Mixing, heat fluxes and heat content evolution of the Arctic Ocean mixed layer

Ocean Science

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 335-349

  Sirevaag, A ^a   De La Rosa, S ^a   Fer, I ^a   Nicolaus, M ^b,c   Tjernstrom M ^d   McPhee, M G ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^b ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

^c NORWEGIAN POLAR INSTITUTE   (Norway)

^d STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^e McPhee Research Company   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FREEZING; HEAT FLOW; ICE COVER; ICE DRIFT; ICE-OCEAN INTERACTION; MELTING; MIXED LAYER; PACK ICE; STRATIFICATION;

AMUNDSEN BASIN; ARCTIC OCEAN;

EID: 79958122819     PISSN: 18120784     EISSN: 18120792     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/os-7-335-2011     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Aagaard, K., Coachman, L. K., and Carmack, E.: On the halocline of the Arctic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 28, 529-545, 1981.
2. Alkire, M. B., Falkner, K. K., Rigor, I., Steele, M., and Morison, J.: The return of Pacific waters to the upper layers of the central Arctic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 54, 1509-1529, doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2007.06.004,2007. (Pubitemid 47268770)
3. Comiso, J. C.: Warming trends in the Arctic from clear sky satellite observations, J. Climate, 16, 3498-3510,2003. (Pubitemid 37554450)
4. Comiso, J. C., Parkinson, C. L., Gersten, R., and Stock, L.: Accel-erated decline in the Arctic Sea ice cover, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, doi:10.1029/2007gl031972,2008. (Pubitemid 351459836)
5. Dillon, T. M. and Caldwell, D. R.: The Batchelor spectrum and dis-sipation in the upper ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 85, 1910-1916, 1980.
6. Dmitrenko, I. A., Polyakov, I. V., Kirillov, S. A., Timokhov, L. A., Frolov, I. E., Sokolov, V. T., Simmons, H. L., Ivanov, V. V., and Walsh, D.: Toward a warmer Arctic Ocean: Spread-ing of the early 21st century Atlantic Water warm anomaly along the Eurasian Basin margins, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, doi:10.1029/2007jc004158,2008.
7. Fer, I.: Scaling turbulent dissipation in an Arctic fjord, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 77-95, 2006. (Pubitemid 43340252)
8. Fer, I. and Sundfjord, A.: Observations of upper ocean bound-ary layer dynamics in the marginal ice zone, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C04012, doi:10.1029/2005JC003428, 2007. (Pubitemid 46951958)
9. Fer, I.: Weak vertical diffusion allows maintenance of cold halo-cline in the central Arctic, Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 2, 148-152,2009.
10. Grotefendt, K., Logemann, K., Quadfasel, D., and Ronski, S.:Is the Arctic Ocean warming?, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 103, 27679-27687, 1998.
11. Haas, C., Pfaffling, A., Hendricks, S., Rabenstein, L., Etienne, J. L., and Rigor, I.: Reduced ice thickness in Arctic Trans-polar Drift favors rapid ice retreat, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, doi:10.1029/2008gl034457,2008.
12. Inoue, J., Kikuchi, T., and Perovich, D. K.: Effect of heat transmission through melt ponds and ice on melting during summer in the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, doi:10.1029/2007jc004182,2008.
13. Itoh, M., Inoue, J., Shimada, K., Zimmermann, S., Kikuchi, T., Hutchings, J., McLaughlin, F., and Carmack, E.: Acceleration ofsea-ice melting due to transmission ofsolar radiation through ponded ice area in the Arctic Ocean: results of in situ obser-vations from icebreakers in 2006 and 2007, Ann. Glaciol., 52, 249-260,2011.
14. Kinnard, C., Zdanowicz, C. M., Koerner, R. M., and Fisher, D. A.: A changing Arctic seasonal ice zone: Observations from 1870-2003 and possible oceanographic consequences, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, doi:10.1029/2007gl032507, 2008. (Pubitemid 351392155)
15. Krishfield, R. A. and Perovich, D. K.: Spatial and temporal vari-ability of oceanic heat flux to the Arctic ice pack, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 110, C07021, doi:10.1029/2004JC002293,2005. (Pubitemid 41327123)
16. Kwok, R., and Rothrock, D. A.: Decline in Arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and ICESat records: 1958-2008, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, doi:10.1029/2009gl039035,2009.
17. Light, B., Grenfell, T. C., and Perovich, D. K.: Trans-mission and absorption of solar radiation by Arctic sea ice during the melt season, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, doi:10.1029/2006jc003977,2008.
18. National Snow and Ice Data Center: http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/ 2008/040708.html, last access: 20 Octo-ber2010,2010.
19. Markus, T., Stroeve, J. C., and Miller, J.: Recent changes in Arctic sea ice melt onset, freezeup, and melt season length, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 114, doi:10.1029/2009jc005436,2009.
20. Maslanik, J. A., Fowler, C., Stroeve, J., Drobot, S., Zwally, J., Yi, D., and Emery, W.: A younger, thinner Arctic ice cover: In-creased potential for rapid, extensive sea-ice loss, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, doi:10.1029/ 2007GL032043,2007. (Pubitemid 351279310)
21. Maykut, G. A. and Untersteiner, N.: Some Results from a Time-Dependent Thermodynamic Model of Sea Ice, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 1550-1575, 1971.
22. Maykut, G. A. and McPhee, M. G.: Solar heating of the Arctic mixed layer, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 100,24691-24703, 1995.
23. McPhee, M. G.: A spectral technique for estimating turbulent stress, scalar flux magnitude, and eddy viscosity in the ocean boundary layer under pack ice, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34,2180-2188, 2004. (Pubitemid 39520053)
24. McPhee, M. G.: Air-Ice-Ocean interaction: Turbulent Boundary Layer Exchange Processes, Springer, New York, 215 pp., 2008.
25. McPhee, M. G., Proshutinsky, A., Morison, J. H., Steele, M., and Alkire, M. B.: Rapid change in freshwater content of the Arc-tic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, doi:10.1029/2009gl037525, 2009.
26. Nghiem, S. V., Rigor, I. G., Perovich, D. K., Clemente-Colon, P., Weatherly, J. W., and Neumann, G.: Rapid reduction of Arctic perennial sea ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, doi:10.1029/2007GL031138,2007. (Pubitemid 350263019)
27. Nicolaus, M., Gerland, S., Hudson, S. R., Hanson, S., Haapala, J., and Perovich, D. K.: Seasonality ofspectral albedo and trans-mittance as observed in the Arctic Transpolar Drift in 2007, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C11011,doi:10.1029/2009jc006074,2010a.
28. Nicolaus, M., Hudson, S. R., Gerland, S., and Munder-loh, K.: A modern concept for autonomous and continu-ous measurements of spectral albedo and transmittance of sea ice, Cold Regions Science And Technology, 62, 14-28, doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2010.03.001,2010b.
29. Niebauer, H. J. and Alexander, V.: Oceanographic frontal structure and biological production at an ice edge, Cont. Shelf Res., 4, 367-388, 1985. (Pubitemid 16276230)
30. Osborn, T. R. and Cox, C. S.: Oceanic fine structure, Geophys. Fluid Dyn., 3, 321-345, 1972.
31. Osborn, T. R.: Estimates of the Local Rate ofVertical Diffusion from Dissipation Measurements, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 83-89, 1980.
32. Padman, L.: Small-scale physical processes in the Arctic Ocean, in: Arctic Oceanography: Marginal Ice Zones and Continental Shelves, edited by: Smith, W. O. and Grebmeier, J., AGU, Wash-ingtonD.C., 1995.
33. Parkinson, C. L. and Cavalieri, D. J.: Arctic sea ice variabil-ity and trends, 1979-2006, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, doi:10.1029/2007jc004558,2008.
34. Perovich, D. K.: On the aggregate-scale partitioning ofsolar radia-tion in Arctic sea ice during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arc-tic Ocean (SHEBA) field experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 110, doi:10.1029/2004jc002512,2005. (Pubitemid 40757821)
35. Peterson, B. J., Holmes, R. M., McClelland, J. W., Vorosmarty, C. J., Lammers, R. B., Shiklomanov, A. I., Shiklomanov, I. A., and Rahmstorf, S.: Increasing river discharge to the Arctic Ocean, Science, 298,2171-2173,2002. (Pubitemid 35471237)
36. Polyakov, I. V., Alexeev, V. A., Belchansky, G. I., Dmitrenko, I. A., Ivanov, V. V., Kirillov, S. A., Korablev, A. A., Steele, M., Timo-khov, L. A., and Yashayaev, I.: Arctic ocean freshwater changes overthe past 100years andtheircauses,J. Climate,21,364-384, doi:10.1175/2007jcli1748.1,2008. (Pubitemid 351395651)
37. ainville, L. and Woodgate, R. A.: Observations ofinternal wave generation in the seasonally ice-free Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, doi:10.1029/2009gl041291,2009.
38. Rawlins, M. A., Serreze, M. C., Schroeder, R., Zhang, X. D., and McDonald, K. C.: Diagnosis of the record discharge of Arctic-draining Eurasian rivers in 2007, Environ. Res. Lett., 4, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045011,2009.
39. Rudels, B., Anderson, L. G., and Jones, E. P.: Formation and evolu-tion of the surface mixed layer and halocline of the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 101, 8807-8821, 1996.
40. Rudels, B., Meyer, R., Fahrbach, E., Ivanov, V. V., Østerhus, S., Quadfasel, D., Schauer, U., Tverberg, V., and Woodgate, R. A.: Water mass distribution in Fram Strait and over the Yermak Plateau in summer 1997, Annales Geophysicae-Atmospheres Hydrospheres and Space Sciences, 18, 687-705,2000.
41. Screen, J. A. and Simmonds, I.: The central role of diminishing sea ice in recent Arctic temperature amplification, Nature, 464, 1334-1337, doi:10.1038/nature09051,2010.
42. Sedlar, J., Tjernström, M., Mauritsen, T., Shupe, M. D., Brooks, I. M., Persson, O. G., Birch, C. E., Leck, C., Sirevaag, A., and Nicolaus, M.: A transitioning Arctic surface energy budget: The impacts of solar zenith angle, surface albedo and cloud radiative forcing, submitted to Clim. Dynam., 2010.
43. Serreze, M. C., Barrett, A. P., Stroeve, J. C., Kindig, D. N., and Holland, M. M.: The emergence of surface-based Arctic ampli-fication, Cryosphere, 3, 11-19, 2009.
44. Shaw, W. J., Stanton, T. P., McPhee, M. G., Morison, J. H., and Martinson, D. G.: Role of the upper ocean in the energy budget of Arctic sea ice during SHEBA, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 114, doi:10.1029/2008jc004991,2009.
45. Sirevaag, A.: Turbulent exchange coefficients for the ice/ocean interface in case of rapid melting, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, doi:10.1029/2008GL036587, 2009.
46. Sirevaag, A. and Fer, I.: Early Spring Oceanic Heat Fluxes and Mixing Observed from Drift Stations North of Svalbard, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 39, 3049-3069, doi:10.1175/2009jpo4172.1, 2009.
47. Smedsrud, L. H., Sorteberg, A., and Kloster, K.: Recent and fu-ture changes of the Arctic sea-ice cover, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, doi:10.1029/2008gl034813,2008.
48. Stroeve, J., Serreze, M., Drobot, S., Gearheard, S., Holland, M. M., Maslanik, J., Meier, W., and Scambos, T.: Arc-tic Sea Ice Extent Plummets in 2007, Eos Trans. AGU, 89, doi:10.1029/2008EO020001,2008.
49. Woodgate, R. A., Weingartner, T., and Lindsay, R.: The 2007 Bering Strait oceanic heat flux and anomalous Arctic sea-ice re-treat, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, doi:10.1029/2009gl041621,2010.