Measuring urban design: Metrics for livable places

Measuring Urban Design: Metrics for Livable Places

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 1-183

  Ewing, Reid ^a   Clemente, Otto ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Columbia's Built Environment and Health (BEH) group; Complexity; D variables; Human scale; Imageability; Legibility; Linkage; Maryland Inventory of Urban Design Qualities (MIUDQ) protocol; Perceptual qualities; Robert Wood Johnson Active Living Research (ALR); Sidewalk connection; Tidiness; Transparency; Visual enclosure; Visual preference survey

Indexed keywords

EID: 84896492778     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.5822/978-1-61091-209-9     Document Type: Book

References (117)

1. Active Living by Design (ALbD). 2012. "Active Living by Design: Increasing Physical Activity and Healthy Eating through Community Design." http://www.active livingbydesign.org.
2. Alexander, C. 1965. "A City Is Not a Tree." Architectural Forum 122 (April): 58-62.
3. Alexander, C., S. Ishikawa, and M. Silverstein. 1977. A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. New York: Oxford University Press.
4. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2006. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
5. Appleyard, D. 1969. "Why Buildings Are Known." Environment and Behavior 1:131-56.
6. Appleyard, D.. 1981. Liveable Streets. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7. Arlington County (VA). 2003. Columbia Pike Form Based Code (Section 20. Appendix A of the Zoning Ordinance). http://www.columbiapikeva.us/ revitalization-story/columbia-pike-initiative/columbia-pike-form-based-code.
8. Arnheim, R. 1977. Dynamics of Architectural Form. Berkeley: University of California Press.
9. Arnold, H. 1993. Trees in Urban Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
10. Bacon, E. 1974. Design of Cities. New York: Viking.
11. Badland, H., S. Opit, K. Witten, R. Kearns, and S. Mavoa. 2010. "Can Virtual Streetscape Audits Reliably Replace Physical Streetscape Audits?" Journal of Urban Health 87 (6): 1007-16.
12. Badoe, D. A., and E. J. Miller. 2000. "Transportation-Land-Use Interaction: Empirical Findings in North America, and the Implications for Modeling." Transportation Research D 5 (4): 235-63.
13. Ball, K., A. Bauman, E. Leslie, and N. Owen. 2001. "Perceived Environmental Aesthetics and Convenience and Company Are Associated with Walking for Exercise among Australian Adults." Preventive Medicine 33 (5): 434-40.
14. Blumenfeld, H. 1953. "Scale in Civic Design." Town Planning Review 24 (April): 35-46.
15. Boarnet, M., K. Day, M. Alfonzo, A. Forsyth, and J. M. Oakes. 2006. "The Irvine-Minnesota Inventory to Measure Built Environments: Reliability Tests." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 30 (2): 153-59.
16. Brownson, R. C., J. J. Chang, A. A. Eyler, B. E. Ainsworth, K. A. Kirtland, B. E. Saelens, and J. F. Sallis. 2004. "Measuring the Environment for Friendliness toward Physical Activity: A Comparison of the Reliability of 3 Questionnaires." American Journal of Public Health 94 (3): 473-83.
17. Brownson, R. C., C. M. Hoehner, K. Day, A. Forsyth, and J. F. Sallis. 2009. "Measuring the Built Environment for Physical Activity: State of the Science." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 36 (4, Supp. 1): S99-S123.e112.
18. Cao, X., P. L. Mokhtarian, and S. L. Handy. 2009. "Examining the Impacts of Residential Self-Selection on Travel Behaviour: A Focus on Empirical Findings." Transport Reviews 29 (3): 359-95.
19. Carnegie, M. A., A. Bauman, A. L. Marshall, M. Mohsin, V. Westley-Wise, and M. L. Booth. 2002. "Perceptions of the Physical Environment, Stage of Change for Physical Activity, and Walking among Australian Adults." Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 73 (2): 146.
20. Carr, L. J., S. I. Dunsiger, and B. H. Marcus. 2011. "Validation of Walk Score for Estimating Access to Walkable Amenities." British Journal of Sports Medicine 45:1144-48.
21. Caughy, M. O., P. J. O'Campo, and J. Patterson. 2001. "A Brief Observational Measure for Urban Neighborhoods." Health and Place 7 (3): 225-36.
22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010. "About Healthy Places." http:// www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/about.htm.
23. Cervero, R. 2003. "The Built Environment and Travel: Evidence from the United States." European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 3 (2): 119-37.
24. City of Davis (CA). 2007. "Davis Downtown and Traditional Residential Neighborhood Design Guidelines." Appendix: 129. http://community-development.cityofdavis.org/media/default/documents/pdf/cdd/planning/forms/downtown-and -traditional-residential-neighborhoods-design-guidelines.pdf.
25. City of Denver (CO). 1993. Streetscape Design Manual (p. 46). http://www.denver gov.org/Portals/646/documents/DesignGuidelines_StreetscapeDesign_1993.pdf.
26. City of Glendale (CA). 2011. Comprehensive Design Guidelines (ch. 1.1, p. 2).
27. City of Raleigh (NC). 2002. "Urban Design Guidelines." In Raleigh Comprehensive Plan: 3-5.31. http://www.raleighnc.gov/business/content/PlanUrbanDesign /Articles/RaleighUrbanDesignCenter.html.
28. City of San Jose (CA). 2004. "Downtown Design Guidelines" (p. 69). http://www .sanjoseca.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/427.
29. City of Seattle (WA). 2004. "Urban Design Glossary.".
30. Clarke, P., J. Ailshire, R. Melendez, M. Bader, and J. Morenoff. 2010. "Using Google Earth to Conduct a Neighborhood Audit: Reliability of a Virtual Audit Instrument." Health & Place 16 (6): 1224-29.
31. Clemente, O., R. Ewing, S. Handy, and R. Brownson. 2005. Measuring Urban Design Qualities-An Illustrated Field Manual. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. http://www.activelivingresearch.org/downloads/fieldmanual_071605.pdf.
32. Clifton, K. J., A. Livi-Smith, and D. A. Rodriguez. 2007. "The Development and Testing of an Audit for the Pedestrian Environment." Landscape and Urban Planning 80 (1/2): 95-110.
33. Crane, R. 2000. "The Influence of Urban Form on Travel: An Interpretive Review." Journal of Planning Literature 15 (1): 3-23.
34. Cullen, G. 1961. The Concise Townscape. London: Reed Educational and Professional Publishing.
35. Duany, A., and E. Plater-Zyberk. 1992. "The Second Coming of the American Small Town." Wilson Quarterly 16:19-48.
36. Dumbaugh, E., and R. Rae. 2009. "Safe Urban Form: Revisiting the Relationship between Community Design and Traffic Safety." Journal of the American Planning Association 75 (3): 309-29.
37. Duncan, D. T., J. Aldstadt, J. Whalen, S. J. Melly, and S. L. Gortmaker. 2011. "Validation of Walk Score® for Estimating Neighborhood Walkability: An Analysis of Four US Metropolitan Areas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8:4160-79.
38. Elshestaway, Y. 1997. "Urban Complexity: Toward the Measurement of the Physical Complexity of Streetscapes." Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 14:301-16.
39. ESRI. 2009. "ArcGIS Network Analyst." http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/exten sions/networkanalyst.
40. Evans, G. W., C. Smith, and K. Pezdah. "Cognitive Maps and Urban Form." Journal of the American Planning Association 48 (2): 232-44.
41. Ewing, R. 1996. Pedestrian- and Transit-Friendly Design. Tallahassee: Florida Department of Transportation.
42. Ewing, R.. 2000. "Asking Transit Users about Transit-Oriented Design." Transportation Research Record 1735:19-24.
43. Ewing, R.. 2005. "Can the Physical Environment Determine Physical Activity Levels?" Exercise and Sport Sciences Review 33 (2): 69-75.
44. Ewing, R., and Cervero, R. 2001. "Travel and the Built Environment: A Synthesis." Transportation Research Record 1780: 87-114.
45. Ewing, R.. 2010. "Travel and the Built Environment-a Meta-Analysis." Journal of the American Planning Association 76 (3): 265-94.
46. Ewing, R., M. Greenwald, M. Zhang, J. Walters, M. Feldman, R. Cervero, L. Frank, and J. Thomas. 2011. "Traffic Generated by Mixed-Use Developments- A Six-Region Study Using Consistent Built Environmental Measures." Journal of Urban Planning and Development 137 (3): 248-61.
47. Ewing, R., and S. Handy. 2009. "Measuring the Unmeasurable: Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability." Journal of Urban Design 14 (1): 65-84.
48. Ewing, R., S. Handy, R. C. Brownson, O. Clemente, and E. Winston. 2006. "Identifying and Measuring Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 3 (Supp. 1): S223-S240. http://www.activeliving research.org/node/10177.
49. Ewing, R., M. King, S. Raudenbush, and O. Clemente. 2005. "Turning Highways into Main Streets: Two Innovations in Planning Methodology." Journal of the American Planning Association 71:269-82.
50. Ewing, R., R. Schieber, and C. Zegeer. 2003. "Urban Sprawl as a Risk Factor in Motor Vehicle Occupant and Pedestrian Fatalities." American Journal of Public Health 93:1541-45.
51. Eyler, A. A., R. C. Brownson, S. J. Bacak, and R. A. Housemann. 2003. "The Epidemiology of Walking for Physical Activity in the United States." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 35 (9): 1529-36.
52. Federal Highway Administration. 2009. "National Household Travel Survey." http:// nhts.ornl.gov.
53. Fleiss, J. L. 1981. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.
54. Gehl, J. 1987. Life between Buildings: Using Public Space. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
55. Giles-Corti, B., and R. J. Donovan. 2002. "Socioeconomic Status Differences in Recreational Physical Activity Levels and Real and Perceived Access to a Supportive Physical Environment." Preventive Medicine 35 (6): 601-11.
56. Giles-Corti, B.. 2003. "Relative Influences of Individual, Social Environmental, and Physical Environmental Correlates of Walking." American Journal of Public Health 93 (9): 1583-89.
57. Greene, W. H. 2012. Econometric Analysis. New York: Prentice Hall.
58. Handy, S. 1992. "Regional versus Local Accessibility: Variations in Suburban Form and the Effects on Nonwork Travel." PhD diss. (unpublished), University of California, Berkeley.
59. Handy, S.. 2005. "Critical Assessment of the Literature on the Relationships among Transportation, Land Use, and Physical Activity." In Does the Built Environment Influence Physical Activity? Examining the Evidence. Special report 282. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board and Institute of Medicine Committee on Physical Activity, Health, Transportation, and Land Use.
60. Handy, S. L., M. G. Boarnet, R. Ewing, and R. E. Killingsworth. 2002. "How the Built Environment Affects Physical Activity: Views from Urban Planning." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 23 (2, Supp. 1): 64-73.
61. Heath, G. W., R. C. Brownson, J. Kruger, R. Miles, K. E. Powell, L. T. Ramsey, and the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. 2006. "The Effectiveness of Urban Design and Land Use and Transport Policies and Practices to Increase Physical Activity: A Systematic Review." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 3 (1): 55-76.
62. Heath, T., S. Smith, and B. Lim. 2000. "The Complexity of Tall Building Facades." Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 17 (3): 206-20.
63. Hedman, R. 1984. Fundamentals of Urban Design. Chicago: American Planning Association.
64. Herzog, T. R., S. Kaplan, and R. Kaplan. 1982. "The Prediction of Preference for Unfamiliar Urban Places." Population and Environment 5 (1): 43-59.
65. Herzog, T. R., and O. L. Leverich. 2003. "Searching for Legibility." Environment and Behavior 35:459-77.
66. Hilbe, J. M. 2011. Negative Binomial Regression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
67. Humpel, N., N. Owen, D. Iverson, E. Leslie, and A. Bauman. 2004. "Perceived Environment Attributes, Residential Location, and Walking for Particular Purposes." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 26 (2): 119-25.
68. Im, S. 1984. "Visual Preferences in Enclosed Urban Spaces: An Exploration of a Scientific Approach to Environmental Design." Environment and Behavior 16 (2): 235-62.
69. Jacobs, A. 1993. Great Streets. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
70. Jacobs, A., and D. Appleyard (1987). "Toward an Urban Design Manifesto." Journal of the American Planning Association 53:112-20.
71. Jacobs, J. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House.
72. Kaplan, R., and S. Kaplan. 1989. The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
73. Kay, J. H. 1997. Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took over America, and How We Can Take It Back. Berkeley: University of California Press.
74. Landis, J. R., and G. G. Koch. 1977. "The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data." Biometrics 33:159-74.
75. Lennard, S. H. C., and H. L. Lennard. 1987. Livable Cities-People and Places: Social and Design Principles for the Future of the City. Southampton, NY: Center for Urban Well-Being.
76. Llewelyn-Davies (consultants). 2000. Urban Design Compendium. London: English Partnerships/The Housing Corporation.
77. Lovasi, G. S., M. D. M. Bader, J. W. Quinn, K. M. Neckerman, C. Weiss, and A. Rundle. 2012. "Body Mass Index, Safety Hazards, and Neighborhood Attractiveness: An Examination of Independent Associations and Environment-Environment Interactions." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 43 (4): 378-84.
78. Lynch, K. 1960. The Image of the City. Cambridge, MA: Joint Center for Urban Studies.
79. Lynch, K.. 1962. Site Planning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
80. Marshall, W. E., and N. W. Garrick. 2011. "Does Street Network Design Affect Traffic Safety?" Accident Analysis and Prevention 43 (3): 769-81.
81. McMillan, T. E. 2005. "Urban Form and a Child's Trip to School: The Current Literature and a Framework for Future Research." Journal of Planning Literature 19 (4): 440-56.
82. McMillan, T. E.. 2007. "The Relative Influence of Urban Form on a Child's Travel Mode to School." Transportation Research A 41 (1): 69-79.
83. Nasar, J. L. 1987. "The Effect of Sign Complexity and Coherence on the Perceived Quality of Retail Scenes." Journal of the American Planning Association 53:499-509.
84. Nasar, J. L., and A. E. Stamps. 2009. "Infill McMansions: Style and the Psychophysics of Size." Journal of Environmental Psychology 29 (1): 110-23.
85. Neckerman, K. M., G. S. Lovasi, S. Davies, M. Purciel, J. Quinn, E. Feder, N. Raghunath, B. Wasserman, and A. Rundle. 2009. "Disparities in Urban Neighborhood Conditions: Evidence from GIS Measures and Field Observation in New York City." Journal of Public Health Policy 30 (Supp. 1): S264-S285.
86. Nelessen, A. 1994. Visions for a New American Dream. Washington, DC: American Planning Association.
87. Odgers, C. L., A. Caspi, C. J. Bates, R. J. Sampson, and T. E. Moffitt. 2012. "Systematic Social Observation of Children's Neighborhoods Using Google Street View: A Reliable and Cost-Effective Method." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 53 (10): 1009-17.
88. Pikora, T., F. Bull, K. Jamrozik, M. Knuiman, B. Giles-Corti, and R. Donovan. 2002. "Developing a Reliable Audit Instrument to Measure the Physical Environment for Physical Activity." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 23 (3): 187-94.
89. Pikora, T., B. Giles-Corti, F. Bull, K. Jamrozik, and R. Donovan. 2003. "Developing a Framework for Assessment of the Environmental Determinants of Walking and Cycling." Social Science and Medicine 56:1693-703.
90. Placer County (CA). 2003. "Placer County Design Guidelines" (p. 115). http://www.placer.ca.gov/Departments/CommunityDevelopment/Planning/Documents/~/media/cdr/Planning/documents/DesignGuides/DesignGuidelinesManual.ashx.
91. Pont, K., J. Ziviani, D. Wadley, S. Bennett, and R. Abbott. 2009. "Environmental Correlates of Children's Active Transportation: A Systematic Literature Review." Health & Place 15 (3): 827-40.
92. Purciel, M., and E. Marrone. 2006. "Observational Validation of Urban Design Measures for New York City: Field Manual." New York: Columbia University.
93. Purciel, M., K. M. Neckerman, G. S. Lovasi, J. W. Quinn, C. Weiss, M. D. M. Bader, R. Ewing, and A. Rundle. 2009. "Creating and Validating GIS Measures of Urban Design for Health Research." Journal of Environmental Psychology 29 (4): 457-66.
94. Rapoport, A. 1977. Human Aspects of Urban Form: Towards a Man-Environment Approach to Urban Form and Design. New York: Pergamon.
95. Rapoport, A. 1990. History and Precedent in Environmental Design. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Plenum Press.
96. Raudenbush, S. W., and A. S. Bryk. 2002. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
97. Raudenbush, S. W., A. S. Bryk, and R. Congdon. 2004. HLM 6 for Windows (computer software). Skokie, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.
98. Robert Wood Johnson Health & Society Scholars Program, Columbia University. 2006. "Aesthetic Features of Pedestrian-Friendly Cities." Health & Society News 2 (4): 1, 6. http://www.chssp.columbia.edu/newsletters/pdf/164_10.pdf.
99. Rundle, A. G., M. D. M. Bader, C. A. Richards, K. M. Neckerman, and J. O. Teitler. 2011. "Using Google Street View to Audit Neighborhood Environments." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 40 (1): 94-100.
100. Saelens, B. E., J. F. Sallis, and L. D. Frank. 2003. "Environmental Correlates of Walking and Cycling: Findings from the Transportation, Urban Design, and Planning Literatures." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 25 (2): 80-91.
101. Salingaros, N. A. 2000. "Complexity and Urban Coherence." Journal of Urban Design 5:291-316.
102. Sitte, C. 1889. City Planning according to Artistic Principles. Vienna: Verlag von Carl Graeser. (Complete translation in G.R. Collins, C.C. Collins, and Camillo Sitte, The Birth of Modern City Planning [New York: Rizzoli International, 1986].).
103. Stamps, A. E. 1998a. "Complexity of Architectural Silhouettes: From Vague Impressions to Definite Design Features." Perceptual and Motor Skills 87 (3, pt. 2): 1407-17.
104. Stamps, A. E.. 1998b. "Measures of Architectural Mass: From Vague Impressions to Definite Design Features." Environment and Planning B 25:825-36.
105. Stamps, A. E.. 1999. "Sex, Complexity, and Preferences for Residential Facades." Perceptual and Motor Skills 88:1301-12.
106. Stamps, A. E.. 2001. "Evaluating Enclosure in Urban Sites." Landscape and Urban Planning 57 (1): 25-42.
107. Stamps, A. E.. 2005. "Enclosure and Safety in Urbanscapes." Environment and Behavior 37 (1): 102-33.
108. Stamps, A. E., J. L. Nasar, and K. Hanyu. 2005. "Planner's Notebook: Using Preconstruction Validation to Regulate Urban Skylines." Journal of the American Planning Association 71:73-91.
109. Stamps, A. E., and S. Smith. 2002. "Environmental Enclosure in Urban Settings." Environment and Behavior 34 (6): 781-94.
110. Stead, D., and S. Marshall. 2001. "The Relationships between Urban Form and Travel Patterns: An International Review and Evaluation." European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 1 (2): 113-41.
111. Trancik, R. 1986. Finding Lost Space: Theories of Urban Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
112. Tunnard, C., and B. Pushkarev. 1963. Man-Made America: Chaos or Control? New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
113. Unwin, R. 1909. Town Planning in Practice. London: T. Fisher Unwin. Reprint, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1994.
114. von Hoffman, A. 1996. "High Ambitions: The Past and Future of American Low- Income Housing Policy." Housing Policy Debate 7 (3): 423-46.
115. Whyte, W. H. 1980. The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. Washington, DC: Conservation Foundation.
116. Whyte, W. H.. 1988. City: Rediscovering the Center. New York: Doubleday.
117. Wilson, J. S., C. M. Kelly, M. Schootman, E. A. Baker, A. Banerjee, M. Clennin, and D. K. Miller. 2012. "Assessing the Built Environment Using Omnidirectional Imagery." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 42 (2): 193-99.