The Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS): Overview and experimental design

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 14, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 2823-2869

  Tjernstrom M ^a   Leck, C ^a   Birch, C E ^b   Bottenheim, J W ^c   Brooks, B J ^b   Brooks, I M ^b   Backlin L ^a   Chang, R Y W ^d   De Leeuw, G ^e,f,g   Di Liberto, L ^h   De La Rosa, S ^i,j   Granath, E ^a   Graus, M ^k   Hansel, A ^k   Heintzenberg, J ^l   Held, A ^a,m   Hind, A ⁿ   Johnston, P ^o,p   Knulst, J ^q   Martin, M ^r   Matrai, P A ⁿ   Mauritsen, T ^a,s   Muller M ^k   Norris, S J ^b   Orellana, M V ^t   Orsini, D A ^l   Paatero, J ^e   Persson, P O G ^o,p   Gao, Q ^a   Rauschenberg, C ⁿ   Ristovski, Z ^u   Sedlar, J ^a,v   Shupe, M D ^o,p   Sierau, B ^r   Sirevaag, A ^j,w   Sjogren, S ^x   Stetzer, O ^r   Swietlicki, E ^x   Szczodrak, M ^y   Vaattovaara, P ^z   Wahlberg, N ^a   Westberg, M ^a   Wheeler, C R ^o   more..

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^c ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^e FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^f UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^g TNO   (Netherlands)

^h CNR   (Italy)

ⁱ NANSEN ENVIRONMENTAL AND REMOTE SENSING CENTER   (Norway)

^j UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^k UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK   (Austria)

^l LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR TROPOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (Germany)

^m UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH   (Germany)

ⁿ BIGELOW LABORATORY FOR OCEAN SCIENCES   (United States)

^o UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^p NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^q BNR Ecotour Consulting AB   (Sweden)

^r ETH Zurich   (Switzerland)

^s MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR METEOROLOGY   (Germany)

^t INSTITUTE FOR SYSTEMS BIOLOGY   (United States)

^u QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

^v SWEDISH METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^w BJERKNES CENTRE FOR CLIMATE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^x LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^y UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^z UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT; CLIMATE MODELING; CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEUS; CLOUD MICROPHYSICS; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DATA SET; ENERGY BUDGET; SUMMER; SURFACE ENERGY; SURFACE FLUX;

ARCTIC; ARCTIC OCEAN; FRAM STRAIT;

EID: 84897838395     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-2823-2014     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. ACIA: Impacts of a warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Cambridge University Press, 1020 pp., 2005.
2. Albrecht, B.: Aerosols, cloud microphysics and fractional cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227-1230, 1989. (Pubitemid 20402204)
3. Andreas, E. L., Jordan, R. E., and Makshtas, A. P.: Parameterizing turbulent exchange over sea ice: The Ice Station Weddel results, Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 114, 439-460, 2005. (Pubitemid 39615603)
4. Berner, A., Lurzer, C., Pohl, F., Preining, O., and Wagner, P.: The size distribution of the urban aerosol in Vienna, Sci. Total Environ., 13, 245-261, 1979. (Pubitemid 10140207)
5. Bigg, E. K. and Leck, C.: Cloud-active particles over the central Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32155-32166, doi:10.1029/1999JD901152, 2001.
6. Bigg, E. K. and Leck, C.: The composition of fragments of bubble bursting at the ocean surface, J. Geophys. Res, 113, D11209, doi:10.1029/2007JD009078, 2008.
7. Bigg, E. K., Leck, C., and Nilsson, E. D.: Sudden changes in arctic atmospheric aerosol concentrations during summer and autumn, Tellus, 48B, 254-271, 1996.
8. Bigg, E. K., C. Leck, C., and Nilsson, E. D.: Sudden changes in aerosol and gas concentrations in the central Arctic marine boundary layer - Causes and consequences, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32167-32185, 2001.
9. Bigg, E. K., Leck, C., and Tranvik, L.: Particulates of the surface microlayer of open water in the central Arctic Ocean in summer, Marine Chem., 91, 131-141, 2004. (Pubitemid 39444366)
10. Birch, C. E., Brooks, I. M., Tjernström, M., Shupe, M. D., Mauritsen, T., Sedlar, J., Lock, A. P., Milton, S. F., Earnshaw, P., Persson, P. O. G., and Leck, C.: Modelling atmospheric structure, cloud and their response to CCN in the central Arctic: ASCOS case studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3419-3435, doi:10.5194/acp-12-3419-2012, 2012.
11. Birmili, W., Stratmann, F., and Wiedensohler, A.: Design of a DMA-based size spectrometer for a large particle size range and stable operation, J. Aerosol Sci., 30, 549-553, 1999. (Pubitemid 29074237)
12. Blanchard, D. C.: The electrification of the atmosphere by particles from bubbles in the sea, Prog. Oceanogr., 1, 73-112, 1963.
13. Blanchard, D. C. and Woodcock, A. H.: Bubble formation and modification in the sea and its meterological significance, Tellus, 9, 145-148, 1957.
14. Brooks, B. J., Smith, M. H., Hill, M. K., O'Dowd, C. D.: Sizedifferentiated volatility analysis of internally mixed laboratorygenerated aerosol, J. Aerosol. Sci., 33, 555-579, 2002. (Pubitemid 34189767)
15. Brooks, I. M., Yelland, M. J., Upstill-Goddard, R. C., Nightingale, P. D., Archer, S., d'Asaro, E., Beale, R., Beatty, C., Blomquist, B., Bloom, A. A., Brooks, B. J., Cluderay, J., Coles, D., Dacey, J., DeGrandpre, M., Dixon, J., Drennan, W. M., Gabriele, J., Goldson, L., Hardman-Mountford, N., Hill, M.K., Horn, M., Hsueh, P.-C., Huebert, de Leeuw G., Leighton, T. G., Liddicoat, M., Lingard, J. J. N., McNeil, C., McQuaid, J. B., Moat, B. I., Moore, G., Neill, C., Norris, S. J., O'Doherty, S., Pascal, R. W., Prytherch, J., Rebozo, M., Sahlee, E., Salter, M., Schuster, U., Skjelvan, I., Slagter, H., Smith, M. H., Smith, P. D., Srokosz, M., Stephens, J. A., Taylor, P. K., Telszewski, M., Walsh, R., Ward, B., Woolf, D. K., Young, D., and Zemmelink, H.: Physical Exchanges at the Air-Sea Interface. UK-SOLAS Field Measurements, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 90, 629-644, 2009.
16. Chang, R. Y.-W., Leck, C., Graus, M., Müller, M., Paatero, J., Burkhart, J. F., Stohl, A., Orr, L. H., Hayden, K., Li, S.-M., Hansel, A., Tjernström, M., Leaitch, W. R., and Abbatt, J. P. D.: Aerosol composition and sources in the central Arctic Ocean during ASCOS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10619-10636, doi:10.5194/acp-11-10619-2011, 2011.
17. Chapman, W. L. and Walsh, J. E.: Simulations of Arctic temperature and pressure by global coupled models, J. Clim., 20, 609-632, doi:10.1175/JCLI4026. 1, 2007. (Pubitemid 46332530)
18. Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M. O., and Warren, S. G.: Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, 326, 655-661, 1987.
19. Chin, W.-C., Orellana, M. V., and Verdugo, P.: Spontaneous assembly of marine dissolved organic matter into polymer gels, Nature, 391, 568-571, 1998.
20. Clayton, J. R., Dortch, Q., Thoresen, S. S., and Ahmed, S. I.: Evaluation of methods for the separation and analysis of proteins and free amino acids in phytoplankton samples, J. Plankton Res., 10, 341-358, 1988.
21. Comiso, J. C., Parkinson, C. L., Gersten, R., and Stock, L.: Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice cover, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L01703, doi:10.1029/2007GL031972, 2008. (Pubitemid 351459836)
22. Covert, D. S., Widensohler., A., Alto, P., Heintzenberg, J., McMurry P. H., and Leck, C.: Aerosol number size distributions from 3 to 500 nm diameter in the arctic marine boundary layer during summer and autumn, Tellus, 48B, 197-212, 1996.
23. Coz, E. and Leck, C.: Morphology and state of mixture of atmospheric soot aggregates during the winter season over Southern Asia - a quantitative approach, Tellus, 63, 107-116, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00513.x, 2011.
24. Curry, J. A. and Ebert, E. E.: Annual cycle of radiative fluxes over the Arctic ocean: Sensitivity to cloud optical properties, J. Clim., 5, 1267-1280, 1992. (Pubitemid 23377533)
25. Curry, J. A., Rossow, W. B., Randall, D., and Schramm, J. L.: Overview of Arctic cloud and radiation characteristics, J. Atmos. Sci., 9, 1731-1764, 1996.
26. Decho, A. W.: Microbial exopolymer secretions in ocean environments: Their role(s) in food webs and marine processes, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 28, 73-153, 1990.
27. de Gouw, J. and Warneke, C.: Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the Earth's atmosphere using Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 26, 223-257, 2007. (Pubitemid 46491712)
28. de Leeuw, G., Andreas, E. L., Anguelova, M. D., Fairall, C. W., Lewis, E. R., O'Dowd, C., Schulz, M., and Schwartz, S. E.: Production flux of sea spray aerosol, Rev. Geophys., 49, RG2001, doi:10.1029/2010RG000349, 2011.
29. Dortch Q., J. R. Clayton, Thorensen, S. S., and Ahmad, S. I.: Species differences in accumulation of nitrogen pools in phytoplankton, Mar. Biol., 81, 237-250, 1984.
30. Engström, L. E. and Leck, C.: Reducing uncertainties associated with filter-based optical measurement of light absorbing carbon particles with chemical information, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1567-1580, doi:10.5194/amt-4-1567- 2011, 2011
31. Fer, I.: Scaling turbulent dissipation in an Arctic fjord, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 77-95, 2006. (Pubitemid 43340252)
32. Fer, I. and Sundfjord, A.: Observations of upper ocean boundary layer dynamics in the marginal ice zone, J. Geophys. Res.- Oceans, 112, C04012, doi:10.1029/2005JC003428, 2007. (Pubitemid 46951958)
33. Fletcher, C. A., Johnson, G. R., Ristovski, Z. D., Harvey, M.: Hygroscopic and volatile properties of marine aerosol observed at Cape Grim during the P2P campaign, Environ. Chem., 4, 162-171, doi:10.1071/EN07011, 2007. (Pubitemid 46985270)
34. Gao, Q., Leck, C., Rauschenberg, C., and Matrai, P. A.: On the chemical dynamics of extracellular polysaccharides in the high Arctic surface microlayer, Ocean Sci., 8, 401-418, doi:10.5194/os-8-401-2012, 2012.
35. Gao, Q., Araia, M., Leck, C., and Emmer, Å.: Characterization of exopoly-saccharides in marine col-loids by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection. Anal. Chim. Acta, 662, doi:10.1016/j.aca.2010.01.008, 2010.
36. Gard, E., Mayer, J. E., Morrical, B. D., Dienes, T., Fergenson, D. P., and Prather, K. A.: Real-time analysis of individual atmospheric aerosol particles: Design and performance of a portable ATOFMS, Anal. Chem., 69, 4083-4091, 1997.
37. Garret, T. J., Zhao C., and Novelli, P. C.: Assessing the relative contributions of transport efficiency and scavenging to seasonal variability in Arctic aerosol, Tellus, 62B, 190-196, 2010.
38. Graus, M., Mueller M., and Hansel, A.: High resolution PTR-TOF: Quantification and formula confirmation of VOC in real time, J. Amer. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 21, 1037-1044, 2010.
39. Graversen, R. G.: Do changes in the midlatitude circulation have any impact on the Arctic surface air temperature Trend?, J. Clim., 19, 5422-5438, 2006. (Pubitemid 44712450)
40. Graversen, R. G. and Wang, M.: Polar amplification in a coupled climate model with locked albedo, Clim. Dynam., 33, 629-643, 2009.
41. Graversen, R. G., Mauritsen, T., Tjernström, M., Källen, E., and Svensson, G.: Vertical structure of recent Arctic warming, Nature, 451, 53-57, 2008.
42. Greenspan, P. and Fowler, S. D.: Spectrofluorometric studies of the lipid probe, nile red, J. Lipid Res., 26, 781-789, 1985. (Pubitemid 15046441)
43. Gysel, M., McFiggans, G. B., Coe, H.: Inversion of tandem differential mobility analyser (TDMA) measurements, J. Aerosol Sci., 40, 134-151, 2009.
44. Heintzenberg, J.: A Processor-Controlled Multisample Soot Photometer, Aerosol Sci. Techn., 8, 227-233, 1988.
45. Heintzenberg, J.: Arctic haze: air pollution in polar regions, AMBIO, 18, 50-55, 1989.
46. Heintzenberg, J. and Leck, C., The summer aerosol in the central Arctic 1991-2008: did it change or not?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3969-3983, doi:10.5194/acp-12-3969-2012, 2012.
47. Heintzenberg, J., Leck, C., Birmili, W., Wehner, B., and Tjernström, M., Aerosol number-size distributions during clear and fog periods in the summer high Arctic: 1991, 1996, and 2006, Tellus, 58B, 41-50, 2006. (Pubitemid 43356070)
48. Held, A., Brooks, I. M., Leck, C., and Tjernström, M.: On the potential contribution of open lead particle emissions to the central Arctic aerosol concentration, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3093-3105, doi:10.5194/acp-11- 3093-2011, 2011a.
49. Held, A., Orsini, D. A., Vaattovaara, P., Tjernström, M., and Leck, C.: Near-surface profiles of aerosol number concentration and temperature over the Arctic Ocean, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1603-1616, doi:10.5194/amt-4-1603-2011, 2011b.
50. Hellén, H., Leck, C., Paatero, J., Virkkula, A., and Hakola, H.: Summer concentrations of NMHCs in ambient air of the Arctic and Antarctic, Boreal Environ. Res., 17, 385-397, 2012.
51. Hill, M. K., Brooks, B. J., Norris, S. J., Smith, M. H., Brooks, I. M., and de Leeuw, G.: A compact lightweight aerosol spectrometer probe (CLASP), J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 25, 1996-2006, 2008.
52. Holland, M. M. and Bitz, C. M.: Polar amplification of climate change in coupled models, Clim. Dyn., 21, 221-232, 2003. (Pubitemid 37307300)
53. Holm-Hansen, O., Lorenzen, C. J., Holmes, R. W., and Strickland, J. D. H.: Fluorometric determination of chlorophyll, J. Conseil., 30, 3-15, 1965.
54. Hung, C.-C., Tang, D., Warnken, K., and Santschi, P. H.: Distributions of carbohydrates, including uronic acids, in estuarine waters of Galveston Bay, Mar. Chem., 73, 305-318, 2001. (Pubitemid 32139774)
55. Hung, C.-C., Guo, L., Santschi, P. H., Alvarado-Quiroz, N. J., and Haye, J.: Distributions of carbohydrate species in the Gulf of Mexico, Mar. Chem., 81, 119-135, 2003. (Pubitemid 36530777)
56. 222Rn at Bermuda and Mauna Loa: local and distant sources, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 193, 309-318, 1995.
57. Intrieri, J. M., Shupe, M. D., Uttal, T., and McCarthy, B. J.: An annual cycle of Arctic cloud characteristics observed by radar and lidar at SHEBA, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8039, doi:10.1029/2000JC000423, 2002a.
58. Intrieri, J. M., Fairall, C. W., Shupe, M. D., Persson, P. O. G., Andreas, E. L., Guest, P. S., and Moritz, R. E.: An annual cycle of Arctic surface cloud forcing at SHEBA, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8039, doi:10.1029/2000JC000439, 2002b.
59. IPCC: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M. and Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp., 2007.
60. IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P.M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., 2013.
61. Joutsensaari, J., Vaattovaara, P., Vesterinen, M., Hämeri, K., and Laaksonen, A.: A novel tandem differential mobility analyzer with organic vapor treatment of aerosol particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 1, 51-60, doi:10.5194/acp-1-51-2001, 2001.
62. Karl, M., Leck, C., Gross, A., and Pirjola, L.: A study of new particle formation in the marine boundary layer over the central Arctic ocean using a flexible multicomponent aerosol dynamic model, Tellus, 64B, 17158, doi:10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.17158, 2012.
63. Karlsson, J. and Svensson, G.: The simulation of Arctic clouds and their influence on the winter surface temperature in present-day climate in the CMIP3 multi-model dataset, Clim. Dynam., 36, 623-635, 2011.
64. Kapsch, M.-L., Graversen, R. G., and Tjernström, M.: Springtime atmospheric energy transport and the control of Arctic summer sea-ice extent, Nature Clim. Change, 3, 744-748, doi:10.1038/nclimate1884, 2013.
65. Kay, J. E. and Gettelman, A.: Cloud influence on and response to seasonal Arctic sea ice loss, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D18204, doi:10.1029/2009JD011773, 2009.
66. Kay, J. E,'Ecuyer, T. L, Gettelman, A., Stephens, G., and O'Dell, C.: The contribution of cloud and radiation anomalies to the 2007 Arctic sea ice extent minimum, Geophys. Res. Let., 35, L08503, doi:10.1029/2008GL033451, 2008.
67. Keil, R. G. and Kirchman, D. L.: Dissolved combined aminoacids in marine waters as determined by a vapor-phase hydrolysis method. Mar. Chem., 33, 243-259, 1991.
68. Kerminen, V.-M. and Leck, C.: Sulfur chemistry over the Central Arctic Ocean in summer: Gas to particulate transformation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32087-32100, 2001.
69. Knap, A., Michaels, A., Close, A., Ducklow, H., and Dickson, A. (eds.): Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) Core Measurements, JGOFS Report Nr. 19, 170 pp., 1996.
70. Knulst, J. C., Rosenberger, D., Thompson, B., and Paatero, J.: Intensive sea surface microlayer investigations of open leads in the pack ice during Arctic Ocean 2001 Expedition., Langmuir, 19, 10194-10199, 2003.
71. Krembs, C., Deming, J.W., Junge, K., and Eicken, H.: High concentrations of exopolymeric substances in wintertime sea ice: Implications for the polar ocean carbon cycle and cryoprotection of diatoms, Deep-Sea Res., 49, 2163-2181, 2002. (Pubitemid 36178194)
72. Kulmala, M., Dal Maso, M., Mäkelä, J. M., Pirjola, L., Väkevä, M., Aalto, P. P., Miikkulainen, P., Hämeri, K., and O'Dowd, C. F.: On the formation, growth and composition of nucleation mode particles, Tellus, 53B, 479-490, 2001. (Pubitemid 32895241)
73. Kupiszewski, P., Leck, C., Tjernström, M., Sjogren, S., Sedlar, J., Graus, M., Müller, M., Brooks, B., Swietlicki, E., Norris, S., and Hansel, A.: Vertical profiling of aerosol particles and trace gases over the central Arctic Ocean during summer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12405-12431, doi:10.5194/acp-13-12405-2013, 2013.
74. Kwok, R., Cunningham, G. F., Wensnahan, M., Rigor, I., Zwally, H. J., and Yi, D: Thinning and volume loss of Arctic sea ice: 2003-2008, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C07005, doi:10.1029/2009JC005312, 2009.
75. Lannefors, H., Heintzenberg, J., and Hansson, H.-C.: A comprehensive study of physical and chemical parameters of the Arctic summer aerosol; results from the Swedish expedition Ymer-80, Tellus 35B, 40-54, 1983. (Pubitemid 13044405)
76. Leck, C. and Bigg, E. K.: Aerosol production overremote marine areas - A new route, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3577-3581, 1999.
77. Leck, C. and Bigg, E. K.: Evolution of the marine aerosol - A new perspective, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L19803, doi:10.1029/2005GL023651, 2005a. (Pubitemid 41694275)
78. Leck, C. and Bigg, E. K.: Biogenic particles in the surface microlayer and overlaying atmosphere in the central Arctic Ocean during summer, Tellus, 57B, 305-316, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2005.00148.x, 2005b. (Pubitemid 41702267)
79. Leck, C. and Bigg, E. K.: A modified aerosol-cloudclimate feedback hypothesis, Environ. Chem., 4, 400-403, doi:10.1071/EN07061, 2007. (Pubitemid 350230227)
80. Leck, C. and Bigg, E. K.: New particle formation of marine biological origin, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 44, 570-577, 2010.
81. Leck, C. and Persson, C.: Seasonal and short-term variability in dimethyl sulfide, sulphur dioxide and biogenic sulphur and sea salt aerosol particles in the arctic marine boundary layer, during summer and autumn, Tellus 48B, 272-299, 1996a.
82. Leck, C. and Persson, C.: The central Arctic Ocean as a source of dimethyl sulfide Seasonal variability in relation to biological activity, Tellus B, 48, 156-177, 1996b.
83. Leck, C., Larsson, U., Bågander, L. E., Johansson, S., and Hajdu, S.: Dimethyl sulfide in the Baltic Sea: Annual variability in relation to biological activity, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3353-3363, doi:10.1029/ JC095iC03p03353, 1990.
84. Leck, C., Bigg, E. K., Covert, D. S., Heintzenberg, J., Maenhaut, W., Nilsson, E. D., and Wiedensohler, A.: Overview of the atmospheric research program during the International Ocean Expedition of 1991 (IAOE-1991) and its scientific results, Tellus, 48B, 136-155, 1996.
85. Leck, C., Nilsson, E. D., Bigg, E. K., and Bäcklin, L.: The atmospheric program of the Arctic Ocean Expedition 1996 (AOE- 1996) - an overview of scientific objectives, experimental approaches and instruments, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32051-32067, 2001.
86. Leck, C., Norman, M., Bigg, E. K., and Hillamo, R.: Chemical composition and sources of the high Arctic aerosol relevant for fog and cloud formation, J. Geophys. Res., 107, AAC 1-1-AAC 1-17, doi:10.1029/2001JD001463, 2002.
87. Leck, C., Tjernström, M., Matrai, P., and Swietlicki, E.: Microbes, clouds and climate: Can marine microorganisms influence the melting of the Arctic pack ice?, EOS Transactions, 85, 25-36, 2004.
88. Leifer, I., de Leeuw, G., and Cohen, L. H.: Optical measurement of bubbles: System design and application, J. Atm. Ocean. Tech. 20, 1317-1332, 2003. (Pubitemid 37207835)
89. Lindinger, W., Hansel, A., and Jordan, A.: On-line monitoring of volatile organic compounds at pptv levels by means of Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass-Spectrometry (PTR-MS): Medical applications, food control and environmental research. Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 173, 191-241, 1998.
90. Lindsay, R. W. and Zhang, J.: The thinning of Arctic sea ice 1988-2003: Have we passed a tipping point?, J. Clim., 18, 4879-4894, 2005. (Pubitemid 43051415)
91. Liu, Y., Key, J. R., and Wang, X.: The influence of changes in cloud cover on recent surface temperature trends in the Arctic, J. Clim., 21, 705-715, 2008. (Pubitemid 351395619)
92. Lohmann, U. and Leck, C., Importance of submicron surface-active organic aerosols for pristine Arctic clouds, Tellus, 57B, 261-268, doi:10.1111/j.1600- 0889.2005.00144.x, 2005. (Pubitemid 40936020)
93. Lundén, J., Svensson, G., Wisthaler, A., Tjernström, M., Leck, C., and Hansel, A.: The vertical distribution of atmospheric DMS in the high Arctic summer, Tellus, 62B, 160-171, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00458.x, 2010
94. Maenhaut, W., Hillamo, R., Mäkelä, T., Jaffrezo, J.-L., Bergin, M. H., and Davidson, C. I.: A new cascade impactor for aerosol sampling with subsequent PIXE analysis, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B., 109/110, 482-487, 1996. (Pubitemid 126378188)
95. Martin M., Chang, R. Y.-W., Sierau, B., Sjogren, S., Swietlicki, E., Abbatt, J. P. D., Leck, C., and Lohmann, U.: Cloud condensation nuclei closure study on summer arctic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11335-11350, doi:10.5194/acp-11-11335-2011, 2011.
96. Matrai, P. A. and Keller, M. D.: Dimethylsulfide in a large-scale cocolithophore bloom in the Gulf of Maine, Cont. Shelf Res., 13, 831-843, 1993. (Pubitemid 24429873)
97. Mattsson, R., Paatero, J., and Hatakka, J.: Automatic alpha/beta analyser for air filter samples - absolute determination of radon progeny by pseudo-coincidence techniques, Rad. Prot. Dos., 63, 133-139, 1996. (Pubitemid 26099688)
98. Mauritsen, T., Sedlar, J., Tjernström, M., Leck, C., Martin, M., Shupe, M., Sjogren, S., Sierau, B., Persson, P. O. G., Brooks, I. M., and Swietlicki, E.: An Arctic CCN-limited cloud-aerosol regime, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 165-173, doi:10.5194/acp-11-165-2011, 2011.
99. McPhee, M. G.: Air-ice-ocean interaction: Turbulent boundary layer exchange processes, Springer, New York, 215 pp., 2008.
100. Minnett, P. J., Knuteson, R. O., Best, F. A., Osborne, B. J., Hanafin, J. A., and Brown, O. B.: The Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-AERI), a high-accuracy, seagoing infrared spectroradiometer, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 994-1013, 2001. (Pubitemid 32693160)
101. Mopper, K. and Dawson, R.: Determination of amino acids in seawater - Recent chromatographic developments and future directions, Sci. Total Environ., 49, 115-131, 1986. (Pubitemid 16518231)
102. Mopper, K., Zhou, J., Sri Ramana, K., Passow, U., Dam, H. G., and Drapeau, D. T.: The role of surface-active carbohydrates in the flocculation of a diatom bloom in a mesocosm, Deep-Sea Res. II, 42, 47-73, 1995.
103. Moran, K. P., Martner, B. E., Post, M. J., Kropfli, R. A., Welsh, D. C., and Widener, K. B.: An unattended cloud-profiling radar for use in climate research, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 79, 443-455, 1998. (Pubitemid 128492604)
104. Morrison, H., de Boer, G., Feingold, G., Harrington, J., Shupe, M. D., and Sulia, K.: Resilience of persistent Arctic mixed-phase clouds, Nature Geosciences, 5, 11-17, doi:10.1038/NGEO1332, 2012.
105. Myklestad, S. M., Skånøy, E., and Hestmann, S.: A sensitive and rapid method for analysis of dissolved mono- and polysaccharides in seawater, Marine Chem., 56, 279-286, 1997.
106. Nicolaus, M., Hudson, S. R., Gerland, S., and Munderloh, K.: A modern concept for autonomous and continuous measurements of spectral albedo and transmittance of sea ice, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 62, 14-28, doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2010.03.001, 2010.
107. Nilsson, E., Swietlicki, E., Sjogren, S., Löndahl, J., Nyman, M., and Svenningsson, B.: Development of an H-TDMA for longterm unattended measurement of the hygroscopic properties of atmospheric aerosol particles, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 313-318, doi:10.5194/amt-2-313-2009, 2009.
108. Nilsson, E. D.: Planetary boundary layer structure and air mass transport during the International Arctic Ocean Expedition, 1991. Tellus, 48, 178-196, 1996.
109. Nilsson, E. D. and Leck, C.: A pseudo-Lagrangian study of the sulfur budget in the remote Arctic marine boundary layer, Tellus, 54b, 213-230, 2002. (Pubitemid 34735919)
110. Nilsson, E. D. and Rannik, Ü.: Turbulent aerosol fluxes over the Arctic Ocean, 1: dry deposition over sea and pack ice, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32125-32137, doi:10.1029/2000JD900605, 2001.
111. Norris, S. J., Brooks, I. M., de Leeuw, G., Sirevaag, A., Leck, C., Brooks, B. J., Birch, C. E., and Tjernström, M.: Measurements of bubble size spectra within leads in the Arctic summer pack ice. Ocean Sci., 7, 129-139, doi:10.5194/os-7-129-2011, 2011.
112. Ogren, J. A. and Heintzenberg, J.: Parametric aerosol sampling at low concentration levels, Rep. AA-1, Dep. of Meteorol., Stockholm Univ., Stockholm, 1990.
113. Ovadnevaite, J., Ceburnis, D., Martucci, G., Bialek, J., Monahan, C., Rinaldi, M., Facchini, M. C., Berresheim, H., Worsnop, D. R., and O'Dowd, C.: Primary marine organic aerosol: A dichotomy of low hygroscopicity and high CCN activity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21806, doi:10.1029/2011GL048869, 2011.
114. Overland, J. E.: The case for global warming in the Arctic, in: Influence of climate change on the changing Arctic and sub-Arctic conditions, Nato Science for Peace and Security Series - C: Environmental Security, edited by: Nihoul, J. C. J. and Kostianoy, A. G., Springer, the Netherlands, 13-23, 2009.
115. Overland. J. E., Wood, K. R., and Wang, M.: Warm Arctic-cold continents: climate impacts of the newly open Arctic Sea, Polar Res., 30, 15787, doi:10.3402/polar.v30i0.15787, 2011.
116. Orellana, M. V., and Verdugo, P.: Ultaviolet radiation blocks the organic carbon exchange between the dissolved phase and the gel phase in the ocean, Limnol Oceanogr., 48, 1618-1623, 2003. (Pubitemid 36964781)
117. Orellana, M. V., Petersen, T. W., Diercks, A. H., Donohue, S., Verdugo, P., and van den Engh, G.: Marine microgels: Optical and proteomic fingerprints, Mar. Chem. Marine Chem., 105, 229-239, 2007. (Pubitemid 46856021)
118. Orellana, M. V., Matrai, P. A., Leck, C., Rauschenberg, C. D., Lee, A. M., and Coz, E.: Marine microgels: a source of CCN in the high Arctic, PNAS, 33, 13612-13617, doi:10.1073/pnas.1102457108, 2011.
119. Paatero, J., Vaattovaara, P., Vestenius, M., Meinande, O., Makkonen, U., Kivi, R., Hyvärinen, A., Asmi, E., Tjernström, M., and Leck, C.: Finnish contribution to the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS) expedition, Arctic Ocean 2008, Geophysica, 45, 119-146, 2009.
120. Packard, T. T. and Dortch, Q.: Particulate protein-nitrogen in North Atlantic surface water, Mar. Biol., 33, 347-354, 1975.
121. Persson, P. O. G.: Summary of meteorological conditions during the Arctic Mechanisms for the Interaction of the Surface and Atmosphere (AMISA) intensive operation periods, NOAA Technical Memorandum OAR PSD-314, 57 pp., 2010.
122. Persson, P. O. G., Fairall, C. W., Andreas, E. L., Guest, P. S., and Perovich, D. K.: Measurements near the Atmospheric Surface Flux Group tower at SHEBA: Near-surface conditions and surface energy budget, J. Geophys. Res. 107, 8045, doi:10.1029/2000JC000705, 2002.
123. Perovich, D. K., Richter-Menge, J. A., Jones, K. F., and Light, B.: Sunlight, water, and ice: extreme Arctic sea ice melt during the summer of 2007, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L11501, doi:10.1029/2008GL034007, 2008.
124. Philippin, S., Wiedensohler, A., and Stratmann, F.: Measurements of non-volatile fractions of pollution aerosols with an eight-tube volatility tandem differential mobility analyzer (VTDMA-8), J. Aerosol Sci., 35, 185-203, 2004. (Pubitemid 38115146)
125. Prather, K. A., Nordmeyer, T., and Salt, K.: Real-time characterization of individual aerosol particles using time-offlight mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 66, 1403-1407, doi:10.1021/ac00081a007, 1994.
126. Polyakov, I., Timokhov, L., Hanse, E., Piechura, J., Walczowski, W., Ivanov, V., Simmons, H., Fahrbach, E., Hölemann, J., Steel, M., Pickart, R., Fortier, L., Schauer, U., Beszczynska-Möller, A., Holliday, N. P., Dmitrenko, I., Dickson, R., Gascard, J. C., and Mauritzen, C.: Observational program tracks Arctic Ocean transition to a warmer state, EOS Trans., 88, 398-399, doi:10.1029/2007EO400002, 2007. (Pubitemid 350218372)
127. Reneker, D. H. and Chun, I.: Nanometre diameter fibres of polymer, produced by electrospinning, Nanotechnology, 7, 216-223, 1996. (Pubitemid 126558355)
128. Richter-Menge, J. and Jeffries, M., The Arctic in: State of the Climate 2010, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 92, S143-S160, 2011.
129. Roberts, G. C. and Nenes, A.: A continuous-flow streamwise thermal-gradient CCN chamber for atmospheric measurements, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, 206-221, doi:10.1080/027868290913988, 2005. (Pubitemid 40655448)
130. Rose, D., Wehner, B., Ketzel, M., Engler, C., Voigtländer, J., Tuch, T., and Wiedensohler, A.: Atmospheric number size distributions of soot particles and estimation of emission factors, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1021-1031, doi:10.5194/acp-6-1021-2006, 2006.
131. Rose, D., Gunthe, S. S., Mikhailov, E., Frank, G. P., Dusek, U., Andreae, M. O., and Pöschl, U.: Calibration and measurement uncertainties of a continuous-flow cloud condensation nuclei counter (DMT-CCNC): CCN activation of ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride aerosol particles in theory and experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1153-1179, doi:10.5194/acp-8-1153-2008, 2008.
132. Sedlar, J. and Tjernström, M.: Stratiform cloud-inversion characterization during the Arctic melt season, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 132, 455-474, doi:10.1007/s10546-009-9407-1, 2009.
133. Sedlar, J., Shupe, M. D., and Tjernström, M.: On the Relationship between thermodynamic structure and cloud top, and its climate significance in the Arctic, J. Clim., 25, 2374-2393, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0937-5, 2012.
134. Sedlar, J., Tjernström, M., Mauritsen, T., Shupe, M. D., Brooks, I. M., Birch, C. E., Leck, C., Sirevaag, A., and Persson, P. O. G.: A transitioning Arctic surface energy budget: the impacts of solar zenith angle, surface albedo and cloud radiative forcing, Clim. Dyn., 37, 1643-1660, doi:10.1007/s00382-010- 0937-5, 2011.
135. Serreze, M. C. and Barry, R. G.: Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis, Global and Planetary Change, 77, 85-96, doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004, 2011.
136. Serreze, M. C. and Francis, J. A.: The Arctic amplification debate, Clim. Change, 76, 241-264, 2006. (Pubitemid 44098558)
137. Serreze, M. C., Holland, M. M., and Stroeve, J.: Perspectives on the Arctic's shrinking sea-ice cover. Science, 315, 1533-1536, doi:10.1126/science. 1139426, 2007. (Pubitemid 46449461)
138. Shaw, G. E. and Khalil, M. A. K.: Arctic haze, in: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, edited by: Hutzinger, O., Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 4B, 70-111, 1989.
139. Shimada, K.: Pacific Ocean inflow: Influence on catastrophic reduction of sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Let., 33, L08605, doi:10.1029/2005GL025624, 2006. (Pubitemid 43950142)
140. Shupe, M. D. and Intrieri, J. M.: Cloud radiative forcing of the Arctic surface: The influence of cloud properties, surface albedo, and solar zenith angle, J. Climate, 17, 616-628, 2004. (Pubitemid 38381891)
141. Shupe, M. D., Kollias, P., Poellot, M., and Eloranta, E.: On deriving vertical air motions from cloud radar Doppler spectra, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 25, 547-557, 2008. (Pubitemid 351864200)
142. Shupe, M. D., Persson, P. O. G., Brooks, I. M., Tjernström, M., Sedlar, J., Mauritsen, T., Sjogren, S., and Leck, C.: Cloud and boundary layer interactions over the Arctic sea-ice in late summer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9379-9400, doi:10.5194/acp-13-9379-2013, 2013.
143. Shupe, M. D., Valden, V. P., Eloranta, E., Uttal, T., Campbell, J. R., Starkweather, S. M., and Masataka, M.: Clouds at Arctic atmospheric observatories, Part I: Occurrence and macrophysical properties, J. Appl. Meteor. Clim., 50, 626-644, 2011.
144. Shupe, M. D., Brooks, I. M., and Canut, G.: Evaluation of turbulent
145. Sirevaag, A., de la Rosa, S., Fer, I., Nicolaus, M., Tjernström, M., and McPhee, M. D.: Mixing, heat fluxes and heat content evolution of the Arctic Ocean mixed layer. Ocean Sci., 7, 335-349, doi:10.5194/os-7-335-2011, 2011.
146. Sorteberg, A., Furevik, T., Drange, H., and Kvamstø, N. G.: Effects of simulated natural variability on Arctic temperature projections, Geophys. Res. Let., 32, L18708, doi:10.1029/2005GL023404, 2005. (Pubitemid 41582592)
147. Stephens, G. L.: Cloud feedbacks in the climate system: A critical review, J. Clim., 18, 237-273, 2005. (Pubitemid 40323026)
148. Stetzer, O., Baschek, B, Lüönd, F., and Lohmann, U.: The Zurich ice nucleation chamber (ZINC) - A new instrument to investigate atmospheric ice formation. Aerosol Sci. Tech., 42, 64-74, 2008.
149. Stolzenburg, M. R.: An Ultrafine Aerosol Size distribution system, Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 1988.
150. Tjernström, M.: The summer Arctic boundary layer during the Arctic Ocean Experiment 2001 (AOE-2001), Bound.-Layer Meteorol., 117, 5-36, 2005. (Pubitemid 41613342)
151. Tjernström, M.: Is there a diurnal cycle in Arctic summer cloudcapped boundary layer?, J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 3974-3990, 2007.
152. Tjernström, M. and Mauritsen, T.: Mesoscale variability in the summer Arctic boundary layer. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 130, 383-406, doi:10.1007/s10546-009-9354-x, 2009.
153. Tjernström, M., Sedlar, J., and Shupe, M. D.: How well do regional climate models reproduce radiation and clouds in the Arctic? An evaluation of ARCMIP simulations, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 47, 2405-2422, 2008.
154. Tjernström, M., Leck, C., Persson, P. O. G., Jensen, M. L., Oncley, S. P., and Targino, A.: The summertime Arctic atmosphere: Meteorological measurements during the Arctic Ocean Experiment (AOE-2001), Bull Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 1305-1321, doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-9-1305, 2004a.
155. Tjernström, M., Leck, C., Persson, P. O. G., Jensen, M. L., Oncley, S. P., and Targino, A.: Experimental equipment: An electronic supplement to "The summertime Arctic atmosphere: Meteorological measurements during the Arctic Ocean Experiment (AOE-2001)", Supplement, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 85, doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-9-1305, 2004a.
156. Tjernström, M., Birch, C. E., Brooks, I. M., Shupe, M. D., Persson, P. O. G., Sedlar, J., Mauritsen, T., Leck, C., Paatero, J., Szczodrak, M., and Wheeler, C. R.: Meteorological conditions in the central Arctic summer during the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6863-6889, doi:10.5194/acp-12-6863-2012, 2012.
157. Tjernström, M., Zagar, M., Svensson, G., Cassano, J. C., Pfeifer, S., Rinke, A., Wyser, K., Dethloff, K., Jones, C., Semmler, T., and Shaw, M.: Modelling the Arctic boundary layer: An evaluation of six ARCMIP regional-scale models using data from the SHEBA project, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 117, 337-381, 2005. (Pubitemid 43149396)
158. Twomey, S. A.: The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1149-1152, 1977.
159. Vaattovaara, P., Räsänen, M., Kühn, T., Joutsensaari, J., and Laaksonen, A.: A method for detecting the presence of organic fraction in nucleation mode sized particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 3277-3287, doi:10.5194/acp-5-3277-2005, 2005. (Pubitemid 43085628)
160. Vaattovaara, P., Huttunen, P. E., Yoon, Y. J., Joutsensaari, J., Lehtinen, K. E. J., O'Dowd, C. D., and Laaksonen, A.: The composition of nucleation and Aitken modes particles during coastal nucleation events: evidence for marine secondary organic contribution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4601-4616, doi:10.5194/acp-6-4601-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44569868)
161. Verdugo, P.: Marine Microgels, Ann. Rev. Marine Sci., 4, 375-400, 2012.
162. Walsh, J., Kattsov, V., Chapman, W., Govorkova, V., and Pavlova, T.: Comparison of Arctic climate simulations by uncoupled and coupled global models, J. Clim., 15, 1429-1446, 2002. (Pubitemid 34789008)
163. Wang, X., and Key, J. R.: Arctic surface, cloud, and radiation properties based on the AVHRR polar pathfinder data set. Part I: Spatial and temporal characteristics, J. Clim., 18, 2558-2574, 2005. (Pubitemid 41460952)
164. Wehner, B., Philippin, S., Wiedensohler, A., Scheer, V., and Vogt, R.:, Variability of non-volatile fractions of atmospheric aerosol particles with traffic influence, Atmos. Environ., 38, 6081-6090, 2004. (Pubitemid 39451773)
165. Westwater, E. R., Han, Y., Shupe, M. D., and Matrosov, S. Y.: Analysis of integrated cloud liquid and precipitable water vapor retrievals fro microwave radiometers during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean project, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32019-32030, 2001.
166. Westwater, E., Han, Y., Irisov, V. G., Leuskiy, V., Kadygrov, E. N., and Viazankin, S. A.: Remote sensing of boundary layer temperature profiles by a scanning 5-mm microwave radiometer and RASS: Comparison experiments, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 16, 805-818, 1999.
167. White, A. B., Jordan, J., Martner, B., Ralph, F., and Bartram, B.: Extending the dynamic range of an S-band radar for cloud and precipitation studies, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 17, 1226-1234, 2000.
168. Wilczak, J. M., Oncley, S. P., and. Stage, S. A: Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 99, 127-150, 2001. (Pubitemid 32232644)
169. Xin, L., Leck, C., Sun, L., Hede, T., Tu, Y., and Ågren, H.: Cross-Linked Polysaccharide Assemblies in Marine Gels: An Atomistic Simulation, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 4, 2637-2642, doi:10.1021/jz401276r, 2013.
170. Zhang, X., Sorteberg, A., Zhang, J., Gerdes, R., and Comiso, J. C.: Recent radical shifts of atmospheric circulations and rapid changes in Arctic climate system, Geophys. Res. Let., 35, L22701, doi:10.1029/2008GL035607, 2008.
171. Zhou J., Mopper, K., and Passow, U.: The role of surface-active carbohydrates in the formation of transparent exopolymer particles by bubble adsorption of seawater, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 1860-1871, 1998. (Pubitemid 29014766)
172. Zygmuntowska, M., Mauritsen, T., Quaas, J., and Kaleschke, L.: Arctic clouds and surface radiation - a critical comparison of satellite retrievals and the ERA-Interim reanalysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6667-6677, doi:10.5194/acp-12-6667-2012, 2012.