Give me just a little more time: Effects of alcohol on the failure and recovery of cognitive control

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Volumn 123, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 152-167

  Bailey, Kira ^a   Bartholow, Bruce D ^a   Saults, J Scott ^a   Lust, Sarah A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Cognitive control; ERPs; Externalizing; Posterror adjustment

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL;

ACCURACY; ADULT; ALCOHOL INTOXICATION; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR CONTROL; CONTROLLED STUDY; ERROR RELATED NEGATIVITY; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; NORMAL HUMAN; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RESPONSE TIME; SLOW BRAIN WAVE; BRAIN; COGNITION; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; DRUG EFFECTS; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVOKED RESPONSE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; REACTION TIME; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; ALCOHOL DRINKING; ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION; BRAIN; COGNITION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ETHANOL; EVOKED POTENTIALS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; REACTION TIME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84897862848     PISSN: 0021843X     EISSN: 19391846     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0035662     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Alexander, W. H., & Brown, J. W. (2010). Computational models of performance monitoring and cognitive control. Topics in Cognitive Science, 2, 658-677. doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01085.x
2. Amodio, D. M., Harmon-Jones, E., Devine, P. G., Hartley, S. L., & Covert, A. E. (2004). Neural signals for the detection of unintentional race bias. Psychological Science, 15, 88 -93. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004 .01502003.x
3. Aron, A. R., & Poldrack, R. A. (2005). The cognitive neuroscience of response inhibition: Relevance for genetic research in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1285-1292. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych .2004.10.026
4. Baguley, T. (2004). Understanding statistical power in the context of applied research. Applied Ergonomics, 35, 73-80. doi:10.1016/j.apergo .2004.01.002
5. Bailey, K., West, R., & Anderson, C. A. (2010). A negative association between video game experience and proactive cognitive control. Psychophysiology, 47, 34-42. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00925.x
6. Banich, M. T., Mackiewicz, K. L., Depue, B. E., Whitmer, A. J., Miller, G. A., & Heller, W. (2009). Cognitive control mechanisms, emotion and memory: A neural perspective with implications for psychopathology. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 613-630. doi:10.1016/j .neubiorev.2008.09.010
7. Bartholow, B. D., Dickter, C. L., & Sestir, M. A. (2006). Stereotype activation and control of race bias: Cognitive control of inhibition and its impairment by alcohol. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 272-287. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.272
8. Bartholow, B. D., Henry, E. A., Lust, S. A., Saults, J. S., & Wood, P. K. (2012). Alcohol effects on performance monitoring and adjustment: Affect modulation and impairment of evaluative cognitive control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 173-186. doi:10.1037/a0023664
9. Bartholow, B. D., Pearson, M. A., Dickter, C. L., Sher, K. J., Fabiani, M., & Gratton, G. (2005). Strategic control and medial frontal negativity: Beyond errors and response conflict. Psychophysiology, 42, 33-42. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00258.x
10. Bartholow, B. D., Pearson, M. A., Sher, K. J., Wieman, L. C., Fabiani, M., & Gratton, G. (2003). Effects of alcohol consumption and alcohol susceptibility on cognition: A psychophysiological examination. Biological Psychology, 64, 167-190. doi:10.1016/S0301-0511(03)00108-X
11. Botvinick, M. M. (2007). Conflict monitoring and decision making: Reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function. Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 356-366.
12. Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Review, 108, 624-652. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.624
13. Botvinick, M. M., Cohen, J. D., & Carter, C. S. (2004). Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: An update. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 539-546. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.10.003
14. Braver, T. S. (2012). The variable nature of cognitive control: A dual mechanisms framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 106-113. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.12.010
15. Braver, T. S., Paxton, J. L., Locke, H. S., & Barch, D. M. (2009). Flexible neural mechanisms of cognitive control within human prefrontal cortex. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 7351-7356. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808187106
16. Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
17. Burgess, G. C., & Braver, T. S. (2010). Neural mechanisms of interference control in working memory: Effects of interference expectancy and intelligence. PLoS One, 5, e12861. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012861
18. Burle, B., Passamai, C., Vidal, F., Bonnet, M., & Hasbroucq, T. (2002).Executive control in the Simon effect: An electromyographic and distributional study. Psychological Research, 66, 324-336. doi:10.1007/ s00426-002-0105-6
19. Carter, C. S., & Van Veen, V. (2007). Anterior cingulate cortex and conflict detection: An update of theory and data. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 367-379. doi:10.3758/CABN.7.4.367
20. Casbon, T. S., Curtin, J. J., Lang, A. R., & Patrick, C. J. (2003). Deleterious effects of alcohol intoxication: Diminished cognitive control and its behavioral consequences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 476-487. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.476
21. Cherpitel, C. J. (2006). Alcohol-related injury and the emergency department: Research and policy questions for the next decade. Addiction, 101, 1225-1227. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01567.x
22. Chiew, K. S., & Braver, T. S. (2011). Positive affect versus reward: Emotional and motivational influences on cognitive control. Frontiers in Psychology, 2(article 279), 1-10.
23. Coles, M. G. H., Scheffers, M. K., & Holroyd, C. B. (2001). Why is there an ERN/Ne on correct trials? Response representations, stimulus-related components, and the theory of error-processing. Biological Psychology, 56, 173-189. doi:10.1016/S0301-0511(01)00076-X
24. Crocker, L. D., Heller, W., Warren, S. L., O'Hare, A. J., Infantolino, Z. P., & Miller, G. A. (2013). Relationships among cognition, emotion, and motivation: Implications for intervention and neuroplasticity in psychopathology. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(article 261), 1-19.
25. Curtin, J. J., & Fairchild, B. A. (2003). Alcohol and cognitive control: Implications for regulation of behavior during response conflict. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 424-436. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.3 .424
26. Curtin, J. J., & Lang, A. R. (2007). Alcohol and emotion: Insights and directives from affective science. In J. Rottenberg & S. L. Johnson (Eds.), Emotion and psychopathology: Bridging affective and clinical science (pp. 191-213). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11562-009
27. de Wit, H. (1996). Priming effects with drugs and other reinforcers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 4, 5-10. doi:10.1037/ 1064-1297.4.1.5
28. Easdon, C., Izenberg, A., Armilio, M. L., Yu, H., & Alain, C. (2005). Alcohol consumption impairs stimulus-and error-related processing during a go/ no-go task. Cognitive Brain Research, 25, 873-883. doi:10.1016/j .cogbrainres.2005.09.009
29. Electrode Position Nomenclature Committee. (1994). Guideline thirteen: Guidelines for standard electrode position nomenclature. American Electroencephalographic Society. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 11, 111-113. doi:10.1097/00004691-199401000-00014
30. Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 143-149. doi:10.3758/BF03203267
31. Eriksen, C. W., & Hoffman, J. E. (1973). The extent of processing of noise elements during selective encoding from visual displays. Perception & Psychophysics, 14, 155-160. doi:10.3758/BF03198630
32. Field, M., Wiers, R. W., Christiansen, P., Fillmore, M. T., & Verster, J. C. (2010). Acute alcohol effects on inhibitory control and implicit cognition: Implications for loss of control over drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 34, 1346-1352. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277 .2010.01218.x
33. Fillmore, M. T., & Blackburn, J. (2002). Compensating for alcoholinduced impairment: Alcohol expectancies and behavioral disinhibition. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 237-246.
34. Fillmore, M. T., Mulvihill, L. E., & Vogel-Sprott, M. (1994). The expected drug and its expected effect interact to determine placebo responses to alcohol and caffeine. Psychopharmacology, 115, 383-388. doi:10.1007/ BF02245081
35. Fillmore, M. T., & Rush, C. R. (2006). Polydrug abusers display impaired discrimination reversal learning in a model of behavioural control. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20, 24 -32. doi:10.1177/ 0269881105057000
36. Fillmore, M. T., & Vogel-Sprott, M. (1995). Expectancies about alcoholinduced motor impairment predict individual differences in responses to alcohol and placebo. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 56, 90-98.
37. Fillmore, M. T., Vogel-Sprott, M., & Gavrilescu, D. (1999). Alcohol effects on intentional behavior: Dissociating controlled and automatic influences. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7, 372-378. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.7.4.372
38. Fromme, K., Katz, E., & D'Amico, E. (1997). Effects of alcohol intoxication on the perceived consequences of risk taking. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 5, 14-23. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.5.1.14
39. Garavan, H., Ross, T. J., Murphy, K., Roche, R. A., & Stein, E. A. (2002). Dissociable executive functions in the dynamic control of behavior: Inhibition, error detection, and correction. NeuroImage, 17, 1820-1829. doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1326
40. Gehring, W. J., Goss, B., Coles, M. G., Meyer, D. E., & Donchin, E. (1993). A neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychological Science, 4, 385-390. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00586.x
41. Gehring, W. J., & Taylor, S. F. (2004). When the going gets tough, the cingulate gets going. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 1285-1287. doi:10.1038/ nn1204-1285
42. George, S., Rogers, R. D., & Duka, T. (2005). The acute effect of alcohol on decision making in social drinkers. Psychopharmacology, 182, 160-169. doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0057-9
43. Giancola, P. R. (1995). Evidence for dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal cortical involvement in the expression of aggressive behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 21, 431-450. doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:6431:: AID-AB24802106043.0.CO;2-Q
44. Giancola, P. R. (2000). Executive functioning: A conceptual framework for alcohol-related aggression. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8, 576-597. doi:10.1037//1064-1297.8.4.576
45. Giancola, P. R. (2004). Difficult temperament, acute alcohol intoxication, and aggressive behavior. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 74, 135-145. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.11.013
46. Giancola, P. R., Josephs, R. A., De Wall, C. N., & Gunn, R. L. (2009). Applying the attention-allocation model to the explanation of alcoholrelated aggression: Implications for prevention. Substance Use & Misuse, 44, 1263-1279. doi:10.1080/10826080902960049
47. Giancola, P. R., & Zeichner, A. (1994). Neuropsychological performance on tests of frontal-lobe functioning and aggressive behavior in men. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 832-835. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.103.4.832
48. Godlaski, A. J., & Giancola, P. R. (2009). Executive functioning, irritability, and alcohol-related aggression. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23, 391-403. doi:10.1037/a0016582
49. Grattan, K. E., & Vogel-Sprott, M. (2001). Maintaining intentional control of behavior under alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 192-197. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02198.x
50. Gratton, G. (2000). Biosignal processing. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson, (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (2nd ed.; pp. 900-923). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
51. Gratton, G., Coles, M. G. H., & Donchin, E. (1992). Optimizing the use of information: Strategic control of activation of responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121, 480-506. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.121.4.480
52. Gratton, G., Coles, M. G. H., Sirevaag, E. J., Eriksen, C. W., & Donchin, E. (1988). Pre-and poststimulus activation of response channels: A psychophysiological analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14, 331-344.
53. Groman, S. M., James, A. S., & Jentsch, J. D. (2009). Poor response inhibition: At the nexus between substance abuse and attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 690-698. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.008
54. Gustafson, R., & Kallmen, H. (1990a). Effects of alcohol on cognitive performance measured with Stroop's color word test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71, 99-105.
55. Gustafson, R., & Kallmen, H. (1990b). Effects of alcohol on prolonged cognitive performance measured with Stroop's color word test. Psychological Reports, 67, 643-650.
56. Gustafson, R., & Kallmen, H. (1990c). Alcohol and the compensation hypothesis: A test with cognitive and psychomotor tasks. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71, 1367-1374.
57. Hindmarch, I., Kerr, J. S., & Sherwood, N. (1991). The effects of alcohol and other drugs on psychomotor performance and cognitive function. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 26, 71-79.
58. Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H. (2002). The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review, 109, 679-709. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.109.4.679
59. Itami, S., & Uno, H. (2002). Orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder revealed by reversal and extinction tasks. Neuroreport: For Rapid Communication of Neuroscience Research, 13, 2453-2457. doi:10.1097/00001756-200212200-00016
60. Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 513-541. doi:10.1016/0749-596X(91)90025-F
61. Jacoby, L. L., Jennings, J. M., & Hay, J. F. (1996). Dissociating automatic and consciously controlled processes: Implications for diagnosis and rehabilitation of memory deficits. Basic and Applied Memory Research: Theory in Context, 1, 161-193.
62. Jennings, J. R., Wood, C. C., & Lawrence, B. E. (1976). Effects of graded doses of alcohol on speed-accuracy tradeoff in choice reaction time. Perception & Psychophysics, 19, 85-91. doi:10.3758/BF03199391
63. Jimura, K., Locke, H. S., & Braver, T. S. (2010). Prefrontal cortex mediation of cognitive enhancement in rewarding motivational contexts. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 8871-8876. doi:10.1073/pnas.1002007107
64. Kerns, J. G., Cohen, J. D., Macdonald, A. W., III, Cho, R. Y., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2004). Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science, 303, 1023-1026. doi:10.1126/science .1089910
65. Kopp, B., Rist, F., & Mattler, U. (1996). N200 in the flanker task as a neurobehavioral tool for investigating executive control. Psychophysiology, 33, 282-294. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb00425.x
66. Kouneiher, F., Charron, S., & Koechlin, E. (2009). Motivation and cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 939-945. doi:10.1038/nn.2321
67. Kruglanski, A. W., Shah, J. Y., Fishbach, A., Friedman, R., & Chun, W. Y. (2002). A theory of goal systems. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 331-378. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(02)80008-9
68. Lange, J. E. (2002). Alcohol's effect on aggression identification: A two-channel theory. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16, 47-55. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.16.1.47
69. Leon, M. I., & Shadlen, M. N. (1999). Effect of expected reward magnitude on the response of neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the macaque. Neuron, 24, 415-425. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80854-5
70. Locke, H. S., & Braver, T. S. (2008). Motivational influences on cognitive control: Behavior, brain activation, and individual differences. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 99-112. doi:10.3758/ CABN.8.1.99
71. MacDonald, T. K., Zanna, M. P., & Fong, G. T. (1995). Decision making in altered states: The effects of alcohol on attitudes toward drinking and driving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 973-985. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.6.973
72. MacDonald, T. K., Zanna, M. P., & Fong, G. T. (1996). Why common sense goes out the window: Effects of alcohol on intentions to use condoms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 763-775. doi:10.1177/0146167296228001
73. Marczinski, C. A., & Fillmore, M. T. (2005). Compensating for alcoholinduced impairment of control: Effects on inhibition and activation of behavior. Psychopharmacology, 181, 337-346. doi:10.1007/s00213-005-2269-4
74. McGuire, J. T., & Botvinick, M. M. (2010). Prefrontal cortex, cognitive control, and the registration of decision costs. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 7922-7926. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910662107
75. Meyer, D. E., & Kieras, D. E. (1997). A computational theory of executive cognitive processes and multiple-task performance: Part I. Basic mechanisms. Psychological Review, 104, 3-65. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.104 .1.3
76. Mezzacappa, E., Kindlon, D., & Earls, F. (1999). Relations of age to cognitive and motivational elements of impulse control in boys with and without externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 473-483. doi:10.1023/A:1021936210844
77. Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167-202. doi:10.1146/ annurev.neuro.24.1.167
78. Miner, M. H., Raymond, N., Mueller, B. A., Lloyd, M., & Lim, K. L. (2009). Preliminary investigation of the impulsive and neuroanatomical characteristics of compulsive sexual behavior. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 174, 146-151. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.04.008
79. Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., & Howerter, A. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49-100. doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
80. Olvet, D. M., & Hajcak, G. (2009). The stability of error-related brain activity with increasing trials. Psychophysiology, 46, 957-961. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00848.x
81. Pihl, R. O., Paylan, S. S., Gentes-Hawn, A., & Hoaken, P. N. S. (2003). Alcohol affects executive cognitive functioning differentially on the ascending versus descending limb of the blood alcohol concentration curve. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27, 773-779. doi:10.1097/01.ALC.0000065434.92204.A1
82. Rabbitt, P. M. A. (1966). Errors and error correction in choice-response tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71, 264-272. doi:10.1037/ h0022853
83. Rabbitt, P. M. A., & Vyas, S. M. (1970). An elementary preliminary taxonomy for some errors in laboratory choice RT tasks. Acta Psychologica, Amsterdam, 33, 56-76. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(70)90122-8
84. Ridderinkhof, K. R., de Vlugt, Y., Bramlage, A., Spaan, M., Elton, M., Snel, J., & Band, G. P. (2002). Alcohol consumption impairs detection of performance errors in mediofrontal cortex. Science, 298, 2209-2211. doi:10.1126/science.1076929
85. Ridderinkhof, K. R., Ullsperger, M., Crone, E. A., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2004). The role of the medial frontal cortex in cognitive control. Science, 306, 443-447. doi:10.1126/science.1100301
86. Rohrbaugh, J. W., Stapleton, J. M., Parasuraman, R., Zubovic, E. A., Frowein, H. W., Varner, J. L., . . . Linnoila, M. (1987). Dose-related effects of ethanol on visual sustained attention and event-related potentials. Alcohol, 4, 293-300. doi:10.1016/0741-8329(87)90026-7
87. Romer, D., Betancourt, L., Giannetta, J. M., Brodsky, N. L., Farah, M., & Hurt, H. (2009). Executive cognitive functions and impulsivity as correlates of risk taking and problem behavior in preadolescents. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2916-2926. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.06 .019
88. Saults, J. S., Cowan, N., Sher, K. J., & Moreno, M. V. (2007). Differential effects of alcohol on working memory: Distinguishing multiple processes. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 576-587. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.15.6.576
89. Sayette, M. (1999). Cognitive theory and research. In K. E. Leonard & H. T. Blane (Eds.), Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism (pp. 247-291). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
90. Scheffers, M. K., & Coles, M. G. (2000). Performance monitoring in a confusing world: Error-related brain activity, judgments of response accuracy, and types of errors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 141-151. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.26.1.141
91. Semlitsch, H. V., Anderer, P., Schuster, P., & Presslich, O. (1986). A solution for reliable and valid reduction of ocular artifacts, applied to the P300 ERP. Psychophysiology, 23, 695-703. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986 .1986.tb00696.x
92. Shehzad, Z., DeYoung, C. G., Kang, Y., Grigorenko, E. L., & Gray, J. R. (2012). Interaction of COMT val158met and externalizing behavior: Relation to prefrontal brain activity and behavioral performance. NeuroImage, 60, 2158-2168. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.097
93. Simon, H. A. (1967). Motivational and emotional controls of cognition. Psychological Review, 74, 29-39. doi:10.1037/h0024127
94. Smith, G. A., & Brewer, N. (1995). Slowness and age: Speed-accuracy mechanisms. Psychology and Aging, 10, 238-247. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.10.2.238
95. Steele, C. M., & Josephs, R. A. (1990). Alcohol myopia: Its prized and dangerous effects. American Psychologist, 45, 921-933. doi:10.1037/ 0003-066X.45.8.921
96. Steele, C. M., & Southwick, L. (1985). Alcohol and social behavior: I. The psychology of drunken excess. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 18-34. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.18
97. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643-662. doi:10.1037/ h0054651
98. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
99. Tarter, R. E., Jones, B. M., Simpson, C. D., & Vega, A. (1971). Effects of task complexity and practice on performance during acute alcohol intoxication. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 33, 307-318. doi:10.2466/pms .1971.33.1.307
100. Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., Wager, T. D., Phan, K. L., Fitzgerald, K. D., & Gehring, W. J. (2004). A functional neuroimaging study of motivation and executive function. NeuroImage, 21, 1045-1054. doi:10.1016/j .neuroimage.2003.10.032
101. Thompson, P. M., Hayashi, K. M., Simon, S. L., Geaga, J. A., Hong, M. S., Sui, Y., . . . London, E. D. (2004). Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine. The Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 6028-6036. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0713-04.2004
102. Ullsperger, M., & von Cramen, D. Y. (2006). The role of intact frontostriatal circuits in error processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 651-664. doi:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.4.651
103. Van Veen, V., & Carter, C. S. (2002). The timing of action-monitoring processes in the anterior cingulate cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 593-602. doi:10.1162/08989290260045837
104. Vasey, M. W., & Thayer, J. F. (1987). The continuing problem of false positives in repeated measures ANOVA in psychophysiology: A multivariate solution. Psychophysiology, 24, 479-486. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00324.x
105. Watanabe, M. (1996). Reward expectancy in primate prefrontal neurons. Nature, 382, 629-632. doi:10.1038/382629a0
106. Watson, P. E. (1989). Total body water and blood alcohol levels: Updating the fundamentals. In K. Crow & R. Batt (Eds.), Human metabolism of alcohol. Vol. 1: Pharmacokinetics, medicolegal aspects, and general interest (pp. 41-58). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
107. West, R., & Alain, C. (1999). Event-related neural activity associated with the Stroop task. Cognitive Brain Research, 8, 157-164. doi:10.1016/ S0926-6410(99)00017-8
108. West, R., & Alain, C. (2000). Evidence for the transient nature of a neural system supporting goal-directed action. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 748-752. doi:10.1093/cercor/10.8.748
109. West, R., & Bailey, K. (2012). ERP correlates of dual mechanisms of control in the counting Stroop task. Psychophysiology, 49, 1309-1318. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01464.x
110. West, R., Bailey, K., Tiernan, B. N., Boonsuk, W., & Gilbert, S. (2012). The temporal dynamics of medial and lateral frontal neural activity related to proactive cognitive control. Neuropsychologia, 50, 3450-3460. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.10.011
111. West, R., & Travers, S. (2008). Tracking the temporal dynamics of updating cognitive control: An examination of error processing. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 1112-1124. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm142
112. Wilcox, R. R. (2012). Modern statistics for the social and behavioral sciences: A practical introduction. London, UK: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
113. Williams, R. M., Goldman, M. S., & Williams, D. L. (1981). Expectancy and pharmacological effects of alcohol on human cognitive and motor performance: The compensation for alcohol effect. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 267-270. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.90.3.267
114. Yeung, N., Botvinick, M. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). The neural basis of error detection: Conflict monitoring and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review, 111, 931-959. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.111.4 .931