, I. M., Tjernström, M., Sedlar, J., Mauritsen, T., Sjogren, S., and Leck, C.: Cloud and boundary layer interactions over the Arctic sea ice in late summer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9379-9399, doi:10.5194/acp-13-9379-2013, 2013.
59. Simmonds, I. and Rudeva, I.: The great Arctic cyclone of August 2012, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L23709, doi:10.1029/2012GL054259, 2012.
60. Sirevaag, A., de la Rosa, S., Fer, I., Nicolaus, M., Tjernström, M., and McPhee, M. G.: Mixing, heat fluxes and heat content evolution of the Arctic Ocean mixed layer, Ocean Sci., 7, 335-349, doi:10.5194/os-7-335-2011, 2011.
61. Solomon, A., Shupe, M. D., Persson, P. O. G., and Morrison, H.: Moisture and dynamical interactions maintaining decoupled Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus in the presence of a humidity inversion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10127-10148, doi:10.5194/acp-11-10127-2011, 2011.
62. Solomon, A., Shupe, M. D., Persson, P. O. G., Morrison, H., Yamaguchi, T., Caldwell, P. M., and de Boer, G.: The Sensitivity of Springtime Arctic Mixed-Phase Stratocumulus Clouds to Surface-Layer and Cloud-Top Inversion-Layer Moisture Sources, J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 574-595, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-13-0179.1, 2014.
63. Stephens, G. L.: Radiation profiles in extended water clouds. II. Parameterization schemes, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2123-2132, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2123:RPIEWC>2.0.CO;2, 1978.
64. Stevens, B., Cotton, W. R., Feingold, G., and Moeng, C.-H: Large-Eddy Simulations of Strongly Precipitating, Shallow Stratocumulus-Topped Boundary Layers, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3616-3638, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<3616:LESOSP>2.0.CO;2, 1998.
65. Stroeve, J., Holland, M., Meier, W., Scambos, T., and Serreze, M.: Arctic sea ice decline: faster than forecast, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09501, doi:10.1029/2007GL029703, 2007.
66. Stroeve, J. C., Serreze, M. C., Holland, M. M., Kay, J. E., Malanik, J., and Barrett, A. P.: The Arctic's rapidly shrinking sea ice cover: a research synthesis, Clim. Change, 110, 1005-1027, doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0101-1, 2012.
67. Tjernström, M.: The summer Arctic boundary layer during the Arctic Ocean Experiment 2001 (AOE-2001), Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 117, 5-36, doi:10.1007/s10546-004-5641-8, 2005.
68. Tjernström, M., Leck, C., Persson, P. O. G., Jensen, M. L., Oncley, S. P. and Targino, A.: The summertime Arctic atmosphere: Meteorological measurements during the Arctic Ocean Experiment (AOE-2001), B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 1305-1321, doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-9-1305, 2004a.
69. Tjernström, M., Leck, C., Persson, P. O. G., Jensen, M. L., Oncley, S. P. and Targino, A.: Experimental equipment: An electronic supplement to "The summertime Arctic atmosphere: Meteorological measurements during the Arctic Ocean Experiment (AOE-2001)", B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 1322-1322, doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-9-Tjernstrom, 2004b.
70. Tjernström, M., Zagar, M., Svensson, G., Cassano, J. C., Pfeifer, S., Rinke, A., Wyser, K., Dethloff, K., Jones, C., Semmler, T., and Shaw, M.: Modelling the Arctic boundary layer: An evaluation of six ARCMIP regional-scale models using data from the SHEBA project, Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 117, 337-381, doi:10.1007/s10546-004-7954-z, 2005.
71. Tjernström, M., Sedlar, J., and Shupe, M. D.: How well do regional climate models reproduce radiation and clouds in the Arctic?, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 47, 2405-2422, doi:10.1175/2008JAMC1845.1, 2008.
72. Tjernström, M., Birch, C. E., Brooks, I. M., Shupe, M. D., Persson, P. O. G., Sedlar, J., Mauritsen, T., Leck, C., Paatero, J., Szczodrak, M., and Wheeler, C. R.: Meteorological conditions in the central Arctic summer during the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6863-6889, doi:10.5194/acp-12-6863-2012, 2012.
73. Tjernström, M., Leck, C., Birch, C. E., Bottenheim, J. W., Brooks, B. J., Brooks, I. M., Bäcklin, L., Chang, R. Y.-W., de Leeuw, G., Di Liberto, L., de la Rosa, S., Granath, E., Graus, M., Hansel, A., Heintzenberg, J., Held, A., Hind, A., Johnston, P., Knulst, J., Martin, M., Matrai, P. A., Mauritsen, T., Müller, M., Norris, S. J., Orellana, M. V., Orsini, D. A., Paatero, J., Persson, P. O. G., Gao, Q., Rauschenberg, C., Ristovski, Z., Sedlar, J., Shupe, M. D., Sierau, B., Sirevaag, A., Sjogren, S., Stetzer, O., Swietlicki, E., Szczodrak, M., Vaattovaara, P., Wahlberg, N., Westberg, M., and Wheeler, C. R.: The Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS): overview and experimental design, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2823-2869, doi:10.5194/acp-14-2823-2014, 2014.
74. Twomey, S. A.: The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1149-1152, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2, 1977.
75. Uttal, T., Curry, J. A., Mcphee, M. G., Perovich, D. K., Moritz, R. E., Maslanik, J. A., Guest, P. S., Stern, H. L., Moore, J. A., Turenne, R., Heiberg, A., Serreze, M. C., Wylie, D. P., Persson, P. O. G., Paulson, C. A., Halle, C., Morison, J. H., Wheeler, P. A., Makshtas, A., Welch, H., Shupe, M. D., Intrieri, J. M., Stamnes, K., Lindsey, R. W., Pinkel, R., Pegau, W. S., Stanton, T. P., and Grenfeld, T. C.: Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 255-275, doi:10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0255:SHBOTA>2.3.CO;2, 2002.
76. Wang, X. and Key, J. R.: Arctic Surface, Cloud, and Radiation Properties Based on the AVHRR Polar Pathfinder Data Set. Part I: Spatial and Temporal Characteristics, J. Climate, 18, 2558-2574, doi:10.1175/JCLI3438.1, 2005.
77. Webb, M. J., Senior, C. A., Sexton, D. M. H., Ingram, W. J., Williams, K. D., Ringer, M. A., McAvaney, B. J., Colman, R., Soden, B. J., Gudgel, R., Knutson, T., Emori, S., Ogura, T., Tsushima, Y., Andronova, N., Li, B., Musat, I., Bony, S., and Taylor, K. E.: On the contribution of local feedback mechanisms to the range of climate sensitivity in two GCM ensembles, Clim. Dynam., 27, 17-38, doi:10.1007/s00382-006-0111-2, 2006.
78. Westwater, E. R., Han, Y., Irisov, V. G., Leuskiy, V., Kadygrov, E. N., and Viazankin, S. A.: Remote sensing of boundary layer temperature profiles by a scanning 5-mm microwave radiometer and RASS: Comparison experiments, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 16, 805-818, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1999)016<0805:RSOBLT>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
79. Westwater, E. R., Han, Y., Shupe, M. D., and Matrosov, S. Y.: Analysis of integrated cloud liquid and precipitable water vapor retrievals from microwave radiometers during SHEBA, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32019-32030, doi:10.1029/2000JD000055, 2001.
80. Zhang, J., Lindsay, R., Schweiger, A., and Steele, M.: The impact of an intense summer cyclone on 2012 Arctic sea ice retreat, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 720-726, doi:10.1002/grl.50190, 2013.