메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue , 2014, Pages

Competition and constraint drove Cope's rule in the evolution of giant flying reptiles

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIRD; BODY SIZE; COMPETITION (ECOLOGY); CRETACEOUS; DATA SET; GENETIC ANALYSIS; MESOZOIC; PHYLOGENETICS; REPTILE; TIMESCALE;

EID: 84897523367     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20411723     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4567     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (59)

References (70)
  • 1
    • 0016615594 scopus 로고
    • Pterosaur from the latest Cretaceous of West Texas: Discovery of the largest flying creature
    • Lawson, D. A. Pterosaur from the latest Cretaceous of West Texas: discovery of the largest flying creature. Science 187, 947-948 (1975).
    • (1975) Science , vol.187 , pp. 947-948
    • Lawson, D.A.1
  • 2
    • 65549141132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaling of soaring seabirds and implications for flight abilities of giant pterosaurs
    • Sato, K. et al. Scaling of soaring seabirds and implications for flight abilities of giant pterosaurs. PLoS ONE 4, e5400 (2009).
    • (2009) PLoS ONE , vol.4
    • Sato, K.1
  • 3
    • 78649759555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the size and flight diversity of giant pterosaurs, the use of birds as pterosaur analogues and comments on pterosaur flightlessness
    • Witton, M. P. & Habib, M. B. On the size and flight diversity of giant pterosaurs, the use of birds as pterosaur analogues and comments on pterosaur flightlessness. PLoS ONE 5, e13982 (2010).
    • (2010) PLoS ONE , vol.5
    • Witton, M.P.1    Habib, M.B.2
  • 4
    • 34547127856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns and power of phenotypic selection in nature
    • DOI 10.1641/B570706
    • Kingsolver, J. G. & Pfennig, D. W. Patterns and power of phenotypic selection in nature. BioScience 57, 561-572 (2007). (Pubitemid 47106126)
    • (2007) BioScience , vol.57 , Issue.7 , pp. 561-572
    • Kingsolver, J.G.1    Pfennig, D.W.2
  • 5
    • 0032076637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cope's rule and the dynamics of body mass evolution in North American fossil mammals
    • DOI 10.1126/science.280.5364.731
    • Alroy, J. Cope's Rule and the dynamics of body mass evolution in North American mammals. Science 280, 731-734 (1998). (Pubitemid 28243346)
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , Issue.5364 , pp. 731-734
    • Alroy, J.1
  • 6
    • 6044264776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cope's rule, hypercarnivory, and extinction in North American canids
    • DOI 10.1126/science.1102417
    • Van Valkenburgh, B., Wang, X.-M. & Damuth, J. Cope's rule, hypercarnivory, and extinction in North American canids. Science 306, 101-104 (2004). (Pubitemid 39451947)
    • (2004) Science , vol.306 , Issue.5693 , pp. 101-104
    • Van Valkenburgh, B.1    Wang, X.2    Damuth, J.3
  • 7
    • 0015700356 scopus 로고
    • An explanation for Cope's rule
    • Stanley, S. M. An explanation for Cope's rule. Evolution 27, 1-26 (1973).
    • (1973) Evolution , vol.27 , pp. 1-26
    • Stanley, S.M.1
  • 8
    • 0031020947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cope's Rule as a psychological artefact
    • Gould, S. J. Cope's Rule as a psychological artefact. Nature 385, 199-200 (1997).
    • (1997) Nature , vol.385 , pp. 199-200
    • Gould, S.J.1
  • 9
    • 0030621138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body-size evolution in Cretaceous molluscs and the status of Cope's Rule
    • Jablonski, D. Body-size evolution in Cretaceous molluscs and the status of Cope's Rule. Nature 385, 250-252 (1997).
    • (1997) Nature , vol.385 , pp. 250-252
    • Jablonski, D.1
  • 10
    • 36749102083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative importance of directional change, random walks, and stasis in the evolution of fossil lineages
    • DOI 10.1073/pnas.0704088104
    • Hunt, G. The relative importance of directional change, random walks, and stasis in the evolution of fossil lineages. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 18404-18408 (2007). (Pubitemid 350210709)
    • (2007) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol.104 , Issue.47 , pp. 18404-18408
    • Hunt, G.1
  • 11
    • 84859984927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rise of dinosaurs reveals major body size transitions are driven by passive processes of trait evolution
    • Sookias, R. B., Butler, R. J. & Benson, R. B. J. Rise of dinosaurs reveals major body size transitions are driven by passive processes of trait evolution. Proc. R. Soc. B 279, 2180-2187 (2012).
    • (2012) Proc. R. Soc. B , vol.279 , pp. 2180-2187
    • Sookias, R.B.1    Butler, R.J.2    Benson, R.B.J.3
  • 12
  • 13
    • 34247464121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cope's Rule in the Pterosauria, and differing perceptions of Cope's Rule at different taxonomic levels
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01284.x
    • Hone, D. W. E. & Benton, M. J. Cope's Rule in the Pterosauria, and differing perceptions of Cope's Rule at different taxonomic levels. J. Evol. Biol. 20, 1164-1170 (2007). (Pubitemid 46663137)
    • (2007) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 1164-1170
    • Hone, D.W.E.1    Benton, M.J.2
  • 14
    • 0001238964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the dynamics of trends within evolving lineages
    • Alroy, J. Understanding the dynamics of trends within evolving lineages. Paleobiology 26, 319-329 (2000).
    • (2000) Paleobiology , vol.26 , pp. 319-329
    • Alroy, J.1
  • 15
    • 84858593617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (eds Alroy, J. & Hunt, G.), Paleontological Society Papers, 2010
    • Hunt, G. & Carrano, M. T. in Quantitative Methods in Paleobiology 16 (eds Alroy, J. & Hunt, G.) 245-269 (Paleontological Society Papers, 2010).
    • Quantitative Methods in Paleobiology , vol.16 , pp. 245-269
    • Hunt, G.1    Carrano, M.T.2
  • 16
    • 84897499083 scopus 로고
    • 3rd edn, (Univ. of Chicago Press)
    • Romer, A. S. Vertebrate Paleontology 3rd edn, 468 (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1966).
    • (1966) Vertebrate Paleontology , vol.468
    • Romer, A.S.1
  • 18
    • 4544292696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rise of birds and mammals: Are microevolutionary processes sufficient for macroevolution?
    • DOI 10.1016/j.tree.2004.07.015, PII S0169534704002125
    • Penny, D. & Philips, M. J. The rise of birds and mammals: are microevolutionary processes sufficient for macroevolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19, 516-522 (2004). (Pubitemid 39234757)
    • (2004) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.19 , Issue.10 , pp. 516-522
    • Penny, D.1    Phillips, M.J.2
  • 21
    • 34247494108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A morphospace-based test for competitive exclusion among flying vertebrates: Did birds, bats and pterosaurs get in each other's space?
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01285.x
    • McGowan, A. J. & Dyke, G. J. A morphospace-based test for competitive exclusion among flying vertebrates: did bats, birds and pterosaurs get in each other's space? J. Evol. Biol. 20, 1230-1236 (2007). (Pubitemid 46663145)
    • (2007) Journal of Evolutionary Biology , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 1230-1236
    • McGowan, A.J.1    Dyke, G.J.2
  • 22
    • 69549097391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the effects of the rock record on pterosaur diversity patterns: Implications for hypotheses of bird/pterosaur competitive replacement
    • Butler, R. J., Barrett, P. M., Nowbath, S. & Upchurch, P. Estimating the effects of the rock record on pterosaur diversity patterns: implications for hypotheses of bird/pterosaur competitive replacement. Paleobiology 35, 432-446 (2009).
    • (2009) Paleobiology , vol.35 , pp. 432-446
    • Butler, R.J.1    Barrett, P.M.2    Nowbath, S.3    Upchurch, P.4
  • 23
    • 0000905729 scopus 로고
    • Clams and brachiopods-ships that pass in the night
    • Gould, S. J. & Calloway, C. B. Clams and brachiopods-ships that pass in the night. Paleobiology 6, 383-396 (1980).
    • (1980) Paleobiology , vol.6 , pp. 383-396
    • Gould, S.J.1    Calloway, C.B.2
  • 24
    • 0030456880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the roles of competition and expansion in tetrapod evolution
    • Benton, M. J. Testing the roles of competition and expansion in tetrapod evolution. Proc. R. Soc. B 263, 641-646 (1996).
    • (1996) Proc. R. Soc. B , vol.263 , pp. 641-646
    • Benton, M.J.1
  • 25
    • 0028581224 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of large-scale evolutionary trends
    • McShea, D. W. Mechanisms of large-scale evolutionary trends. Evolution 48, 1747-1763 (1994).
    • (1994) Evolution , vol.48 , pp. 1747-1763
    • McShea, D.W.1
  • 27
    • 84903316592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rates of dinosaur limb evolution provide evidence for exceptional radiation in Mesozoic birds
    • Benson, R. B. J. & Choiniere, J. N. Rates of dinosaur limb evolution provide evidence for exceptional radiation in Mesozoic birds. Proc. R. Soc. B 280, 20131780 (2013).
    • (2013) Proc. R. Soc. B , vol.280 , pp. 20131780
    • Benson, R.B.J.1    Choiniere, J.N.2
  • 28
    • 0030772835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection and the comparative analysis of evolution
    • Hansen, T. F. Selection and the comparative analysis of evolution. Evolution 51, 1341-1351 (1997).
    • (1997) Evolution , vol.51 , pp. 1341-1351
    • Hansen, T.F.1
  • 29
    • 84868132581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring rates of phenotypic evolution and the inseparability of tempo and mode
    • Hunt, G. Measuring rates of phenotypic evolution and the inseparability of tempo and mode. Paleobiology 38, 351-373 (2012).
    • (2012) Paleobiology , vol.38 , pp. 351-373
    • Hunt, G.1
  • 30
    • 84881606628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic evidence for a shift in the mode of mammalian body size evolution at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary
    • Slater, G. J. Phylogenetic evidence for a shift in the mode of mammalian body size evolution at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 734-744 (2013).
    • (2013) Methods Ecol. Evol. , vol.4 , pp. 734-744
    • Slater, G.J.1
  • 31
    • 76249084749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of modular evolution in a long-tailed pterosaur with a pterodactyloid skull
    • Lü, J.-C., Unwin, D. M., Jin, X.-S., Liu, Y.-Q. & Ji, Q. Evidence of modular evolution in a long-tailed pterosaur with a pterodactyloid skull. Proc. R. Soc. B 277, 383-389 (2009).
    • (2009) Proc. R. Soc. B , vol.277 , pp. 383-389
    • Lü, J.-C.1    Unwin, D.M.2    Jin, X.-S.3    Liu, Y.-Q.4    Ji, Q.5
  • 32
    • 85087235924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biostratigraphy of new pterosaurs from China
    • Ji, S.-A., Ji, Q. & Padian, K. Biostratigraphy of new pterosaurs from China. Nature 398, 573-574 (1998).
    • (1998) Nature , vol.398 , pp. 573-574
    • Ji, S.-A.1    Ji, Q.2    Padian, K.3
  • 33
    • 84873629542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new Chinese anurognathid pterosaur and the evolution of pterosaurian tail lengths
    • Lü, J.-C. & Hone, D. W. E. A new Chinese anurognathid pterosaur and the evolution of pterosaurian tail lengths. Acta Palaeontol. Sinic. 86, 1317-1325 (2012).
    • (2012) Acta Palaeontol. Sinic. , vol.86 , pp. 1317-1325
    • Lü, J.-C.1    Hone, D.W.E.2
  • 34
    • 80053087687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary
    • Longrich, N. R., Tokaryk, T. & Field, D. J. Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 15253-15257 (2011).
    • (2011) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.108 , pp. 15253-15257
    • Longrich, N.R.1    Tokaryk, T.2    Field, D.J.3
  • 35
    • 84873749414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pterosaur diversity: Untangling the influence of sampling biases: Lagerstätten, and genuine biodiversity signals
    • Butler, R. J., Benson, R. B. J. & Barrett, P. M. Pterosaur diversity: untangling the influence of sampling biases: Lagerstätten, and genuine biodiversity signals. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 372, 78-87 (2013).
    • (2013) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , vol.372 , pp. 78-87
    • Butler, R.J.1    Benson, R.B.J.2    Barrett, P.M.3
  • 36
    • 84055175163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do geological sampling biases affect studies of morphological evolution in deep time? A case study of pterosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) disparity
    • Butler, R. J., Brusatte, S. L., Andres, B. & Benson, R. B. J. How do geological sampling biases affect studies of morphological evolution in deep time? A case study of pterosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria) disparity. Evolution 66, 147-162 (2011).
    • (2011) Evolution , vol.66 , pp. 147-162
    • Butler, R.J.1    Brusatte, S.L.2    Andres, B.3    Benson, R.B.J.4
  • 37
    • 81255208664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of morphological disparity in pterosaurs
    • Prentice, K. C., Ruta, M. & Benton, M. J. Evolution of morphological disparity in pterosaurs. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 9, 337-353 (2011).
    • (2011) J. Syst. Palaeontol. , vol.9 , pp. 337-353
    • Prentice, K.C.1    Ruta, M.2    Benton, M.J.3
  • 39
    • 34548586034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case study on the population ecology of a topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) population in the UK and the implications for native fish communities
    • DOI 10.1002/aqc.809
    • Britton, J. R., Davies, G. D., Brazier, M. & Pinder, A. C. A case study on the population ecology of a topmouth gudegeon (Pseudoasbora parva) population in the UK and the implications for native fish communities. Aquatic Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 17, 749-759 (2007). (Pubitemid 350247265)
    • (2007) Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems , vol.17 , Issue.7 , pp. 749-759
    • Britton, J.R.1    Davies, G.D.2    Brazier, M.3    Pinder, A.C.4
  • 41
    • 78649949921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertebrate diversity of the Jehol Biota as compared with other Lagerstätten
    • Zhou, Z.-H. & Wang, Y. Vertebrate diversity of the Jehol Biota as compared with other Lagerstätten. Sci. China Earth Sci. 53, 1894-1907 (2010).
    • (2010) Sci. China Earth Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 1894-1907
    • Zhou, Z.-H.1    Wang, Y.2
  • 42
    • 27144448823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pterosaur diversity and faunal turnover in Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems in China
    • DOI 10.1038/nature03982, PII N03982
    • Wang, X.-L., Kellner, A. W. A., Zhou, Z.-H. & Campos, D. de A. Pterosaur diversity and faunal turnover in Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems in China. Nature 437, 875-879 (2005). (Pubitemid 41486761)
    • (2005) Nature , vol.437 , Issue.7060 , pp. 875-879
    • Wang, X.1    Kellner, A.W.A.2    Zhou, Z.3    Campos, D.D.A.4
  • 43
    • 0001504868 scopus 로고
    • Remarks on pterosaur taphonomy and paleoecology
    • Kellner, A. W. A. Remarks on pterosaur taphonomy and paleoecology. Acta Geo. Leopold. 17, 175-189 (1994).
    • (1994) Acta Geo. Leopold. , vol.17 , pp. 175-189
    • Kellner, A.W.A.1
  • 44
    • 33749377199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pterosaur assemblages of the Jehol Biota and their implication for the Early Cretaceous pterosaur radiation
    • Wang, X.-L. & Zhou, Z.-H. Pterosaur assemblages of the Jehol Biota and their implication for the Early Cretaceous pterosaur radiation. Geol. J. 41, 405-418 (2006).
    • (2006) Geol. J. , vol.41 , pp. 405-418
    • Wang, X.-L.1    Zhou, Z.-H.2
  • 45
    • 0037153181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Archaeoraptor's better half
    • DOI 10.1038/420285a
    • Zhou, Z.-H., Clarke, J. A. & Zhang, F.-C. Archaeoraptor's better half. Nature 420, 285 (2002). (Pubitemid 35398176)
    • (2002) Nature , vol.420 , Issue.6913 , pp. 285
    • Zhou, Z.1    Clarke, J.A.2    Zhang, F.3
  • 46
    • 0004182787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Univ. of Chicago Press
    • Brown, J. H. Macroecology 284 (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1997).
    • (1997) Macroecology , vol.284
    • Brown, J.H.1
  • 47
    • 0034710941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological basis of extinction risk in birds: Habitat loss versus human persecution and introduced predators
    • Owens, I. P. F. & Bennett, P. M. Ecological basis of extinction risk in birds: habitat loss versus human persecution and introduced predators. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 12144-12148 (2000).
    • (2000) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.97 , pp. 12144-12148
    • Owens, I.P.F.1    Bennett, P.M.2
  • 49
    • 84871826895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary
    • Longrich, N. R., Bhullar, B. -A. S. & Gauthier, J. A. Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 21396-21401 (2012).
    • (2012) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.109 , pp. 21396-21401
    • Longrich, N.R.1    Bhullar, B.-A.S.2    Gauthier, J.A.3
  • 50
    • 84894247793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammals across the K/Pg boundary in northeastern Montana, USA: Dental morphology and body-size patterns reveal extinction selectivity and immigrant-fueled ecospace filling
    • Wilson, G. P. Mammals across the K/Pg boundary in northeastern Montana, USA: dental morphology and body-size patterns reveal extinction selectivity and immigrant-fueled ecospace filling. Paleobiology 39, 429-469 (2013).
    • (2013) Paleobiology , vol.39 , pp. 429-469
    • Wilson, G.P.1
  • 51
    • 84863304598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Core Team. R.,Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria
    • Core Team., R. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria http://www.Rproject. org (2013).
    • (2013) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
  • 53
    • 84875234698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paleotree: An R package for paleontological and phylogenetic analyses of evolution
    • Bapst, D. W. Paleotree: an R package for paleontological and phylogenetic analyses of evolution. Methods Ecol. Evol. 3, 803-807 (2012).
    • (2012) Methods Ecol. Evol. , vol.3 , pp. 803-807
    • Bapst, D.W.1
  • 55
    • 0024975994 scopus 로고
    • The phylogenetic regression
    • Grafen, A. The phylogenetic regression. Philos. T. R. Soc. B 326, 119-157 (1989).
    • (1989) Philos. T. R. Soc. B , vol.326 , pp. 119-157
    • Grafen, A.1
  • 56
    • 0030619995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenies and the comparative method: A general approach to incorporating phylogenetic information into the analysis of interspecific data
    • Martins, E. P. & Hansen, T. F. Phylogenies and the comparative method: a general approach to incorporating phylogenetic information into the analysis of interspecific data. Am. Nat. 149, 646-667 (1997).
    • (1997) Am. Nat. , vol.149 , pp. 646-667
    • Martins, E.P.1    Hansen, T.F.2
  • 57
    • 1042304216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • APE: Analyses of phylogenetics and evolution in R language
    • DOI 10.1093/bioinformatics/btg412
    • Paradis, E., Claude, J. & Strimmer, K. APE: analysis of phylogenetics and evolution in R language. Bioinformatics 20, 289-290 (2004). (Pubitemid 38195693)
    • (2004) Bioinformatics , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 289-290
    • Paradis, E.1    Claude, J.2    Strimmer, K.3
  • 58
    • 33847259379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models
    • Development Core Team
    • Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S. & Sarkar, D.R Development Core Team. nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3.1-109 (2013).
    • (2013) R Package Version , pp. 31-109
    • Pinheiro, J.1    Bates, D.2    Debroy, S.3    Sarkar, D.R.4
  • 59
    • 84963178774 scopus 로고
    • Further analysis of data by Akaike's information criterion and the finite corrections
    • Sugiura, N. Further analysis of data by Akaike's information criterion and the finite corrections. Commun. Stat. A Theor. Methods 7, 13-26 (1978).
    • (1978) Commun. Stat. A Theor. Methods , vol.7 , pp. 13-26
    • Sugiura, N.1
  • 61
    • 0033613376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution
    • Pagel, M. Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution. Nature 401, 877-884 (1999).
    • (1999) Nature , vol.401 , pp. 877-884
    • Pagel, M.1
  • 62
    • 0034001912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using the past to predict the present: Confidence intervals for regression equations in phylogenetic comparative methods
    • Garland, Jr. T. & Ives, A. R. Using the past to predict the present: confidence intervals for regression equations in phylogenetic comparative methods. Am. Nat. 155, 346-363 (2000).
    • (2000) Am. Nat. , vol.155 , pp. 346-363
    • Garland Jr., T.1    Ives, A.R.2
  • 63
    • 0036094041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nearly completely articulated rhamphorhynchoid pterosaur with exceptionally well-preserved wing membranes and "hairs" from Inner Mongolia, northeast China
    • DOI 10.1360/02tb9054
    • Wang, X.-L., Zhou, Z.-H., Zhang, F.-C. & Xu, X. A nearly complete articulated rhamphorhynchoid pterosaur with exceptionally well-preserved wing membranes and 'hairs' from Inner Mongolia, northeast China. China Sci. Bull. 47, 226-230 (2002). (Pubitemid 34533468)
    • (2002) Chinese Science Bulletin , vol.47 , Issue.3 , pp. 226-230
    • Wang, X.1    Zhou, Z.2    Zhang, F.3    Xu, X.4
  • 64
    • 0030305088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Year-classes of pterosaurs from the solnhofen limestone of germany: Taxonomic and systematic implications
    • Bennett, S. C. Year-classes of pterosaurs from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany: taxonomic and systematic implications. J. Vert. Paleontol. 16, 432-444 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Vert. Paleontol. , vol.16 , pp. 432-444
    • Bennett, S.C.1
  • 65
    • 0346020474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New morphological observations on Triassic pterosaurs
    • Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs
    • Dalla Vecchia, F. M. New morphological observations on Triassic pterosaurs. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub. 217, 23-44 (2003). (Pubitemid 38075066)
    • (2003) Geological Society Special Publication , Issue.217 , pp. 23-44
    • Dalla Vecchia, F.M.1
  • 66
    • 0022203256 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenies and the comparative method
    • Felsenstein, J. Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am. Nat. 125, 1-15 (1985).
    • (1985) Am. Nat. , vol.125 , pp. 1-15
    • Felsenstein, J.1
  • 67
    • 84864320749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling stablizing selection: Expanding the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of adaptive evolution
    • Beaulieau, J. M., Jhwueng, D.-C., Boettiger, C. & O'Meara, B. C. Modelling stablizing selection: expanding the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of adaptive evolution. Evolution 66, 2369-2383 (2012).
    • (2012) Evolution , vol.66 , pp. 2369-2383
    • Beaulieau, J.M.1    Jhwueng, D.-C.2    Boettiger, C.3    O'meara, B.C.4
  • 68
    • 11944264347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic comparative analysis: A modeling approach for adaptive evolution
    • DOI 10.1086/426002
    • Butler, M. A. & King, A. A. Phylogenetic comparative analysis: a modelling approach for adaptive evolution. Am. Nat. 164, 683-695 (2004). (Pubitemid 40099523)
    • (2004) American Naturalist , vol.164 , Issue.6 , pp. 683-695
    • Butler, M.A.1    King, A.A.2
  • 70
    • 84867364321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phytools: An R package for phylogenetic comparative biology (and other things)
    • Revell, L. J. phytools: an R package for phylogenetic comparative biology (and other things). Methods Ecol. Evol 3, 217-223 (2012).
    • (2012) Methods Ecol. Evol , vol.3 , pp. 217-223
    • Revell, L.J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.